YuvalNoahHarari.2017S-.无需畏惧超级人工智能.；TED演讲稿

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YuvalNoahHarari_2017S-_无需畏惧超级人工智能_
Chris Anderson: Hello. Welcome to this TED Dialogues.	克里斯安德森:大家好,欢迎参与 TED Dialogues。
It's the first of a series that's going to be done in response to the current political upheaval .	这是我们将播放一系列之首集, 来回应现今的政治风暴。
series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; in response to:响应;回答;对…有反应; upheaval:n.剧变;隆起;举起;
I don't know about you;	我不知你如何想;
I've become quite concerned about the growing divisiveness in this country and in the world.	但我是十分关注在本国和在世界各地日益分裂之社会。
concerned:adj.有关的;关心的;v.关心;与…有关;(concern的过去时和过去分词) divisiveness:n.分歧;不和;
No one's listening to each other. Right?	大家都不能沟通,是不是？
They aren't.	绝对是。
I mean, it feels like we need a different kind of conversation, one that's based on — I don't know, on reason, listening, on understanding, on a broader context .	我想当今局势确需一种另类交谈, 一种建立在──怎么说呢,在理性、聆听、和谐意识上的, 在一种更广阔的视野上的。
context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉;
That's at least what we're going to try in these TED Dialogues, starting today.	最起码,这是我们在这 TED Dialogues 希望尝试的, 从今天首集开始。
And we couldn't have anyone with us who I'd be more excited to kick this off.	我们不可能邀请到更能使我兴奋的启航嘉宾。
This is a mind right here that thinks pretty much like no one else on the planet, I would hasten to say.	这嘉宾的思路见解是独一无二的, 我指的是──以全球人类来说啊。
hasten:vt.加速;使赶紧;催促;vi.赶快;急忙;
I'm serious.	我是认真的。
(Yuval Noah Harari laughs)	（尤瓦尔笑笑）
Noah:n.诺亚(圣经人物);
I'm serious.	我真是认真的。
He synthesizes history with underlying ideas in a way that kind of takes your breath away.	他贯融历史所用的概念, 其体大思精能使你目瞪口呆。
synthesizes:vt.合成;综合;vi.合成;综合; underlying:adj.根本的; v.构成…的基础; (underlie的现在分词)
So, some of you will know this book, "Sapiens."	我猜你们知道这本书:《人类大历史》。
Has anyone here read "Sapiens"?	有谁看过这本书？
(Applause)	（鼓掌声）
I mean, I could not put it down.	真的,我一读就放不下。
The way that he tells the story of mankind through big ideas that really make you think differently — it's kind of amazing.	他所用的那些大概念来解说人类的故事, 真的能让你有脱胎换骨的想法── 实在震撼。
mankind:n.人类;男性;
And here's the follow-up , which I think is being published in the US next week.	这本书还有续集, 就我所知,下星期就会在美国发行。
follow-up:adj.后续的;增补的;n.随访;跟进;后续行动;
YNH: Yeah, next week.	尤:对,下星期。
CA: " Homo Deus."	克:《人类大命运》。
Homo:n.人,人类;同性恋者;
Now, this is the history of the next hundred years.	这书预卜人类未来百年,
I've had a chance to read it.	我有机会读过它,
It's extremely dramatic , and I daresay , for some people, quite alarming.	真的是非常精湛。我敢说,对某些人,或有出乎意料的颤栗,
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; dramatic:adj.突然的;巨大的;令人吃惊的;激动人心的; daresay:vt.猜想;料想;vi.猜想;料想(只用于第一人称单数和现在时);
It's a must-read.	这是本必读的书。
And honestly, we couldn't have someone better to help make sense of what on Earth is happening in the world right now.	说真的,我们不可得更理想的人来幫我们理解当今地球发生的事态。
make sense of:搞清…的意思;
So a warm welcome, please, to Yuval Noah Harari.	请热烈的欢迎:尤瓦尔 · 诺亚 · 哈拉瑞先生
(Applause)	（鼓掌声）
It's great to be joined by our friends on Facebook and around the Web.	我们很开心有脸书和网路上的朋友参与。
Hello, Facebook.	脸书,你们好。
And all of you, as I start asking questions of Yuval, come up with your own questions, and not necessarily about the political scandal du jour , but about the broader understanding of: Where are we heading?	在我发问尤瓦尔时, 大家也想想自己的问题, 不一定是关于今日热门的政治丑闻, 而是些宏观的主题:我们人类的前景？
come up with:提出;想出;赶上; necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地; scandal:n.丑闻;流言蜚语;诽谤;公愤; jour:n.杂志,学报;日记账;
You ready? OK, we're going to go.	大家准备好了吗？我们开始。
So here we are, Yuval:	尤瓦尔,时下今日:
New York City, 2017, there's a new president in power, and shock waves rippling around the world.	纽约市,2017 年,美国新总统上任, 其震惊卷席全球,
rippling:v.(使)如波浪般起伏;扩散;涌起;(ripple的现在分词)
What on Earth is happening?	到底发生了什么事？
YNH: I think the basic thing that happened is that we have lost our story.	尤:我想基本上发生的是我们已失去了故事;
Humans think in stories, and we try to make sense of the world by telling stories.	人类以故事来思考, 通过故事,我们试图去理解这世界。
And for the last few decades, we had a very simple and very attractive story about what's happening in the world.	在过去数十年中, 我们有个极简单和极动听的故事, 解释世界发生的一切。
attractive:adj.吸引人的;有魅力的;引人注目的;
