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YuvalNoahHarari_2018-_为什么法西斯主义如此诱人？你的数据资料是如何助长它的？_
Hello, everyone. 哈啰,大家好。
It's a bit funny, because I did write that humans will become digital , but I didn't think it will happen so fast and that it will happen to me. 这有点好笑,因为我的确写过 人类将来会变成数位的, 但我当时没料到会这么快发生, 且发生在我身上。
digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键;
But here I am, as a digital avatar , and here you are, so let's start. 但我现在就以 数位人像的身份站在这里, 你们也都就座了,所以开始吧。
avatar:n.电影《阿凡达》;
And let's start with a question. 咱们从一个问题开始。
How many fascists are there in the audience today? 今天观众席中, 有多少人是法西斯主义者？
fascists:法西斯主义的支持者(Fascist的名词复数);
(Laughter) （笑声）
Well, it's a bit difficult to say, because we've forgotten what fascism is. 嗯,这有点难说, 因为我们已忘了法西斯主义是什么。
fascism:n.法西斯主义;极端国家主义;
People now use the term "fascist" 现代人使用「法西斯主义的」一词
as a kind of general-purpose abuse . 通常是指某种一般性目的的伤害。
general-purpose:adj.多用途的;一般用途的; abuse:n.滥用;虐待;辱骂;弊端;恶习,陋习;v.滥用;虐待;辱骂;
Or they confuse fascism with nationalism . 或是他们把法西斯主义 和国家主义搞混了。
confuse:v.混同;使迷惑;使糊涂;使更难于理解; nationalism:n.民族主义;国家主义;民族特性;
So let's take a few minutes to clarify what fascism actually is, and how it is different from nationalism. 所以,咱们先花几分钟时间, 澄清一下法西斯主义到底是什么, 以及它和国家主义有什么不同。
clarify:v.澄清;阐明;得到澄清;得到净化;
The milder forms of nationalism have been among the most benevolent of human creations . 国家主义的温和形式
milder:adj.更暖;回暖;更温和(mild的比较级); benevolent:adj.仁慈的;慈善的;亲切的; creations:n.创作;创造物(creation的复数形式);
Nations are communities of millions of strangers who don't really know each other. 国家就是数百万名陌生人 所组成的共同体, 这些人并不认识彼此。
communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数)
For example, I don't know the eight million people who share my Israeli citizenship . 比如,我并不认识另外八百万名 拥有以色列公民身份的人。
Israeli:adj.以色列的;以色列人的;n.以色列人; citizenship:n.[法]公民身份,公民资格;国籍;公民权;
But thanks to nationalism, we can all care about one another and cooperate effectively. 但多亏了国家主义, 我们都在乎彼此,并能有效地合作。
cooperate:v.合作;配合;协作;结合;
This is very good. 这是非常好的。
Some people, like John Lennon, imagine that without nationalism, the world will be a peaceful paradise . 像约翰蓝侬（John Lennon）, 有些人臆测若没有国家主义, 世界会是个和平的天堂。
paradise:n.天堂;至福境地;
But far more likely, without nationalism, we would have been living in tribal chaos . 但更有可能的是, 若没有国家主义, 我们会生活在部落的混乱中。
tribal:adj.部落的;部族的;n.(尤指南亚的)部落成员; chaos:n.混沌,混乱;
If you look today at the most prosperous and peaceful countries in the world, countries like Sweden and Switzerland and Japan, you will see that they have a very strong sense of nationalism. 如果你们想想看现今世界上 最繁榮、和平的国家, 比如瑞典、瑞士和日本, 就会发现它们都有 很强的国家主义感。
at the most:至多,不超过; prosperous:adj.繁荣的;兴旺的;
In contrast , countries that lack a strong sense of nationalism, like Congo and Somalia and Afghanistan , tend to be violent and poor. 相对地,缺乏强烈 国家主义感的国家, 比如刚果、索马利亚,及阿富汗, 都倾向较暴力和贫穷。
contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比; Afghanistan:n.阿富汗(国家名称,位于亚洲); violent:adj.暴力的;猛烈的;
So what is fascism, and how is it different from nationalism? 所以,法西斯主义是什么？ 它和国家主义有什么不同？
