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ZeynepTufekci_2014G-_网_：让社会变革容易组织，却难以实现_
So recently , we heard a lot about how social media helps empower protest , and that's true, but after more than a decade of studying and participating in multiple social movements, 最近,我们听闻了许多关于社群网路如何全力支持抗议的事件, 说是「全力支持」的确不为过。 但是这十几年来, 我一直研究并参与了各种社会运动,
recently:adv.最近;新近; empower:vt.授权,允许;使能够; protest:n.抗议;抗议书(或行动);反对;v.(公开)反对;抗议;申辩; participating:v.参加;参与(participate的现在分词) multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数;
I've come to realize that the way technology empowers social movements can also paradoxically help weaken them. 如今我意识到 科技全力支持社会运动的方式 可能反倒会削弱它们的影响。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; empowers:授权;使能够(empower的第三人称单数); paradoxically:adv.自相矛盾地;似非而是地;反常地; weaken:v.削弱;减弱;衰弱;动摇;
This is not inevitable , but overcoming it requires diving deep into what makes success possible over the long term. 这并非不可避免,但要跨越这个难关 而这些教训可以应用于诸多领域。
inevitable:adj.必然的,不可避免的; overcoming:v.克服;解决;战胜;(overcome的现在分词) diving:n.潜水;跳水;跳水运动;v.下潜;跳水;潜水;(dive的现在分词)
And the lessons apply in multiple domains . 而这些教训可以应用于诸多领域。
apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; domains:n.域,域名;领域;网域(domain的复数形式);
Now, take Turkey's Gezi Park protests , July 2013, which I went back to study in the field. 让我们谈谈2013年7月在土耳其格济公园发生的抗议, 我当时还回到抗议现场进行研究。
protests:v.抗议;反对(protest的三单形式);n.抗议(protest的复数);
Twitter was key to its organizing . 推特是组织这场抗议的关键所在。
organizing:v.组织;安排;处理;分配;管理;(organize的现在分词)
It was everywhere in the park -- well, along with a lot of tear gas. 它在公园里无处不在﹣﹣无处不在的还包括催泪弹。
It wasn't all high tech. 它并非全是高科技。
But the people in Turkey had already gotten used to the power of Twitter because of an unfortunate incident about a year before when military jets had bombed and killed 34 Kurdish smugglers near the border region , and Turkish media completely censored this news. 但土耳其人早已习惯了推特的力量, 因为一年前的一场不幸事故, 军用飞机轰炸并杀死了 在土耳其边界的34个庫尔德走私贩。 土耳其媒体完全封杀了这条新闻。
military:adj.军事的;军人的;适于战争的;n.军队;军人; Kurdish:n.库尔德语;adj.库尔德人的; smugglers:n.走私者;(smuggler的复数) region:n.地区;范围;部位; Turkish:adj.土耳其的;土耳其人的,土耳其语的;突厥诸语言的;n.土耳其语; censored:adj.设限,被检查过的;v.审查;删掉(censor的过去分词);
Editors sat in their newsrooms and waited for the government to tell them what to do. 新闻编辑坐在他们的工作室, 等着政府告诉他们下一步该怎么做。
newsrooms:n.新闻编辑部;报刊阅览室;
One frustrated journalist could not take this anymore. 一位懊恼的记者无法再忍受这一切。
frustrated:adj.失意的,挫败的;泄气的;v.挫败;阻挠;(frustrate的过去式和过去分词) journalist:n.新闻工作者;报人;记日志者;
He purchased his own plane ticket, and went to the village where this had occurred . 他自掏腰包买了机票, 飞到了这次事件发生的村庄。
purchased:v.买;购买;采购;(purchase的过去式和过去分词) occurred:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;(occur的过去分词和过去式)
And he was confronted by this scene: a line of coffins coming down a hill, relatives wailing . 而他眼前的是这般景象: 一整列棺材依次下山,死者的亲友号啕痛哭。
confronted:v.使…无法回避;降临于;处理;面对;对抗;(confront的过去分词和过去式) coffins:n.棺材;棺椁;棺木;(coffin的第三人称单数和复数) relatives:n.亲戚;亲属;同类事物;(relative的复数) wailing:v.(因悲伤或疼痛)哭号;大声呼叫;高声抱怨;呼啸;(wail的现在分词)
He later he told me how overwhelmed he felt, and didn't know what to do, so he took out his phone, like any one of us might, and snapped that picture and tweeted it out. 之后,他告诉我,他深受打击, 不知所措, 于是他拿出手机, 正如我们任何人都可能会做的那样, 他拍下这番景象,并发送了一条推特。