And the story said that, oh, what's happening is that the economy is being globalized , politics is being liberalized , and the combination of the two will create paradise on Earth,	这故事在说:看啊！正在发生的但如果你想,比如说,减低社会不平等, 而政治也同步开放化, 这两者将使地球变为世外桃源。
economy:n.经济;节约;理财; globalized:vt.使全球化; politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数) liberalized:vt.使自由化;宽大;vi.自由化; combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; paradise:n.天堂;至福境地;
and we just need to keep on globalizing the economy and liberalizing the political system, and everything will be wonderful.	只要我们不断强化全球经济, 同时把政治更自由化, 一切就自然美妙了。
globalizing:vt.使全球化; liberalizing:vt.使自由化;宽大;vi.自由化;
And 2016 is the moment when a very large segment , even of the Western world, stopped believing in this story.	但在 2016 年那一刻, 有非常大比例的人民,包括西方国家的, 不再相信这故事了。
segment:n.段;部分;片;弓形;v.分割;划分;
For good or bad reasons — it doesn't matter.	不管理由是好或是坏──这不是关键,
People stopped believing in the story, and when you don't have a story, you don't understand what's happening.	大家不再相信这故事了。但当你失去了一个故事,你就不能理解一切发生的事情。
CA: Part of you believes that that story was actually a very effective story.	克:我们心底一部分是确信这故事是有效的。
effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象;
It worked.	它是成功的。
YNH: To some extent , yes.	尤:就某种程度而言,是的。
extent:n.程度;范围;长度;
According to some measurements , we are now in the best time ever for humankind .	依某些指标来看, 今天的人类确是活在最辉煌的时刻:
According to:根据,据说; measurements:n.测量值,尺寸(measurement的复数); humankind:n.人类(总称);
Today, for the first time in history, more people die from eating too much than from eating too little, which is an amazing achievement.	今天,首次在历史中, 人类死于饮食过量多于饮食缺乏, 这可是个惊人的成就。
(Laughter)	（笑声）
Also for the first time in history, more people die from old age than from infectious diseases , and violence is also down.	还有也是首次在历史中, 人类死于衰老的多于疾病感染。至于暴力,这也降低了。
infectious:adj.传染的;传染性的;易传染的; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲;
For the first time in history, more people commit suicide than are killed by crime and terrorism and war put together .	首次在历史中, 人类因自杀死亡的,多于死于罪行或恐怖暴力和战争之总和。
commit:v.犯(罪等);干(坏事等);[法]提(审);判处; suicide:n.自杀;自杀行为;自杀者;adj.自杀的;v.自杀;vi.自杀; terrorism:n.恐怖主义; put together:..放在一起;组合;装配;
Statistically , you are your own worst enemy.	依据统计上来说,你是你最大的敌人;
Statistically:adv.统计地;统计学上;
At least, of all the people in the world, you are most likely to be killed by yourself —	起码,把全球人算起来, 你是最有可能被自己杀害的。
(Laughter)	（笑声）
which is, again, very good news, compared —	这亦可算是很好的消息──
compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
(Laughter)	（笑声）
compared to the level of violence that we saw in previous eras .	比起我们以往所看到的暴力程度。
previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前; eras:n.[天]纪元,时代;年代(era的复数形式);
CA: But this process of connecting the world ended up with a large group of people kind of feeling left out, and they've reacted .	克:但依这个方法联系世界, 结果很大的一群人感觉被遗弃了, 而作出反应,
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; reacted:v.起反应; (react的过去分词和过去式)
And so we have this bombshell that's sort of ripping through the whole system.	所以我们遇上这炸弹, 其威力好像把整个系统撕裂了。
bombshell:n.炸弹;突发事件;引起震惊的人或事; ripping:adj.极好的;美妙的;v.撕破,裂开;突然拉开;(rip的现在分词)
I mean, what do you make of what's happened?	我想知道,您是怎样看这一切呢？
It feels like the old way that people thought of politics, the left-right divide, has been blown up and replaced.	感觉以往人民的旧有习惯,把政党分析为左右派已被炸毁及撤换了。
How should we think of this?	我们该从何了解这事？
YNH: Yeah, the old 20th-century political model of left versus right is now largely irrelevant , and the real divide today is between global and national, global or local.	尤:没错,过往二十世纪的左右派系之政党模式, 到现在是毫无意义了。而今天实质之分界是在全球主义和国家主义, 全球性或地缘性。
versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗; largely:adv.主要地;大部分;大量地; irrelevant:adj.不相干的;不切题的;
And you see it again all over the world that this is now the main struggle.	而你能观察到这是在全球, 正在进行中的挣扎。
We probably need completely new political models and completely new ways of thinking about politics.	我猜我们是需要崭新的政治模式, 和全新的政治思维。
In essence , what you can say is that we now have global ecology, we have a global economy but we have national politics, and this doesn't work together.	精简的说,你可说现在我们是有个全球生态环境, 我们是有个全球经济系统,但却只有国家性的政体, 这不能互通。
In essence:本质上;其实;大体上;
This makes the political system ineffective , because it has no control over the forces that shape our life.	亦使现有的政治系统不足了, 因为它已无法驾驭我们生活的支配因素了。