Well, nationalism tells me that my nation is unique , and that I have special obligations towards my nation. 嗯,国家主义告诉我, 我的国家是独一无二的, 且我对于我的国家负有特殊的义务。
unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物; obligations:n.[法]义务;债务;承付款项(obligation的复数);
Fascism, in contrast, tells me that my nation is supreme , and that I have exclusive obligations towards it. 相对地,法西斯主义告诉我, 我的国家是优越的, 且我对于我国家的义务是唯一的。
supreme:adj.最高的;至高的;最重要的;n.至高;霸权; exclusive:adj.独有的;排外的;专一的;n.独家新闻;独家经营的项目;排外者;
I don't need to care about anybody or anything other than my nation. 我只需要在乎我的国家, 其他人事物都不重要。
Usually, of course, people have many identities and loyalties to different groups. 当然,通常人对于不同的群体会有 许多不同的身份和忠诚度。
identities:n.身份;本身;本体;特征;同一性;相同;(identity的复数) loyalties:n.忠诚;忠心(loyalty的复数);
For example, I can be a good patriot , loyal to my country, and at the same time , be loyal to my family, my neighborhood , my profession , humankind as a whole , truth and beauty. 比如,我可能是个爱国者, 对我的国家很忠诚, 同时,我也忠于我的家庭、 我的邻里、我的职業、 全体人类、 真相以及美好。
patriot:n.爱国者; at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; neighborhood:n.附近;地区;街坊;adj.附近的; profession:n.行业,职业;业内人士;同行; humankind:n.人类(总称); as a whole:总的来说;
Of course, when I have different identities and loyalties, it sometimes creates conflicts and complications. 当然,当我有 不同的身份和忠诚度时, 有时就会产生出冲突和复杂。
conflicts:n.冲突; v.抵触;
But, well, who ever told you that life was easy? 但,谁说人生是容易的呢？
Life is complicated . 人生是复杂的。
complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式)
Deal with it. 想办法处理它。
Fascism is what happens when people try to ignore the complications and to make life too easy for themselves. 法西斯主义之所以会发生, 就是因为人们试图忽略复杂, 把他们自己的人生变得太轻鬆简单。
ignore:v.驳回诉讼;忽视;不理睬;
Fascism denies all identities except the national identity and insists that I have obligations only towards my nation. 法西斯主义否认 国家身份以外的所有身份, 并坚持我只对我的国家有义务。
denies:v.否认;否定;拒绝接受;拒绝;(deny的第三人称单数) identity:n.身份;同一性,一致;特性;恒等式;
If my nation demands that I sacrifice my family, then I will sacrifice my family. 如果我的国家需要我牺牲我的家人, 我就会牺牲我的家人。
sacrifice:n.牺牲;舍弃;祭献;祭祀;祭品;v.牺牲;献出;作祭献
If the nation demands that I kill millions of people, then I will kill millions of people. 如果国家需要我杀掉数百万个人, 我就会杀掉数百万个人。
And if my nation demands that I betray truth and beauty, then I should betray truth and beauty. 如果我的国家需要我 背叛真相和美好, 我就该背叛真相和美好。
betray:v.出卖;泄露(机密);辜负;
For example, how does a fascist evaluate art? 比如,法西斯主义者 要如何评鉴艺术？
evaluate:v.评价;评估;估计;
How does a fascist decide whether a movie is a good movie or a bad movie? 法西斯主义者要如何 决定一部电影的优劣？
Well, it's very, very, very simple. 答案非常、非常、非常简单。
There is really just one yardstick : if the movie serves the interests of the nation, it's a good movie; if the movie doesn't serve the interests of the nation, it's a bad movie. 衡量标准只有一种: 如果电影是为国家的利益着想, 它就是部好电影; 如果电影没有为国家的利益着想, 它就是部烂电影。
yardstick:n.码尺;
That's it. 就这样。
Similarly , how does a fascist decide what to teach kids in school? 同样地,法西斯主义者要如何 决定在学校要教孩子什么内容？
Similarly:adv.同样地;类似于;
Again, it's very simple. 答案也非常简单。