overwhelmed:v.受打击,压倒;淹没;(overwhelm的过去分词和过去式) snapped:v.断裂,绷断; (snap的过去分词和过去式) tweeted:v.(小鸟)吱吱地叫;啾鸣;(tweet的过去分词和过去式)
And voila , that picture went viral and broke the censorship and forced mass media to cover it. 好家伙,这张图在网路上爆红, 并且冲破了审查制度,逼迫大众传媒对它进行报导。
voila:int.(法)瞧;可不是; viral:adj.滤过性毒菌引起的;滤过性毒菌的; censorship:n.审查制度;审查机构; mass media:n.大众传媒;
So when, a year later, Turkey's Gezi protests happened, it started as a protest about a park being razed , but became an anti-authoritarian protest. 于是一年后,当格济抗议运动在土耳其展开, 一开始事关一个被夷为平地的公园, 却发展成为一场反威权抗议运动。
razed:adj.被夷平的;被忘却的;v.被夷平(raze的过去式及过去分词形式);
It wasn't surprising that media also censored it, but it got a little ridiculous at times. 并不令人惊讶的是,土耳其媒体再度封杀了这条消息, 但有时事情会变得很荒唐。
ridiculous:adj.可笑的;荒谬的;
When things were so intense , when CNN International was broadcasting live from Istanbul, 当事态已如此紧张时, 当CNN国际频道正从伊斯坦堡进行直播时,
intense:adj.强烈的;紧张的;非常的;热情的;
CNN Turkey instead was broadcasting a documentary on penguins . CNN土耳其频道正在播放一部关于企鹅的纪录片。
penguins:n.企鹅;(penguin的复数)
Now, I love penguin documentaries, but that wasn't the news of the day. 我很爱看企鹅纪录片,但它并非当天的头条新闻。
An angry viewer put his two screens together and snapped that picture, and that one too went viral, and since then, people call Turkish media the penguin media. (Laughter) 一位愤怒的观众将这两个画面放在一起,拍下了一张照片, 而那张图也在网路上被疯转。 从那以后,人们将土耳其媒体称为「企鹅媒体」。（笑）
But this time, people knew what to do. 但这一次,大家都知道该做什么了。
They just took out their phones and looked for actual news. 他们只需拿出了自己的手机,查看真实的新闻报导。
Better, they knew to go to the park and take pictures and participate and share it more on social media. 更赞的是,他们知道要去公园,拍下图片并参与其中, 将图片在社群媒体上广泛分享。
participate:v.参加;参与;
Digital connectivity was used for everything from food to donations . 网路连接被应用于方方面面,从抗议中的食物供给到捐款。
Digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键; connectivity:n.[数]连通性; donations:n.捐赠物;捐赠;赠送;(donation的复数)
Everything was organized partially with the help of these new technologies . 一切食物的组织都部份依靠了这些新科技的幫助。
organized:adj.有组织的; v.组织; (organize的过去分词和过去式) partially:adv.部分地;偏袒地; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
And using Internet to mobilize and publicize protests actually goes back a long way. 而利用网路调动人群,并宣传抗议运动, 这样的做法其实并不新鲜。
mobilize:v.动员;动员;调动;组织;鼓动;调用; publicize:vt.宣传;公布;
Remember the Zapatistas, the peasant uprising in the southern Chiapas region of Mexico led by the masked, pipe-smoking, charismatic Subcomandante Marcos? 还记得萨帕塔民族解放军吗？ 那些来自墨西哥恰帕斯州南部的农民, 以带着面目、抽着烟枪、充满魅力的副司令马科斯为领袖？
uprising:n.起义;升起;adj.升起的;v.起义(uprise的ing形式);升起; charismatic:adj.超凡魅力的;神赐能力的;
That was probably the first movement that got global attention thanks to the Internet. 那或许是第一场获得全球瞩目的运动了, 多亏了网际网路。
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的;
Or consider Seattle '99, when a multinational grassroots effort brought global attention to what was then an obscure organization , the World Trade Organization, by also utilizing these digital technologies to help them organize. 或者思考一下1999年的西雅图, 当跨国性民众的努力获得了全球性的关注, 让这个当时还不知名的组织,「世界贸易组织」进入世人眼帘, 同样也是通过利用这些电子科技来幫助他们组织实现的。
Seattle:n.西雅图(美国一港市); multinational:adj.跨国公司的;多国的;n.跨国公司; grassroots:adj.基层的;草根的;乡村的;n.草根;基础; obscure:n.朦胧; adj.无名的; v.使模糊; organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体;