ineffective:adj.无效的,失效的;不起作用的;
And you have basically two solutions to this imbalance : either de-globalize the economy and turn it back into a national economy, or globalize the political system.	而对这不平衡,你只有两个选择: 一者是把这个经济系统反全球化,退回到国家经济; 二者是把政治系统全球化。
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; imbalance:n.不平衡;不安定;
CA: So some, I guess many liberals out there view Trump and his government as kind of irredeemably bad, just awful in every way.	克:我猜很多自由主义者会觉得川普和他的政府是无药可救的, 在各方面都很糟糕。
liberals:n.自由主义者(liberal的复数); Trump:n.王牌;主牌花色;v.出王牌赢(牌);;赢;胜过;打败;
Do you see any underlying narrative or political philosophy in there that is at least worth understanding?	你能在它当中看到任何内涵或政治观念, 是值得我们去揣摩了解的吗？
narrative:n.叙述;故事;讲述;adj.叙事的,叙述的;叙事体的; philosophy:n.哲学;哲理;人生观;
How would you articulate that philosophy?	你如何去阐明这观念？
articulate:vt.清晰地发(音); vi.发音; adj.发音清晰的;
Is it just the philosophy of nationalism ?	是否全然只是一种国家主义吗？
nationalism:n.民族主义;国家主义;民族特性;
YNH: I think the underlying feeling or idea is that the political system — something is broken there.	尤:我想它的基本感觉或概念, 是这个政治体制当中,某些部分是坏掉了。
It doesn't empower the ordinary person anymore.	它已不再赋权给平民百姓了,
empower:vt.授权,允许;使能够;
It doesn't care so much about the ordinary person anymore, and I think this diagnosis of the political disease is correct.	它已漠视平民百姓了。我想这政治疾病之诊断是正确的,
diagnosis:n.诊断;
With regard to the answers, I am far less certain.	但对它救治的答案,我就不敢肯定了。
I think what we are seeing is the immediate human reaction : if something doesn't work, let's go back.	我想我们看见的是人之自然反射行为: 如果有东西行不通了,就掉头吧,
reaction:n.反应,感应;反动,复古;反作用;
And you see it all over the world, that people, almost nobody in the political system today, has any future-oriented vision of where humankind is going.	你可看到全球都这样。全部人,几乎没有一位当今执政者持有对人类未来走向的远见。
vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见;
Almost everywhere, you see retrograde vision: "Let's make America great again,"	差不多在所有地方,你只看到怀旧思想: 「让美国重振雄风！」
retrograde:adj.倒退的; vi.逆行; vt.使倒退; v.倒退地;
like it was great — I don't know — in the '50s, in the '80s, sometime, let's go back there.	像以前一样伟大──我不知道──像 50 年代,或 80年代,或其它。咱们回到过去罢！
And you go to Russia a hundred years after Lenin,	看看苏联,已是列宁时代百年后了,
Putin's vision for the future is basically, ah, let's go back to the Tsarist empire.	而普丁的未来梦想, 基本上是,啊,咱们回到沙皇帝国时代吧！
Tsarist:adj.俄国帝制的;沙皇式的;n.主张独裁政治者;
And in Israel , where I come from, the hottest political vision of the present is: "Let's build the temple again."	再说以色列,我的母国, 当下最热门的政治梦想是: 「我们重建犹太圣殿！」
Israel:n.以色列(亚洲国家);犹太人,以色列人;
So let's go back 2,000 years backwards.	好像我们不如回到两千年前。
So people are thinking sometime in the past we've lost it, and sometimes in the past, it's like you've lost your way in the city, and you say OK, let's go back to the point where I felt secure and start again.	所以大家的思维是:过去某时刻,我们迷失了。过去某时刻,把它当是你在都市迷了路, 你说:「好罢,我们回到之前安全熟识的地方, 再重新来过。」
I don't think this can work, but a lot of people, this is their gut instinct .	我不相信这是可行的。但很多人,这是他们之自然反应。
gut:n.勇气;肠道;内脏;v.损毁内部;取出…的内脏;adj.非理性的;本能的 instinct:n.本能;天性;直觉;adj.充满的;
CA: But why couldn't it work?	克:但为什么不可行呢？
'"America First" is a very appealing slogan in many ways.	「美国第一」在多方面是个很吸引的口号。
appealing:adj.吸引人的; v.呼吁; (appeal的现在分词) slogan:n.口号;标语;
Patriotism is, in many ways, a very noble thing.	爱国主义,在多方面是个崇高理想;
Patriotism:n.爱国主义;爱国心,爱国精神; noble:adj.高尚的;贵族的;惰性的;宏伟的;n.贵族;
It's played a role in promoting cooperation among large numbers of people.	它曾经被用来团结很庞大数目的人。
promoting:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升;(promote的现在分词) cooperation:n.合作;配合;
Why couldn't you have a world organized in countries, all of which put themselves first?	为什么你不可把世界分成多国, 而各国都以自利为先？
organized:adj.有组织的; v.组织; (organize的过去分词和过去式)
YNH: For many centuries, even thousands of years, patriotism worked quite well.	尤:很多世纪来,甚至几千年来, 爱国主义是蛮成功的。
Of course, it led to wars an so forth, but we shouldn't focus too much on the bad.	当然,它也引发战争等等, 但我们不该太注视那些不好的,
There are also many, many positive things about patriotism, and the ability to have a large number of people care about each other, sympathize with one another, and come together for collective action.	爱国主义的确有很多很多正面好处, 也能带动很大群的人去关怀照顾对方, 去体恤包容对方, 也团结合伙去联合行动。
positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片; sympathize with:同情…;与…产生共鸣; collective:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词;
If you go back to the first nations , so, thousands of years ago, the people who lived along the Yellow River in China — it was many, many different tribes	如果你看最初的国家, 就是数千年前, 住在中国黄河岸边的居民── 有很多很多不同的部落,
first nations:n.土著居民(不包括因纽特人或米提人);
and they all depended on the river for survival and for prosperity , but all of them also suffered from periodical floods and periodical droughts .	他们都依靠着黄河生存和造福, 但他们也遭受周期性水灾, 和周期性旱灾。
survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物; prosperity:n.繁荣,成功; periodical:adj.[数]周期的;定期的;n.期刊;杂志; droughts:n.[气候]干旱(drought的复数);旱灾灾情;
And no tribe could really do anything about it, because each of them controlled just a tiny section of the river.	但没有任何部落能做些什么, 因为各部落只控制很小一段的河岸。
tribe:n.部落;族;宗族;一伙;
And then in a long and complicated process, the tribes coalesced together to form the Chinese nation, which controlled the entire Yellow River and had the ability to bring hundreds of thousands of people together to build dams and canals and regulate the river and prevent the worst floods and droughts and raise the level of prosperity for everybody.	但经过一个长而复杂的过程, 部落合组成为中国这国家, 有效控制了整条黄河, 同时也有能力启动数十万居民, 一起来建水坝和运河,来疏导这河流, 预防了最恶劣的洪水和大旱, 提升了全人民的富裕水平:
complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式) coalesced:合并(coalesce的过去式和过去分词); regulate:v.调节;控制;
And this worked in many places around the world.	而这模式在世界多地都成功实施了。
But in the 21st century, technology is changing all that in a fundamental way.	但是在二十一世纪, 科技在根本上改变了一切。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的;
We are now living — all people in the world — are living alongside the same cyber river, and no single nation can regulate this river by itself.	我们现在──地球上所有的人── 都生活在同一条「网路大河」旁边, 而没有一个国家能单独调控这大河。
cyber:adj.网络的,计算机的;
We are all living together on a single planet, which is threatened by our own actions.	我们全都一起活在一个地球上, 但它受到我们行为的威胁,
And if you don't have some kind of global cooperation, nationalism is just not on the right level to tackle the problems, whether it's climate change or whether it's technological disruption .	所以如果你不能建立某些全球合作, 国家主义不能解决这些问题, 不管对气候变化,或对科技的冲击。
tackle:v.处理; n.用具; technological:adj.技术[工程](上)的;因工艺技术高度发展而引起的; disruption:n.破坏,毁坏;分裂,瓦解;
CA: So it was a beautiful idea in a world where most of the action, most of the issues , took place on national scale , but your argument is that the issues that matter most today no longer take place on a national scale but on a global scale.	克:所以国家主义曾是个美丽的概念, 因为多数的事务,多数的议题都局限在国域之内。但你的论点是,当今最重要的议题, 已不发生在国家范畴内,而是全球性的。
issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; take place:发生;举行;
YNH: Exactly. All the major problems of the world today are global in essence, and they cannot be solved unless through some kind of global cooperation.	尤:正是这样。所有今天世界重大的问题都是环球性质的, 而这些都不可能被解决, 除非在全球合作之某些前提下。
It's not just climate change, which is, like, the most obvious example people give.	而这不仅是说气候变化, 这是人人最常举的明显例子,
obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的;
I think more in terms of technological disruption.	我倒是更关注科技冲突:
If you think about, for example, artificial intelligence , over the next 20, 30 years pushing hundreds of millions of people out of the job market — this is a problem on a global level.	比如说,你试想人工智慧在未来二十、三十年后, 会驱使数百千万工人失業── 这是一个全球性问题,
artificial intelligence:n.人工智能;
It will disrupt the economy of all the countries.	这将会影响全球国家的经济。
And similarly , if you think about, say, bioengineering and people being afraid of conducting ,	同样的,如果你想想,比如生物工程, 有人会顾忌做这方面的实验,
similarly:adv.同样地;类似于; bioengineering:n.生物工程;[生物物理]生物工程学; conducting:v.组织;安排;实施;指挥;引导;导游(conduct的现在分词)
I don't know, genetic engineering research in humans, it won't help if just a single country, let's say the US, outlaws all genetic experiments in humans, but China or North Korea continues to do it.	我不知道,基因工程之人体实验; 如果只有一个国家,比如说美国, 立法禁止一切基因工程之人体实验, 但中国或北韩坚持继续实验,
genetic engineering:n.基因工程;遗传工程(学); outlaws:n.歹徒; v.使…失去法律保护(outlaw的第三人称单数);
So the US cannot solve it by itself, and very quickly, the pressure on the US to do the same will be immense because we are talking about high-risk , high-gain technologies .	那这情况并非美国单独能决定的, 美国也很快会遭受无比的压力要求进行同类的实验, 因为这牵涉高风险、高利润的科技。