There is just one yardstick: you teach the kids whatever serves the interests of the nation. 衡量标准只有一种: 不论你教孩子什么, 只要对国家有利就对了。
The truth doesn't matter at all. 真相完全不重要。
Now, the horrors of the Second World War and of the Holocaust remind us of the terrible consequences of this way of thinking. 二次大战和大屠杀的恐怖, 让我们想起 这种思维方式的可怖后果。
horrors:n.震惊;恐惧;厌恶;;令人厌恶的性质;(horror的复数) Holocaust:n.大屠杀;毁灭; remind:v.提醒;使想起; consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数);
But usually, when we talk about the ills of fascism, we do so in an ineffective way, because we tend to depict fascism as a hideous monster , without really explaining what was so seductive about it. 但通常,当我们谈到 法西斯主义的不好之处时, 我们会用无效的方式来谈, 因为我们倾向会把法西斯主义 描绘成一只可怕的怪兽, 而不会真正去解释 它有什么诱人之处。
ineffective:adj.无效的,失效的;不起作用的; depict:vt.描述;描画; hideous:adj.可怕的;丑恶的; monster:n.怪物;恶魔;庞然大物;adj.巨大的; seductive:adj.有魅力的;性感的;引人注意的;
It's a bit like these Hollywood movies that depict the bad guys -- 这就有点像好莱坞电影 描绘这些反派的方式——
Voldemort or Sauron or Darth Vader -- as ugly and mean and cruel. 佛地魔、索伦,或达斯维德—— 丑陋、卑鄙,且残酷。
Voldemort:n.伏地魔(《哈利波特》里的人物); ugly:adj.丑陋的;邪恶的;令人厌恶的;
They're cruel even to their own supporters . 他们甚至对自己的支持者也很残酷。
supporters:n.拥护者;(运动队的)支持者;(supporter的复数)
When I see these movies, I never understand -- why would anybody be tempted to follow a disgusting creep like Voldemort? 当我看这些电影时, 我始终无法理解, 为什么会有人被诱惑去追随 佛地魔这种让人讨厌的卑鄙小人？
tempted:adj.想做…的; v.引诱; (tempt的过去分词和过去式) disgusting:adj.令人不快的;令人厌恶的;v.使作呕;使厌恶;使反感;(disgust的现在分词) creep:v.爬行;蔓延;慢慢地移动;起鸡皮疙瘩;n.爬行;毛骨悚然的感觉;谄媚者;
The problem with evil is that in real life, evil doesn't necessarily look ugly. 邪恶的问题在于,在真实生活中, 邪恶的外表不见得是丑陋的。
evil:adj.邪恶的;不幸的;有害的;讨厌的;n.罪恶,邪恶;不幸; necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地;
It can look very beautiful. 它可能看起来十分美好。
This is something that Christianity knew very well, which is why in Christian art, as [opposed to] Hollywood, 基督教就非常清楚知道这一点, 这就是为什么基督教艺术 和好莱坞相反,
Christianity:n.基督教;基督教精神,基督教教义;
Satan is usually depicted as a gorgeous hunk . 撒旦通常被描绘成 英俊且性感的男人。
Satan:n.撒旦;魔鬼; depicted:vt.描述;描画; gorgeous:adj.华丽的,灿烂的;极好的; hunk:n.大块,大片;厚块;(俚语)强壮;adj.好的;行的;
This is why it's so difficult to resist the temptations of Satan, and why it is also difficult to resist the temptations of fascism. 那就是为什么要拒绝 撒旦的诱惑是很困难的, 也是为什么要拒绝 法西斯主义的诱惑也很困难。
resist:v.抵制;阻挡;反抗;回击;抵抗;忍住;n.防染剂;防蚀用涂料;防腐剂; temptations:n.诱惑物;引诱物(temptation复数);
Fascism makes people see themselves as belonging to the most beautiful and most important thing in the world -- the nation. 法西斯主义让人们 能够感受到他们自己 隶属于世界上最美好、 最重要的东西—— 国家。
And then people think, "Well, they taught us that fascism is ugly. 接着,人们会想: 「嗯,他们教我们 法西斯主义是丑陋的。
But when I look in the mirror, I see something very beautiful, so I can't be a fascist, right?" 但当我看向镜子, 我看到的却是美好的东西, 所以我不可能是法西斯主义者吧？」
Wrong. 错。
That's the problem with fascism. 那就是法西斯主义的问题。
When you look in the fascist mirror, you see yourself as far more beautiful than you really are. 当你看向法西斯主义的镜子, 你看见的自己, 比实际上的还要美丽许多。
In the 1930s, when Germans looked in the fascist mirror, they saw Germany as the most beautiful thing in the world. 在 30 年代,当德国人 看向法西斯主义的镜子时, 他们看到的是: 德国是世界上最美好的东西。