And more recently, movement after movement has shaken country after country: the Arab uprisings from Bahrain to Tunisia to Egypt and more; indignados in Spain, Italy, Greece; the Gezi Park protests; 最近,不断出现的民众运动 撼动了一个又一个国家: 从巴林蔓延到到突尼斯、埃及,甚至更多国家的阿拉伯起义; 在西班牙、意大利、希腊的「愤怒者」;格济公园起义;
uprisings:暴动; Tunisia:n.突尼斯(非洲国家);
Taiwan; Euromaidan in Ukraine; Hong Kong. 台湾的太阳花运动;乌克兰的「亲欧盟示威」;香港的占中运动。
And think of more recent initiatives , like the #BringBackOurGirls hashtags . 再想想更近期的自发性团体,比如推特标签「#释放我们的女孩」。
initiatives:n.积极性;主动权(initiative的复数);创始; hashtags:标签;话题标签;标签运用;
Nowadays, a network of tweets can unleash a global awareness campaign. 如今,推特网路能够发动一场全球性的觉醒运动。
tweets:n.啾啾声,小鸟叫声(tweet的复数形式);v.鸣叫(tweet的三单形式); unleash:vt.发泄;突然释放;使爆发; awareness:n.意识,认识;明白,知道;
A Facebook page can become the hub of a massive mobilization . 一篇脸书主页就能成为大规模性动员的中流砥柱。
hub:n.中心;毂;木片; massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; mobilization:n.动员;调动;
Amazing. 太神奇了。
But think of the moments I just mentioned. 但是思考一下我刚刚提到过的几个瞬间。
The achievements they were able to have, their outcomes , are not really proportional to the size and energy they inspired . 他们得以实现的成就,他们的成果, 与他们所激发的规模和能量并不完全成正比。
outcomes:n.结果;成果;后果;出路;(outcome的复数) proportional to:与…相称,与…成比例; inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式)
The hopes they rightfully raised are not really matched by what they were able to have as a result in the end. 他们正当提出的期望 与他们最终得到的结果并不匹配。
rightfully:adv.正当地;正直地; as a result:结果;
And this raises a question: 问题就来了:
As digital technology makes things easier for movements, why haven't successful outcomes become more likely as well? 随着电子科技令民众运动变得更为简单可行, 为什么运动获得成功的可能性并没有相应地增加呢？
In embracing digital platforms for activism and politics , are we overlooking some of the benefits of doing things the hard way? 我们在行动主义和政治中欣然接受了网路平台的同时, 是否忽略了用老办法做事的一些好处？
embracing:n.拥抱;v.拥抱,包含;(embrace的现在分词) platforms:n.平台; v.把…放在台上; activism:n.行动主义;激进主义; politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数) overlooking:v.忽略;不予理会;俯视;眺望;(overlook的现在分词)
Now, I believe so. 我相信正是如此。
I believe that the rule of thumb is: 我相信一条经验法则:
rule of thumb:手工业方式;靠经验估计;经验法则;拇指规则;单凭经验来做的方法;
Easier to mobilize does not always mean easier to achieve gains. 动员民众变得更加容易并不意味着取得成果就会更加容易。
Now, to be clear, technology does empower in multiple ways. 让我把话说清楚, 科技的确在很多方面有助于民运,
It's very powerful. 它的效果非常强大。
In Turkey, I watched four young college students organize a countrywide citizen journalism network called 140Journos that became the central hub for uncensored news in the country. 在土耳其,我看着四个年轻的大学生 组织了一个全国性的市民新闻网路,名为 140Journos , 而那成为了这个国家里不受审查的新闻中心。
countrywide:adj.全国范围的;adv.全国性地; journalism:n.新闻业,新闻工作;报章杂志; uncensored:adj.未经审查的;无保留的;无约束的;
In Egypt, I saw another four young people use digital connectivity to organize the supplies and logistics for 10 field hospitals, very large operations, during massive clashes near Tahrir Square in 2011. 在埃及,我见证了四个年轻人利用数位连结 为10家战地医院组织了物资供给和后勤工作, 都是非常大规模的操作, 正是在2011年解放广场附件发生大规模冲突的那段时期。
logistics:n.[军]后勤;后勤学;物流; clashes:n.打架,冲突; v.打斗;
And I asked the founder of this effort, called Tahrir Supplies, how long it took him to go from when he had the idea to when he got started. 我问了这个叫做「解放供给」组织的创始人, 他花了多久将这个想法转化成现实。