immense:adj.巨大的,广大的;无边无际的;非常好的; high-risk:adj.高危险度的; high-gain:n.[电子]高增益; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
If somebody else is doing it, I can't allow myself to remain behind.	如果他人在做,我绝不能让自己落后。
The only way to have regulations , effective regulations , on things like genetic engineering, is to have global regulations.	如果要建立这方面的法令,有效之法令, 涉及如基因工程之类的, 就只能是全球性的法令。
regulations:n.章程;规则;法规;管理,控制;(regulation的复数)
If you just have national regulations, nobody would like to stay behind .	如果你只有国家条令,没人会喜欢落后的。
stay behind:留下来;
CA: So this is really interesting.	克:这个观点很有意思。
It seems to me that this may be one key to provoking at least a constructive conversation between the different sides here, because I think everyone can agree that the start point	因为我觉得这就是一个契机, 来至少推动一个有建设性的交谈, 让多方都在一起。因为我相信大家都会同意,
provoking:adj.刺激的;令人生气的,激怒人的;v.激怒;挑拨;诱发(provoke的ing形式); constructive:adj.建设性的;推定的;构造上的;有助益的;
of a lot of the anger that's propelled us to where we are is because of the legitimate concerns about job loss.	这么多的怒气演绎至今天的局势, 都是起源于工人对失業之合理诉求。
propelled:adj.推进的;v.推动;驱使(propel的过去分词); legitimate:adj.合法的;正当的;合理的;正统的;v.使合法;认为正当(等于legitimize); concerns:n.关注; v.使关心(concern的三单形式);
Work is gone, a traditional way of life has gone, and it's no wonder that people are furious about that.	工作没了,传统生活方式也没了, 不言而知工人必然是愤怒的;
traditional:传统的,惯例的, furious:adj.激烈的;狂怒的;热烈兴奋的;喧闹的;
And in general , they have blamed globalism , global elites , for doing this to them without asking their permission, and that seems like a legitimate complaint .	而普遍来说,工人都怪责全球主义和全球菁英等, 没有先征求工人的同意,就要他们扛下来, 这投诉也算合情合理的。
in general:总之,通常;一般而言; globalism:n.全球主义;全球性干涉政策;世界化; elites:n.精英(elite的复数); complaint:n.抱怨;投诉;控告;不满;
But what I hear you saying is that — so a key question is:	从我理解你所说的──一个关键问题是:
What is the real cause of job loss, both now and going forward?	失業真正的原因是什么呢,在今天与未来？
To the extent that it's about globalism, then the right response, yes, is to shut down borders and keep people out and change trade agreements and so forth.	起码在涉及到全球主义之部分, 那正当的回应,没错,就是把国家边境封锁, 把外人拒绝,把贸易协议修改等等。
But you're saying, I think, that actually the bigger cause of job loss is not going to be that at all.	但依我理解你说的, 真正造成失業的更大原因不是这些,
It's going to originate in technological questions, and we have no chance of solving that unless we operate as a connected world.	而是源于科技有关的问题。所以对此,我们根本不可能解决它, 除非我们能全球牵手合作。
originate:vt.引起;创作;vi.发源;发生;起航;
YNH: Yeah, I think that,	尤:对,我想是的。
I don't know about the present, but looking to the future, it's not the Mexicans or Chinese who will take the jobs from the people in Pennsylvania , it's the robots and algorithms.	现在暂且不会,但我推测未来, 并不是墨西哥人或中国人会夺取宾夕法尼亚州人的工作, 而是机器人和电脑演算法,
Pennsylvania:n.宾夕法尼亚州(美国州名);
So unless you plan to build a big wall on the border of California —	除非你计划在加州州界竖立个大围墙──
(Laughter)	（笑声）
the wall on the border with Mexico is going to be very ineffective.	在墨西哥国界的围墙是毫无用处的。
And I was struck when I watched the debates before the election,	当我听美国选举前的辩论,我很惊讶:
debates:n.[法]辩论;讨论(debate的复数);v.[法]辩论;讨论(debate的三单形式);
I was struck that certainly Trump did not even attempt to frighten people by saying the robots will take your jobs.	我惊讶为什么川普没有尝试恐吓工人说:
attempt:n.企图,试图;攻击;v.企图,试图;尝试; frighten:v.使惊吓;吓唬…;害怕,惊恐;
Now even if it's not true, it doesn't matter.	其实就算这不是真的,但也不重要。
It could have been an extremely effective way of frightening people —	这可以是恐吓人民的极有效方法──
frightening:adj.可怕的;骇人的;引起恐惧的;v.使惊吓;使惊恐(frighten的现在分词)
(Laughter)	（笑声）
and galvanizing people: "The robots will take your jobs!"	和刺激人民的: 「机械人会夺去你的工作！」
galvanizing:n.镀锌;v.给…通电;给…镀锌;刺激(galvanize的ing形式);
And nobody used that line.	但没有竞选人用这口号,
And it made me afraid, because it meant that no matter what happens in universities and laboratories , and there, there is already an intense debate about it,	这倒是使我害怕, 因为这显示出不管在大学和实验室, 在那里,这潜在危机已经常被讨论了,
no matter what:不管什么…; laboratories:n.实验室;(laboratory的复数) intense:adj.强烈的;紧张的;非常的;热情的;
but in the mainstream political system and among the general public , people are just unaware that there could be an immense technological disruption — not in 200 years, but in 10, 20, 30 years — and we have to do something about it now,	但在政界主流系统和大众媒体中, 人民好像是毫不知情的, 一个极为庞大的科技冲击将要来临, 不是 200 年后而是在 10、20、30 年── 所以我们现在必须要做准备,