If today, Russians look in the fascist mirror, they will see Russia as the most beautiful thing in the world. 换到现今,若俄国人 看向法西斯主义的镜子, 他们会看到: 俄国是世界上最美好的东西。
And if Israelis look in the fascist mirror, they will see Israel as the most beautiful thing in the world. 如果以色列人看向 法西斯主义的镜子, 他们会看到: 以色列是世界上最美好的东西。
Israelis:以色列人,以色列国民(Israeli的名词复数);
This does not mean that we are now facing a rerun of the 1930s. 这并不表示我们现在 面临到 30 年代的重演。
rerun:vi.再运行; vt.使再运行; n.再开动;
Fascism and dictatorships might come back, but they will come back in a new form, a form which is much more relevant to the new technological realities of the 21st century. 法西斯主义和独裁专政 有可能会回来, 但它们会以新的形式回来, 这个新的形式会和 21 世纪的 新技术现实有更多更高的相关性。
dictatorships:n.专政;独裁权;独裁者职位; relevant:adj.相关的;切题的;中肯的;有重大关系的;有意义的,目的明确的; technological:adj.技术[工程](上)的;因工艺技术高度发展而引起的;
In ancient times, land was the most important asset in the world. 在古代的时候, 土地是世界上最重要的资产。
asset:n.资产;优点;有用的东西;有利条件;财产;有价值的人或物;
Politics , therefore, was the struggle to control land. 因此,政治都是 在努力试图控制土地。
Politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数)
And dictatorship meant that all the land was owned by a single ruler or by a small oligarch . 独裁专政就表示所有的土地 都属于单一统治者 或一个寡头政治集团。
oligarch:n.寡头政治执政者;
And in the modern age, machines became more important than land. 在近代,机器变得比土地更重要。
Politics became the struggle to control the machines. 政治就变成是在努力控制机器。
And dictatorship meant that too many of the machines became concentrated in the hands of the government or of a small elite . 而独裁专政意味着 太多机器都被集中 在政府或少数菁英团体的手中。
concentrated:adj.决心要做的; v.集中(注意力); (concentrate的过去式和过去分词) in the hands of:由…掌握;在…掌握中; elite:n.精英;精华;杰出人物;
Now data is replacing both land and machines as the most important asset. 现在,资料数据取代了土地和机器, 成为最重要的资产。
Politics becomes the struggle to control the flows of data. 政治变成在努力控制资料流。
And dictatorship now means that too much data is being concentrated in the hands of the government or of a small elite. 而现在的独裁专政意味着 太多数据资料集中在政府或少数 菁英团体的手中,
The greatest danger that now faces liberal democracy is that the revolution in information technology will make dictatorships more efficient than democracies . 现在,自由民主要面对的最大危险 就是资讯科技的革命 将会让独裁政权变得比民主更有效。
liberal:adj.宽宏大度的; n.理解且尊重他人意见的人; democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治; revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环; information technology:n.信息技术; efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的; democracies:民主;
In the 20th century, democracy and capitalism defeated fascism and communism because democracy was better at processing data and making decisions. 在 20 世纪, 民主和资本主义打败了 法西斯主义和共产主义, 因为民主比较擅长 处理数据和做决策。
capitalism:n.资本主义; communism:n.共产主义;
Given 20th-century technology, it was simply inefficient to try and concentrate too much data and too much power in one place. 以 20 世纪的科技, 如果要把太多数据资料 和太多权力集中在一个地方, 实在是太没效益了。
inefficient:adj.无效率的,效率低的;无能的;
But it is not a law of nature that centralized data processing is always less efficient than distributed data processing. 但,自然的法则并没有说 集中化的数据资料处理 就一定比分散式 更没效益。