founder:vi.失败;沉没;倒塌;变跛;vt.破坏;使摔倒;垮掉;n.创始人;建立者;翻沙工;
'"Five minutes," he said. Five minutes. 「五分钟,」他说道。只花了五分钟。
And he had no training or background in logistics. 他本人在物流方面并没有任何训练或背景。
Or think of the Occupy movement which rocked the world in 2011. 又或者想想在2011年震撼了世界的占领运动吧。
Occupy:v.占据,占领;居住;使忙碌;
It started with a single email from a magazine, Adbusters, to 90,000 subscribers in its list. 它仅仅从一封电邮开始, 一封来自 Adbusters 杂志向它的9万名订阅者发送的电邮。
subscribers:n.订阅者,[金融]认股人;捐款人(subscriber复数形式);
About two months after that first email, there were in the United States 600 ongoing occupations and protests. 第一封电邮发出的两个月后, 在美国有600场持续进行的占领运动和抗议。
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) ongoing:n.发展; adj.持续存在的; occupations:n.[劳经]职业;行业;占有;日常活动(occupation的复数);
Less than one month after the first physical occupation in Zuccotti Park, a global protest was held in about 82 countries, 950 cities. 祖科蒂公园第一场占领运动发生后一个月之内, 一场全球性抗议在82个国家,950个城市进行。
physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查;
It was one of the largest global protests ever organized. 这是史上规模最大的全球性抗议运动。
Now, compare that to what the Civil Rights Movement had to do in 1955 Alabama to protest the racially segregated bus system, which they wanted to boycott . 将它和1955年阿拉巴马州的民权运动相比较一下, 那场抗议是为了争取罢免种族隔离的公车系统。
compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较; Civil Rights Movement:n.(美国)民权运动(20世纪50年代和60年代非裔美国人争取平等权利的运动); Alabama:n.阿拉巴马州(美国州名); racially:adv.人种上;按人种; segregated:adj.被隔离的;v.隔离(segregate的过去式);分离; boycott:v.联合抵制;拒绝参加;n.联合抵制;
They'd been preparing for many years and decided it was time to swing into action after Rosa Parks was arrested. 他们准备了多年, 就在罗萨．派克斯被捕之际, 决定是时候实施这个运动了。
But how do you get the word out -- tomorrow we're going to start the boycott -- when you don't have Facebook, texting, Twitter, none of that? 可是这么才能散布这个消息呢？ 告诉大家:「明天我们要进行联合抵制啦！」 当时并没有脸书、短讯、推特,什么都没有的那个年代该怎么办呢？
get the word out:把消息传开去;
So they had to mimeograph 52,000 leaflets by sneaking into a university duplicating room and working all night, secretly. 于是他们不得不油印5万2千张宣传单, 偷偷溜进一间大学的复印室, 秘密地油印了一晚上。
leaflets:传单; sneaking:adj.偷偷摸摸;暗中的;v.偷带;偷拿;偷走;(sneak的现在分词) duplicating:n.复制;重复;v.复制;重复(duplicate的ing形式);
They then used the 68 African-American organizations that criss-crossed the city to distribute those leaflets by hand. 然后,他们发动了遍布全城的68个非裔美国人团体, 由专人发散了这些传单。
African-American:非洲裔美国人(指美国黑人); organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构; criss-crossed:纵横交错; distribute:v.分发;分配;分销;分散;
And the logistical tasks were daunting , because these were poor people. 这项运输任务令人望而却步,因为他们都是穷人。
logistical:adj.后勤方面的;运筹的,逻辑的; daunting:adj.令人生畏的:令人胆怯的:v.使胆怯:使失去信心;(daunt的现在分词)
They had to get to work, boycott or no, so a massive carpool was organized, again by meeting. 他们必须去工作,不论参加抵制与否。 因此,他们组织了大规模的汽车共乘, 同样也是通过见面的方式。
carpool:n.拼车;(公司)车队;v.拼车
No texting, no Twitter, no Facebook. 没有短讯,没有推特,没有脸书。
They had to meet almost all the time to keep this carpool going. 他们必须不断的见面,才能让共乘得以进行下去。
Today, it would be so much easier. 如今,这会简单得多。
We could create a database, available rides and what rides you need, have the database coordinate , and use texting. 我们可以创建一个数据庫,显示可供乘搭的和你所需要的便车, 使用数据庫座标,并且利用短讯来联系。
coordinate:n.坐标; v.协调; adj.同等的;
We wouldn't have to meet all that much. 我们不用那么频繁地见面。
But again, consider this: the Civil Rights Movement in the United States navigated a minefield of political dangers, faced repression and overcame , won major policy concessions , navigated and innovated through risks. 但话说回来,考虑下这一点: 美国的民权运动 跨越了政治危险的雷区, 面临压迫,冲破阻碍,赢得了重大的政策让步, 在诸多风险中航行、创新。
navigated:vt.驾驶,操纵;使通过;航行于;vi.航行,航空; minefield:n.布雷区;充满隐伏危险的事物; repression:n.抑制,[心理]压抑;镇压; overcame:v.克服(overcome的过去式); policy:n.政策,方针;保险单; concessions:n.让步,让与;(票价)优惠;(concession的复数形式) innovated:v.改革(innovate的过去分词形式);
In contrast , three years after Occupy sparked that global conversation about inequality, the policies that fueled it are still in place. 与之截然相反,在占领运动 引起对不平等的全球性讨论三年后, 引起这场争议的政策仍固若金汤。
contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比; sparked:v.点燃,发动(spark的过去式,过去分词);鼓舞; policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数)
Europe was also rocked by anti-austerity protests, but the continent didn't shift its direction. 欧洲也曾被反紧缩政策抗议运动所震撼, 但这片大陆并没有改变前进的方向。
continent:n.大陆,洲,陆地;adj.自制的,克制的; shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换;
In embracing these technologies, are we overlooking some of the benefits of slow and sustained ? 我们欣然接受这些科技的同时, 是否忽视了缓慢而有持续性的方法所带来的一些好处？
sustained:adj.持续的; v.维持; (sustain的过去分词和过去式)
To understand this, 为了理解这一点,
I went back to Turkey about a year after the Gezi protests and I interviewed a range of people, from activists to politicians , from both the ruling party and the opposition party and movements. 我在格济抗议运动大约一年后回到了土耳其, 并参访了一些人, 从激进分子到政治家, 从执政党到反对党和反对运动。
interviewed:v.对(某人)进行面试(或面谈); (媒体)采访(interview的过去分词和过去式) politicians:n.政治家;(蔑)政客;(美)政治贩;(politician的复数) opposition:n.反对党;对立;在野党;对抗;
I found that the Gezi protesters were despairing . 我发现格济抗议者们很绝望。
protesters:n.(公开)抗议者,反对者;(protester的复数) despairing:adj.感到绝望的;表现绝望的;无望的;v.绝望;失望(despair的ing形式);
They were frustrated, and they had achieved much less than what they had hoped for. 他们很懊恼, 他们取得的成果和之前的期望相去甚远。
This echoed what I'd been hearing around the world from many other protesters that I'm in touch with . 这样的话我在全球各地不断听到, 从许多其他与我保持联络的抗议者口中听到。
echoed:重复; in touch with:同…有联系,和…有接触;
And I've come to realize that part of the problem is that today's protests have become a bit like climbing Mt. Everest with the help of 60 Sherpas , and the Internet is our Sherpa. 而我也逐渐意识到,问题的所在之一 就是我们如今的抗议活动有些像攀越珠穆朗玛峰, 不过是在60个夏尔巴人的幫助下, 而网路就是我们的夏尔巴人。
Everest:n.珠穆朗玛峰(世界最高峰); Sherpas:n.夏尔巴人(Sherpa的复数形式);
What we're doing is taking the fast routes and not replacing the benefits of the slower work. 我们正在做的则是走捷径, 并没有带来「慢工出细活」的好处。
routes:n.路线;途径;路途;渠道;v.按某路线发送;(route的第三人称单数和复数)
Because, you see, the kind of work that went into organizing all those daunting, tedious logistical tasks did not just take care of those tasks, they also created the kind of organization that could think together collectively and make hard decisions together, 因为,你看看, 组织那些令人生畏、无聊透顶的 物流任务所需要的做的, 不仅仅是处理好那些任务, 他们还创造出一种组织,能够发挥集体思考的力量, 并且能够共同作出决定,
tedious:adj.沉闷的;冗长乏味的; collectively:adv.共同地,全体地;
create consensus and innovate, and maybe even more crucially , keep going together through differences. 获得共识,实现创新,或许甚至还有更关键的, 也就是跨越差异,携手同行。
consensus:n.一致;舆论;合意; crucially:adv.关键地;至关重要地;