centralized:adj.集中的;中央集权的;v.集中(centralize的过去分词); data processing:n.数据处理; distributed:adj.分布的;分散的;v.分发;分配;使分布(distribute的过去分词和过去式)
With the rise of artificial intelligence and machine learning, it might become feasible to process enormous amounts of information very efficiently in one place, to take all the decisions in one place, 随着人工智慧与机器学习的兴起, 或许会可以在单一个地方 有效率地处理大量的资讯, 在单一个地方做所有的决策,
artificial intelligence:n.人工智能; feasible:adj.可行的;可能的;可实行的; enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; efficiently:adv.有效地;效率高地(efficient的副词形式);
and then centralized data processing will be more efficient than distributed data processing. 那么,集中式的资料处理 就会比分散式的更有效益。
And then the main handicap of authoritarian regimes in the 20th century -- their attempt to concentrate all the information in one place -- it will become their greatest advantage . 那么,在 20 世纪, 权力主义政体的主要不利条件—— 这些政体试图将所有资讯 集中在一个地方—— 就会变成它们最大的优势。
handicap:n.障碍;不利条件,不利的因素;vt.妨碍,阻碍;使不利; authoritarian:adj.独裁主义的;权力主义的;n.权力主义者;独裁主义者; regimes:n.政治制度,政权,政体(regime的名词复数); attempt:n.企图,试图;攻击;v.企图,试图;尝试; advantage:n.有利条件:优势:优点:
Another technological danger that threatens the future of democracy is the merger of information technology with biotechnology , which might result in the creation of algorithms that know me better than I know myself. 还有另一项科技危险, 会威胁到民主的未来, 那就是资讯科技和生物科技的合併, 这可能会创造出一种演算法, 能比我自己更了解我。
merger:n.(企业等的)合并;并购;吸收(如刑法中重罪吸收轻罪); biotechnology:n.[生物]生物技术;[生物]生物工艺学;
And once you have such algorithms, an external system, like the government, cannot just predict my decisions, it can also manipulate my feelings, my emotions . 一旦有这种演算法, 一个外部系统,比如政府, 就不只是能预测我的决策, 它也能操控我的感受和情绪。
external:n.外部;外观;形式;外部情况;adj.外部的;外面的;外界的;外来的; predict:v.预报;预言;预告; manipulate:vt.操纵;操作;巧妙地处理;篡改; emotions:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;(emotion的复数)
A dictator may not be able to provide me with good health care , but he will be able to make me love him and to make me hate the opposition . 独裁者也许无法提供我 好的健康照护, 但他能使我爱他, 而且痛恨反对派。
health care:n.卫生保健; opposition:n.反对党;对立;在野党;对抗;
Democracy will find it difficult to survive such a development because, in the end, democracy is not based on human rationality; it's based on human feelings. 在这样的发展下,民主很难生存, 因为,到头来, 民主的基础并不是人类的理性; 而是人类的感受。
During elections and referendums , you're not being asked, "What do you think?" 在选举和公民投票中, 你不会被问到:「你认为如何？」
referendums:n.投票,公投(referendum复数);
You're actually being asked, "How do you feel?" 你会被问到:「你感觉如何？」
And if somebody can manipulate your emotions effectively, democracy will become an emotional puppet show. 若有人能够有效地操控你的情绪, 民主就会变成一场情绪傀儡剧。
emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的; puppet:n.木偶;傀儡;
So what can we do to prevent the return of fascism and the rise of new dictatorships? 所以,我们能做什么, 来预防法西斯主义的再现, 以及新独裁主义的兴起？
The number one question that we face is: Who controls the data? 我们最先面临的问题 是谁控制着数据资料？
If you are an engineer, then find ways to prevent too much data from being concentrated in too few hands. 如果你是工程师, 那么就想办法来预防太多数据 被集中在太少数人手中。