So when you see this March on Washington in 1963, when you look at that picture, where this is the march where Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream" speech, 1963, 因此,当你看到1963年华盛顿的这场大游行时, 当年你看着那幅图片时, 正是在这场大游行中,马丁．路德．金发表了他着名演讲 《我有一个梦想》,就在1963年,
you don't just see a march and you don't just hear a powerful speech, you also see the painstaking , long-term work that can put on that march. 你看到的不只是一场游行,你听到的不只是一场有力的演讲, 还有这场游行背后的辛苦付出和长期努力。
painstaking:adj.艰苦的;勤勉的;小心的;n.辛苦;勤勉; long-term:adj.长期的;从长远来看;
And if you're in power, you realize you have to take the capacity signaled by that march, not just the march, but the capacity signaled by that march, seriously. 而如果你是当权者, 你会意识到,你必须严肃对待这场游行所显示的能力, 不仅仅是游行本身,而是这场游行所显示的能力。
capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力; signaled:v.以动作向…示意;用信号发出,用信号通知;向…发信号(signal的过去分词);
In contrast, when you look at Occupy's global marches that were organized in two weeks, you see a lot of discontent , but you don't necessarily see teeth that can bite over the long term. 反观占领运动的全球性游行, 在短短两周之内就组织完毕, 却纰漏百出,各种不满, 却看不到什么能够发挥长期影响力的东西。
discontent:n.不满;adj.不满的;vt.使不满; necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地;
And crucially, the Civil Rights Movement innovated tactically from boycotts to lunch counter sit-ins to pickets to marches to freedom rides. 关键的一点是,民权运动在策略上创新, 从联合抵制,到午餐台静坐、罢工纠察、示威游行、自由之行。
tactically:adv.战术性地;策略高明地; boycotts:n.抵制(boycott的复数);v.抵制(boycott的第三人称单数形式); sit-ins:n.静坐抗议;静坐罢工; pickets:n.雪桩,雪椿;系绳尖桩(picket的复数);
Today's movements scale up very quickly without the organizational base that can see them through the challenges. 今天的运动快速地形成大规模,却没有组织基础, 让他们得以承受住考验。
scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; organizational:adj.组织的;编制的;
They feel a little like startups that got very big without knowing what to do next, and they rarely manage to shift tactically because they don't have the depth of capacity to weather such transitions . 他们像是刚刚创業的公司,规模迅速扩大, 却不知道下一步该如何是好, 也很少能够有策略地调整姿态, 因为他们没有足够强的能力 来经受住这些转变。
startups:n.创业(startup的复数);开办; rarely:adv.很少地;难得;罕有地; transitions:n.过渡,转变(transition的复数形式);转场效果;转换滤镜;
Now, I want to be clear: The magic is not in the mimeograph. 我要把话说清楚:胜利法宝并非油印机。
It's in that capacity to work together, think together collectively, which can only be built over time with a lot of work. 而是共同协作、集体思考的能力, 那只有通过长期的努力才能获得。
To understand all this, 为了理解这一点,
I interviewed a top official from the ruling party in Turkey, and I ask him, "How do you do it?" 我采访了土耳其执政党的一位高层官员, 我问他:「你是如何办到的？」
official:adj.官方的;正式的;公务的;n.官员;公务员;高级职员;
They too use digital technology extensively , so that's not it. 他们同样也大量使用电子科技,所以这一定不是原因。
extensively:adv.广阔地;广大地;
So what's the secret? 那秘密究竟是什么呢？
Well, he told me. 他告诉了我这个秘密。
He said the key is he never took sugar with his tea. 他说,关键在于他喝茶从不加糖。
I said, what has that got to do with anything? 我说,这听起来风马牛不相及啊？
Well, he said, his party starts getting ready for the next election the day after the last one, and he spends all day every day meeting with voters in their homes, in their wedding parties, circumcision ceremonies, and then he meets with his colleagues to compare notes. 他又说道,他的党派极早地开始为下一场竞选做准备, 从上一场竞选结束就开始了, 而他一天到晚都去投票人家中访问, 去他们的婚礼派对现场,割礼仪式, 然后他与同事见面,对比一下笔记。
circumcision:n.割礼;净心;[外科]包皮环割术; colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
With that many meetings every day, with tea offered at every one of them, which he could not refuse, because that would be rude, he could not take even one cube of sugar per cup of tea, 每天要参加那么多次会见,每次会见都有茶供应, 他不能拒绝送来的茶水,因为那样会很失礼, 在每杯茶里,他一颗糖块也不能放,
because that would be many kilos of sugar, he can't even calculate how many kilos, and at that point I realized why he was speaking so fast. 因为那样的话,就会摄入数不清几千克的糖分了。 那一刻,我意识到为什么他语速这么快。
We had met in the afternoon, and he was already way over-caffeinated. 我们是在下午见面的,他那天已经摄入过量咖啡因了。
But his party won two major elections within a year of the Gezi protests with comfortable margins . 但是他的政党赢得了两个重大选举, 就在格济示威一年之内,获得足够多的票数赢得了大选。
margins:n.边缘; v.给…镶边; (margin的复数)
To be sure , governments have different resources to bring to the table. 诚然,政府要推上台面有不同的资源。
To be sure:诚然;的确;哎呀(表惊奇); resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数);
It's not the same game, but the differences are instructive . 选举和民运不一样,但他们的不同点是由教育意义的。
instructive:adj.有益的;教育性的;
And like all such stories, this is not a story just of technology. 就像所有类似的故事一样,这并非只是一个关于科技的故事。
It's what technology allows us to do converging with what we want to do. 这是关于科技能让我们实现什么,与我们想要实现什么相彙聚。
converging:n.合并,会聚;adj.会聚的,收敛;v.聚合,集中于一点(converge的现在分词);
Today's social movements want to operate informally . 如今的社会运动想要以非正式的方法运营。
informally:adv.非正式地;不拘礼节地;
They do not want institutional leadership. 他们不想要领导体制。
institutional:adj.制度的;
They want to stay out of politics because they fear corruption and cooptation. 他们想要远离政治,因为他们惧怕贪腐和拉拢收买。
corruption:n.贪污,腐败;堕落;
They have a point. 他们说的没错。
Modern representative democracies are being strangled in many countries by powerful interests. 现代代议民主在许多国家被强权掐住了喉咙。
representative:n.代表; adj.典型的; democracies:民主; strangled:adj.哽塞的; v.勒死;
But operating this way makes it hard for them to sustain over the long term and exert leverage over the system, which leads to frustrated protesters dropping out, and even more corrupt politics. 但如此般运营对他们来说是艰难的, 难以长期维系,难以对体制施加影响, 这就导致了许多懊恼的抗议者退出游行, 也导致了更加充满贪腐的政治。
exert:v.施加;努力;运用;行使; leverage:n.影响力;杠杆作用;杠杆效力;v.举债经营;借贷收购;
And politics and democracy without an effective challenge hobbles, because the causes that have inspired the modern recent movements are crucial. 而没面临过有效性挑战的政治和民主好比一个跛脚人, 因为那些引起近期社会运动的背后原因是极为关键的。
democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治; effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象;
Climate change is barreling towards us. 气候变化向我们步步紧逼。
barreling:n.滚磨;研磨;圆筒;v.把…装桶;快速移动;(barrel的现在分词)
Inequality is stifling human growth and potential and economies . 不平等正阻碍着人们的成长和潜能,并且阻碍着经济发展。
stifling:adj.令人窒息的;沉闷的;v.使窒息;粉碎;(stifle的现在分词) potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; economies:n.经济;经济结构;节约;(economy的复数)
Authoritarianism is choking many countries. 威权主义在许多国家令人窒息。
Authoritarianism:n.独裁主义;权力主义; choking:adj.窒息的;闭紧的;v.(使)窒息;使停止呼吸;说不出话来;(choke的现在分词)
We need movements to be more effective. 我们需要让社会运动变得更加有效。
Now, some people have argued that the problem is today's movements are not formed of people who take as many risks as before, and that is not true. 有些人争辩说,问题在于 如今民权运动的组成者不再像从前的人那样敢于冒风险, 这并不属实。