And find ways to make sure the distributed data processing is at least as efficient as centralized data processing. 并想办法确保 分散式资料处理 至少要和集中式一样有效益。
This will be the best safeguard for democracy. 这会是民主的最佳防卫。
safeguard:n.[安全]保护;保卫;保护措施;vt.[安全]保护,护卫;
As for the rest of us who are not engineers, the number one question facing us is how not to allow ourselves to be manipulated by those who control the data. 至于不是工程师的其他人, 我们面临的第一个问题 就是如何不要让我们自己被那些 控制数据资料的人给操控。
manipulated:v.(暗中)控制,操纵,影响;使用;治疗脱臼;(manipulate的过去式和过去分词)
The enemies of liberal democracy, they have a method. 自由民主的敌人有一种方法,
They hack our feelings. 他们能「骇入」我们的感受中。
hack:n.砍; v.砍; adj.出租的;
Not our emails, not our bank accounts -- they hack our feelings of fear and hate and vanity , and then use these feelings to polarize and destroy democracy from within. 不是骇入我们的 电子邮件或银行帐户, 而是骇入我们的感受, 如恐惧、仇恨,和虚榮, 接着用这些感受 从内部将民主给两极化并摧毁。
vanity:n.虚荣心;空虚;浮华;无价值的东西; polarize:vt.(使)极化;(使)偏振;(使)两极分化;vi.极化;偏振;两极分化;
This is actually a method that Silicon Valley pioneered in order to sell us products. 其实,这种方式的先驱者 就是硅谷,他们用这种方式 把产品销售给我们。
Silicon Valley:n.硅谷(美国加利福尼亚州一处计算机和电子公司聚集地,有时用以指任何计算机公司聚集地);
But now, the enemies of democracy are using this very method to sell us fear and hate and vanity. 但现在,民主的敌人 就是用同样这种方式 把恐惧、仇恨和虚榮销售给我们。
They cannot create these feelings out of nothing. 他们无法无中生有创造出这些感受。
So they get to know our own preexisting weaknesses. 所以他们开始了解 我们自己本来就有的弱点。
preexisting:adj.先前存在的;先于…而存在的;
And then use them against us. 接着用这些弱点来对付我们。
And it is therefore the responsibility of all of us to get to know our weaknesses and make sure that they do not become a weapon in the hands of the enemies of democracy. 因此,我们所有人都有责任 要去了解我们的弱点, 并确保这些弱点
Getting to know our own weaknesses will also help us to avoid the trap of the fascist mirror. 去了解我们自己的弱点, 也能协助我们避开 法西斯主义镜子的陷阱。
trap:v.使陷入困境;卡住;夹住;收集;吸收;n.陷阱;圈套;捕捉器;诡计;
As we explained earlier, fascism exploits our vanity. 如我们先前解释过的, 法西斯主义会利用我们的虚榮。
exploits:n.功绩,业绩;壮举(exploit的复数);v.利用;开发(exploit的第三人称单数);
It makes us see ourselves as far more beautiful than we really are. 它会让我们认为自己 比真正的状况还要美丽非常多。
This is the seduction . 这就是诱惑。
seduction:n.诱惑;魅力;(复数)诱惑物;
But if you really know yourself, you will not fall for this kind of flattery . 但如果你真的了解你自己, 你就不会落入这种谄媚奉承。
flattery:n.奉承;谄媚;恭维话;
If somebody puts a mirror in front of your eyes that hides all your ugly bits and makes you see yourself as far more beautiful and far more important than you really are, just break that mirror. 如果有人把一面镜子摆在你眼前, 它把你所有丑陋的部分 隐藏起来,让你觉得 镜中的自己比真实的自己更漂亮、 更重要许多, 那就把镜子打破。
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）
Chris Anderson: Yuval, thank you. 克里斯安德森:哈拉瑞,谢谢你。
Goodness me. 天哪。
It's so nice to see you again. 真高兴再次见到你。
So, if I understand you right, you're alerting us to two big dangers here. 如果我没误解你的意思, 你是在警告我们两项危机。
alerting:v.向…报警;使警觉;使警惕;使认识到(alert的现在分词)
One is the possible resurgence of a seductive form of fascism, but close to that, dictatorships that may not exactly be fascistic , but control all the data. 其一是法西斯主义的 诱惑形式有可能会再现, 还有和那很相近的独裁专政, 不见得完全是法西斯主义, 但能控制所有的数据资料。