From Gezi to Tahrir to elsewhere , 从格济公园,到解放广场,再到其它地方,
elsewhere:adv.在别处;到别处;
I've seen people put their lives and livelihoods on the line . 我见过许多人用他们的生命和生计做赌注。
livelihoods:n.赚钱謀生的手段;生计;(livelihood的复数) on the line:处于危险中;模棱两可;在电话线上;
It's also not true, as Malcolm Gladwell claimed , that today's protesters form weaker virtual ties. 马尔科姆．格拉德维尔所说的也不对, 如今的示威者们并非「形成了较弱的虚拟关系。」
claimed:v.宣称;声称;断言;索取;认领;索要(claim的过去分词和过去式) virtual:adj.[计]虚拟的;实质上的,事实上的(但未在名义上或正式获承认);
No, they come to these protests, just like before, with their friends, existing networks, and sometimes they do make new friends for life. 不是的,他们参与到抗议中,正如他们的前人一样, 陪同着他们的友人,已有的关系网, 有时他们也会结交一生的摯友。
I still see the friends that I made in those Zapatista-convened global protests more than a decade ago, and the bonds between strangers are not worthless . 我也仍然见到我交的那些朋友, 他们是我十多年前在萨帕塔全球抗议活动中结交的, 而陌生人之间的那种连结并非毫无意义。
worthless:adj.无价值的;不值钱的;卑微的;
When I got tear-gassed in Gezi, people I didn't know helped me and one another instead of running away. 当我在格济遭到催泪弹袭击, 和我素不相识的人们幫助了我,也幫助了彼此,而不是忙于逃命。
tear-gassed:用催泪瓦斯袭击(tear-gas的过去式与过去分词);
In Tahrir, I saw people, protesters, working really hard to keep each other safe and protected. 在解放广场,我见到人们,示威者们, 十分努力地保护彼此,以免受到伤害。
And digital awareness-raising is great, because changing minds is the bedrock of changing politics. 数位化意识提升很赞, 因为改变想法是改变政治的基石。
awareness-raising:意识提升; bedrock:n.[地质]基岩;根底;基本原理;
But movements today have to move beyond participation at great scale very fast and figure out how to think together collectively, develop strong policy proposals , create consensus, 但如今的民权运动不能局限于快速号召大规模人群, 要想出如何能够集体思考, 起草强有力的政策提案,达成共识,
participation:n.参与;分享;参股; proposals:n.建议书(Proposal的复数);求婚;
figure out the political steps and relate them to leverage, because all these good intentions and bravery and sacrifice by itself are not going to be enough. 弄懂政治上的步骤,并将之与谈判筹码相联系, 因为所有这些良好的意图、勇气和牺牲,它们本身 是远远不够的。
intentions:n.目的,意向,意图;打算;(intention的复数) bravery:n.勇敢;勇气; sacrifice:n.牺牲;舍弃;祭献;祭祀;祭品;v.牺牲;献出;作祭献
And there are many efforts. 这方面也有很多努力。
In New Zealand , a group of young people are developing a platform called Loomio for participatory decision making at scale. 在纽西兰,一群年轻人正在研发一个叫做 Loomio 的平台, 以供大规模决议的参与。
Zealand:西兰岛(丹麦最大的岛) participatory:adj.供人分享的;吸引参与的;
In Turkey, 140Journos are holding hack-a-thons so that they support communities as well as citizen journalism. 在土耳其,140Journos正在举办「骇客马拉松」, 以支持社区和公民新闻。
communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且;
In Argentina , an open-source platform called DemocracyOS is bringing participation to parliaments and political parties. 在阿根廷,一个叫做DemocracyOS 的开源平台 正将民众参与带入议会和政党。
Argentina:n.阿根廷(位于拉丁美洲); open-source:adj.(计算机)开放源代码; parliaments:n.议会,国会;
These are all great, and we need more, but the answer won't just be better online decision-making , because to update democracy, we are going to need to innovate at every level, from the organizational to the political to the social. 这些都很棒,而且我们需要更多, 但不仅仅是需要更好的线上决议, 因为要让民主更上一层楼,我们需要在每一层面创新, 从组织层面,到政治层面,到社会层面。
decision-making:n.决策; update:vt.使现代化;更新;n.现代化;更新的信息;
Because to succeed over the long term, sometimes you do need tea without sugar along with your Twitter. 因为如果要实现长期的胜利, 有时候你的确需要喝茶不加糖, 还需要你的推特。
Thank you. 谢谢大家。
(Applause) （掌声）