resurgence:n.复活;再现;再起; fascistic:adj.法西斯党的;法西斯主义的(等于fascist);
I wonder if there's a third concern that some people here have already expressed , which is where, not governments, but big corporations control all our data. 我在纳闷是否有第三项议题要关心, 这里的一些人已经提出了这个议题, 就是,有些大企業,而非政府, 控制了所有我们的资料。
I wonder if:我不知道是否…？; concern:v.涉及,关系到;使担心;n.关系;关心;关心的事; expressed:v.表示;表达;显而易见;不言自明;(express的过去分词和过去式) corporations:n.[贸易]公司,[经]企业(corporation的复数形式);
What do you call that, and how worried should we be about that? 你会怎么看它？ 我们对它又该有多担心？
Yuval Noah Harari: Well, in the end, there isn't such a big difference between the corporations and the governments, because, as I said , the questions is: Who controls the data? 哈拉瑞:嗯,到头来,企業和政府 之间并没有太大的差别, 因为,如我刚说过的, 问题在于:谁控制了资料？
Noah:n.诺亚(圣经人物); as I said:正如我所说的
This is the real government. 这就是真正的政府。
If you call it a corporation or a government -- if it's a corporation and it really controls the data, this is our real government. 如果你称它为企業或政府—— 如果是一间企業控制了资料, 它就是我们真正的政府。
So the difference is more apparent than real. 所以,这个差别是表象多于实际。
apparent:adj.显然的;表面上的;
CA: But somehow , at least with corporations, you can imagine market mechanisms where they can be taken down. 克:但就某种层面来说, 至少如果是企業的话, 你还可以想像有市场机制 来把企業拉垮。
somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; mechanisms:n.机制;[机]机构(mechanism的复数);机械;[机]机构学;
I mean, if consumers just decide that the company is no longer operating in their interest, it does open the door to another market. 我是指,如果消费者决定 这间公司已经不是为了 消费者的利益在营运, 那确实就会打开 通往另一个市场的门。
consumers:n.消费者;顾客;用户;(consumer的复数)
It seems easier to imagine that than, say, citizens rising up and taking down a government that is in control of everything. 似乎比较容易可以想像, 比如,公民起义 拉垮控制一切的政府。
YNH: Well, we are not there yet, but again, if a corporation really knows you better than you know yourself -- at least that it can manipulate your own deepest emotions and desires, and you won't even realize -- you will think this is your authentic self. 哈:嗯,我们还没走到那一步, 但,如果一间企業 比你自己还了解你—— 至少它可以操控你 最深的情绪和欲望, 而你甚至不会发现—— 你会认为这就是你最真实的自己。
authentic:adj.真正的,真实的;可信的;
So in theory, yes, in theory, you can rise against a corporation, just as, in theory, you can rise against a dictatorship. 理论上,是的,理论上, 你可以起义对抗一间企業, 就如同,理论上, 你可以起义对抗独裁专政。
But in practice , it is extremely difficult. 但实际上,是极度困难的。
in practice:在实践中;实际上,事实上; extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地;
CA: So in " Homo Deus," you argue that this would be the century when humans kind of became gods, either through development of artificial intelligence or through genetic engineering . 克:在《人类大命运: 从智人到神人》中, 你主张在这个世纪 人类有点变成了神, 可能是透过人工智慧的发展, 或是透过基因工程。
Homo:n.人,人类;同性恋者; genetic engineering:n.基因工程;遗传工程(学);
Has this prospect of political system shift , collapse impacted your view on that possibility? 这种政治体制转换、 崩坏的预期前景 是否会冲击你 对于那种可能性的看法？
prospect:n.展望;前景;希望;前途;v.勘探;探矿; shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换; collapse:vi.倒塌;瓦解;暴跌;vt.使倒塌,使崩溃;使萎陷;折叠;n.倒塌;失败;衰竭; impacted:adj.压紧的;结实的;嵌入的;(人口)稠密的;v.装紧;挤满(impact的过去分词);
YNH: Well, I think it makes it even more likely, and more likely that it will happen faster, because in times of crisis , people are willing to take risks that they wouldn't otherwise take. 哈:嗯,我想反而可能性会更高, 更可能会发生,且更快发生, 因为在危机的时期,人们会愿意 冒他们在其他时候不愿冒的险。
crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的;
And people are willing to try all kinds of high-risk , high-gain technologies . 人们会愿意尝试 各种高风险、高获益的技术。
high-risk:adj.高危险度的; high-gain:n.[电子]高增益; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
So these kinds of crises might serve the same function as the two world wars in the 20th century. 所以这些类型的危机 有可能会和 20 世纪的 两次世界大战有相同的功能。
crises:n.危机,紧要关头;危险期(crisis的复数形式);
The two world wars greatly accelerated the development of new and dangerous technologies. 那两次世界大战大大加速了 危险新技术的发展。
greatly:adv.很,大大地;非常; accelerated:v.(使)加速;加速;加快(accelerate的过去分词和过去式)
And the same thing might happen in the 21st century. 同样的状况可能 会在 21 世纪发生。
I mean, you need to be a little crazy to run too fast, let's say, with genetic engineering. 我是指,你得要 有点疯狂才能跑太快, 比如在基因工程方面。
But now you have more and more crazy people in charge of different countries in the world, so the chances are getting higher, not lower. 但现在有越来越多疯狂的人 主导世界上的不同国家, 所以可能性反而会更高,而非更低。
in charge of:负责;主管;
CA: So, putting it all together, Yuval, you've got this unique vision . 克:所以,总的来说, 哈拉瑞,你有非常独特的远景。
vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见;
Roll the clock forward 30 years. 把时间向未来快转 30 年。
What's your guess -- does humanity just somehow scrape through, look back and say, "Wow, that was a close thing. We did it!" 你的猜测是什么？ 人类是否会以某种方式勉强渡过, 回头看,并说:「哇, 差一点就失败,但我们成功了！」
humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科; scrape:v.刮掉;削去;擦坏;擦伤;刮坏;n.擦伤;刮擦声;擦痕;
Or not? 或者不会？
YNH: So far, we've managed to overcome all the previous crises. 哈:目前,我们都有办法 克服过去的所有危机。
overcome:vt.克服;胜过;vi.克服;得胜; previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前;
And especially if you look at liberal democracy and you think things are bad now, just remember how much worse things looked in 1938 or in 1968. 特别是,如果你去看自由民主, 你会认为现在状况不好, 别忘了在 1938 或 1968 年时 状况有多糟。
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分;
So this is really nothing, this is just a small crisis. 这其实不算什么,只是个小危机。
But you can never know, because, as a historian, 但你永远不会知道, 因为,身为历史学家,
I know that you should never underestimate human stupidity . 我知道永远都不要 低估了人类的愚蠢。
underestimate:v.低估;看轻;n.低估; stupidity:n.愚蠢;糊涂事;
(Laughter) (Applause) （笑声）（掌声）
It is one of the most powerful forces that shape history. 那是形成历史最强大的力量之一。
CA: Yuval, it's been an absolute delight to have you with us. 克:哈拉瑞,非常榮幸 能请你来与我们分享。
delight:n.高兴;vi.高兴;vt.使高兴;
Thank you for making the virtual trip. 谢谢你透过虚拟旅程来到现场。
virtual:adj.[计]虚拟的;实质上的,事实上的(但未在名义上或正式获承认);
Have a great evening there in Tel Aviv. 祝你在特拉维夫有个美好的夜晚。
Yuval Harari! 哈拉瑞！
YNH: Thank you very much. 哈:非常谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）