mainstream:n.主流; general public:n.普通百姓;大众;公众; unaware:adj.不知道的,无意的;未察觉到的;adv.意外地;不知不觉地;
partly because most of what we teach children today in school or in college is going to be completely irrelevant to the job market of 2040, 2050.	部份原因是,因为学校或大学现在教的会完全与 2040、2050 年代的就業环境全无关连。
So it's not something we'll need to think about in 2040.	所以这些不能等到2040 年才考虑,
We need to think today what to teach the young people.	我们今天就得考虑该教年轻人什么了。
CA: Yeah, no, absolutely .	克:是的,绝对需要。
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地;
You've often written about moments in history where humankind has ... entered a new era, unintentionally .	你常写到,在某历史时刻中, 人类不知然的,进入了一个新纪元。
unintentionally:adv.无意地;非故意地;非存心地;
Decisions have been made, technologies have been developed, and suddenly the world has changed, possibly in a way that's worse for everyone.	某些政策被采纳,某些科技被发明了, 一瞬间世界就已经变了, 但可能是对大家都不利的。
So one of the examples you give in "Sapiens"	其中一个例子你在《人类大历史》中提过,
is just the whole agricultural revolution, which, for an actual person tilling the fields, they just picked up a 12-hour backbreaking workday instead of six hours in the jungle and a much more interesting lifestyle.	就是总体的农業革命: 它对一个耕种农地的人来讲, 他们刚接纳了一天 12 小时的要命工作, 来取替以往在森林更有乐趣的 6 小时生活。
agricultural:adj.农业的;农艺的; backbreaking:adj.非常辛劳的;费力的; jungle:n.密林;尔虞我诈的环境;危险地带;
(Laughter)	（笑声）
So are we at another possible phase change here, where we kind of sleepwalk into a future that none of us actually wants?	所以是否我们又可能面临革命了, 我们就像梦游人踏进一个根本不想要的未来？
phase:n.阶段;时期;月相;(月亮的)盈亏;v.分阶段进行;逐步做; sleepwalk:vi.梦游;n.梦游;
YNH: Yes, very much so.	尤:是的,就是这样。
During the agricultural revolution, what happened is that immense technological and economic revolution empowered the human collective, but when you look at actual individual lives, the life of a tiny elite became much better, and the lives of the majority of people became considerably worse.	在农業革命时代, 那巨大的科技和经济改变赋予整体人类很大的力量。但当你观察人民的实质生活时, 你发现只是小部分菁英之生活有大提升, 剩余大部份人的生活是糟糕很多。
economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; empowered:v.授权;给(某人)…的权力;(empower的过去分词和过去式) individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人: considerably:adv.相当地;非常地;
And this can happen again in the 21st century.	这可能会在 21 世纪重演。
No doubt the new technologies will empower the human collective.	不可置疑,新的科技会加强人类的集体力量,
But we may end up again with a tiny elite reaping all the benefits, taking all the fruits, and the masses of the population finding themselves worse than they were before, certainly much worse than this tiny elite.	但结果有可能再度还是只有极少之菁英获得所有的利益,独享胜果, 而大部分的人民会发现自己比以前还差多了, 生活肯定是大大低于这些少数菁英。
reaping:v.收割(reap的ing形式); masses:n.民众;大量(mass的复数);包块;v.集中;聚集(mass的三单形式);
CA: And those elites might not even be human elites.	克:这些菁英可能不是人类菁英,
They might be cyborgs or —	有可能是改造人或──
cyborgs:n.半机械人;电子人(cyborg的复数);
YNH: Yeah, they could be enhanced super humans.	尤:对,他们也可能是增强超级人类,
enhanced:adj.加强的;增大的;v.提高;加强(enhance的过去分词);
They could be cyborgs.	也可能是改造人,
They could be completely nonorganic elites.	也可能是非生物菁英,
They could even be non-conscious algorithms.	也甚至是非意识的演算法。
non-conscious:潜意识的,非意识的;
What we see now in the world is authority shifting away from humans to algorithms.	我们可观察到,现今世界已经渐把权柄从人类转移到演算法了。
authority:n.权威;权力;当局; shifting:adj.不断移动的;流动的;v.转移;赶快;快速移动;变换;(shift的现在分词)
More and more decisions — about personal lives, about economic matters, about political matters — are actually being taken by algorithms.	越来越多的决策──关于个人生活, 关于经济事项,关于政治事务── 已实质被演算法夺取了。
personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词;
If you ask the bank for a loan, chances are your fate is decided by an algorithm, not by a human being.	如果你去银行申请贷款, 很大机会你的命运是由演算法来决定,而非经人手了。
And the general impression is that maybe Homo sapiens just lost it.	现在的一般看法是觉得人类是不是已经打输了？
impression:n.印象;影响;效果;感想; Homo sapiens:n.智人(现代人类);
The world is so complicated, there is so much data, things are changing so fast, that this thing that evolved on the African savanna tens of thousands of years ago — to cope with a particular environment, a particular volume of information and data —	世界是那么的复杂,那么多的数据, 事物也瞬息万变, 所以在非洲大草原进化出来的这套, 从数十万年前── 来驾驭某特定大环境, 来处理某特定数量的资讯和数据──
evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式) savanna:n.[生态]热带草原;热带的稀树大草原; cope:v.处理;n.大圆衣; volume:n.体积;容积;音量;响度;一册;合订本
it just can't handle the realities of the 21st century, and the only thing that may be able to handle it is big-data algorithms.	这套是绝对不能应付21 世纪的现实要求了, 而唯一有可能满足这要求的, 就只有是大数据分析了。
handle:n.[建]把手;柄;手感;口实;v.处理;操作;运用;买卖;触摸;
So no wonder more and more authority is shifting from us to the algorithms.	所以不难理解,越来越多的决策,已从我们转移到演算法分析了。
CA: So we're in New York City for the first of a series of TED Dialogues with Yuval Harari, and there's a Facebook Live audience out there.	克:我们在纽约现场举行首场的 TED Dialogues 系列, 讲员为尤瓦尔 · 哈拉瑞。我们也有脸书直播的听众,
We're excited to have you with us.	我们很高兴你们的参与,
We'll start coming to some of your questions and questions of people in the room in just a few minutes, so have those coming.	我们一会儿就开始回答你们的一些问题, 和现场观众的问题。几分钟即开始, 请准备好问题。
Yuval, if you're going to make the argument that we need to get past nationalism because of the coming technological ...	尤瓦尔,如果您要辩论, 我们有必要超越国家主义,由于即将来临的科技──
danger, in a way, presented by so much of what's happening we've got to have a global conversation about this.	危险,可以说, 以当今多方面发生之事情显示, 对此我们必需要有全球性的讨论。
Trouble is, it's hard to get people really believing that, I don't know,	但难题是不容易使人真去相信,我不知道,
AI really is an imminent threat, and so forth.	人工智慧真的是燃眉之急等等,
imminent:adj.即将来临的;迫近的;
The things that people, some people at least, care about much more immediately, perhaps, is climate change, perhaps other issues like refugees , nuclear weapons, and so forth.	人人已注意到的,至少某些人, 可能此刻会比较重视的就是气候变迁, 或其它像难民潮的议题,核武器等等。
refugees:n.避难者;逃亡者;难民;(refugee的复数) nuclear:adj.原子能的;[细胞]细胞核的;中心的;原子核的;
Would you argue that where we are right now that somehow those issues need to be dialed up?	依我们目前的情况, 你会争辩说这些该赶快处理吗？
somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地;
You've talked about climate change, but Trump has said he doesn't believe in that.	你刚已谈到气候变迁, 但川普曾公开表示他不相信是真的;
So in a way, your most powerful argument, you can't actually use to make this case.	因此可以说,你最有说服力的理据, 现在你却不能实际拿出来用了。
YNH: Yeah, I think with climate change, at first sight , it's quite surprising that there is a very close correlation between nationalism and climate change.	尤:对,关于气候变迁, 初步看,这是意料不到的, 确是有个很密切的关系连系着国家主义和气候变迁,
at first sight:乍一看;初看之下; correlation:n.[数]相关,关联;相互关系;
I mean, almost always, the people who deny climate change are nationalists .	你看,几乎总是这样,
deny:v.否定,否认;拒绝给予;拒绝…的要求; nationalists:n.民族主义者;国家主义者(nationalist人复数);
And at first sight, you think: Why?	你第一反应会问:为什么？
What's the connection?	是有什么关连原因？
Why don't you have socialists denying climate change?	为什么没有社会主义者否定气候变迁呢？
socialists:n.社会主义者;社会党党员(socialist的复数) denying:v.否认;否定;拒绝承认;拒绝给予;(deny的现在分词)
But then, when you think about it, it's obvious — because nationalism has no solution to climate change.	但只要你静下来想想就知道── 因为国家主义对气候变迁提不出解方。
solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
If you want to be a nationalist in the 21st century, you have to deny the problem.	如果你想在 21 世纪做个国家主义者, 你就必要否定这个问题了。
If you accept the reality of the problem, then you must accept that, yes, there is still room in the world for patriotism, there is still room in the world for having special loyalties and obligations towards your own people, towards your own country.	但如果你认同这问题的真相,你也就必须接受这点, 就是在这世界中,还是有爱国主义的空间; 在这世界中,还是有空间表达特殊忠诚关系, 和民族情操的发辉,和国家情怀的表达。
loyalties:n.忠诚;忠心(loyalty的复数); obligations:n.[法]义务;债务;承付款项(obligation的复数);
I don't think anybody is really thinking of abolishing that.	我想没有人是真想毁掉这些的。
abolishing:vt.废除,废止;取消,革除;
But in order to confront climate change, we need additional loyalties and commitments	但若要有效处理气候变迁, 我们需要更多的合作和决心,
confront:v.直面;无法回避;降临于;处理;对抗; additional:adj.附加的,额外的; commitments:n.承诺,保证;委托;承担义务;献身;(commitment的复数)
YNH: So far I haven't heard a very good idea about what to do about it, again, partly because most ideas remain on the national level, and the problem is global.	尤:到目前,我还没听到任何很好的解决方案, 这也正是因为有很多想法都还困在国家性层面上, 但问题是跨国的。
I mean, one idea that we hear quite a lot about now is universal basic income.	我想,有一个概念近来常听到的是全民基本收入。
universal:adj.普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的;
But this is a problem.	但概念本身就含有问题:
I mean, I think it's a good start, but it's a problematic idea because it's not clear what "universal" is and it's not clear what "basic" is.	我意思是,这是个好起点, 但这概念是有问题的,因为不清楚「全民」是什么意思？也不知道什么是「基本」？
problematic:adj.问题的;有疑问的;不确定的;
Most people when they speak about universal basic income, they actually mean national basic income.	很多提出这个全民基本收入的人, 还是想着「国家基本收入」,
But the problem is global.	但这问题是跨国的。
Let's say that you have AI and 3D printers taking away millions of jobs in Bangladesh, from all the people who make my shirts and my shoes.	比如说,现在人工智慧和 3D 列印他们是这些制造我穿在身上的衬衫和皮鞋的工人,
So what's going to happen?	那这该怎样办呢？
The US government will levy taxes on Google and Apple in California, and use that to pay basic income to unemployed Bangladeshis?	是否美国政府要向加州的 Google 和 Apple 征税, 来支付基本收入给孟加拉国的失業者？
levy:n.征收;征兵,征税;vt.征收(税等);征集(兵等);vi.征税;征兵; Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎; unemployed:adj.失业的;下岗的;n.(集合词)失业者;
If you believe that, you can just as well believe that Santa Claus will come and solve the problem.	如果你相信这个,你不如也相信圣诞老人会来解决这问题了。
Santa Claus:n.身着红衣;圣诞老人;
So unless we have really universal and not national basic income, the deep problems are not going to go away.	除非我们真的有全民基本收入,而不是国家基本收入, 这深层问题是不会消失的。
And also it's not clear what basic is, because what are basic human needs?	另外,还有「基本」是什么呢？因为什么是人类基本需求呢？
A thousand years ago, just food and shelter was enough.	一千年前,温饱已是足够了;
But today, people will say education is a basic human need, it should be part of the package.	但今天大家会说教育也是人类基本需求, 教育也该含在其中,
But how much? Six years? Twelve years? PhD?	但至于程度呢？六年？十二年？博士学位？
Similarly, with health care , let's say that in 20, 30, 40 years, you'll have expensive treatments that can extend human life to 120, I don't know.	同样的,在医疗方面, 假设在 20、30、40 年后, 你会接受昂贵的治疗来延长寿命到 120 岁？我可不确定。
health care:n.卫生保健; treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数) extend:vt.延伸; vi.延伸;
Will this be part of the basket of basic income or not?	那这也要包含在基本收入吗？
It's a very difficult problem, because in a world where people lose their ability to be employed, the only thing they are going to get is this basic income.	这是非常困难的问题, 因为当世界的人民失去了谋生技能时, 人民只能靠这基本收入维生,
So what's part of it is a very, very difficult ethical question.	所以这基本收入该含什么,是个极度困难的伦理问题。
ethical:adj.伦理的;道德的;凭处方出售的;n.处方药;
CA: There's a bunch of questions on how the world affords it as well, who pays.	克:还有很多问题是,这世界靠什么来支付这笔费用？谁来付钱？
a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆; affords:vt.给予,提供;买得起;
There's a question here from Facebook from Lisa Larson: "How does nationalism in the US now compare to that between World War I and World War II in the last century?"	这是脸书来的问题,丽莎拉尔森: 「现今在美国的国家主义, 和上世纪第一次和第二次大战之间比较, 怎样比？」
YNH: Well the good news, with regard to the dangers of nationalism, we are in a much better position than a century ago.	尤:在好的方面,关于国家主义带来的危险, 我们今天比一世纪前好多了。
A century ago, 1917,	一世纪前,在 1917 年当时,
Europeans were killing each other by the millions.	欧洲人民数以百万计的互相残杀,
Europeans:n.欧洲人(European的复数);
In 2016, with Brexit , as far as I remember, a single person lost their life, an MP who was murdered by some extremist .	而在 2016 年,为英国脱欧之事, 只有一个人为此丧命,一位英国国会议员被极端分子谋杀。
Brexit:英国退出欧盟; as far as:至于…; extremist:n.极端主义者,过激分子;
Just a single person.	只一个人而已。
I mean, if Brexit was about British independence , this is the most peaceful war of independence in human history.	你看,如果视英国脱欧为英国争取自由, 这可算是人类历史中,最和平的独立战争。
independence:n.独立;独立性;自恃心;独立不羁的精神;
And let's say that Scotland will now choose to leave the UK after Brexit.	同时,如果苏格兰未来选择脱离英国, 在英国脱离欧盟之后,
So in the 18th century, if Scotland wanted — and the Scots wanted several times — to break out of the control of London, the reaction of the government in London was to send an army up north to burn down Edinburgh and massacre the highland tribes.	相对在 18 世纪时, 如苏格兰想──事实上苏格兰也有好几次── 摆脱伦敦的控制时, 伦敦政府之回应,是派军队北伐, 把爱丁堡烧掉和屠杀高地部落族人;
Scots:adj.苏格兰的;苏格兰人的;苏格兰英语的;n.苏格兰人;苏格兰语; Edinburgh:n.爱丁堡(英国城市名); massacre:n.屠杀;残杀;惨败;v.屠杀;杀戮;使惨败; highland:n.高地;高原;苏格兰高地;adj.高地的;高原的;苏格兰高地的;
My guess is that if, in 2018, the Scots vote for independence, the London government will not send an army up north to burn down Edinburgh.	我猜如果在 2018 年,苏格兰投票要独立的话, 伦敦政府不可能派军队北上去把爱丁堡烧平。
Very few people are now willing to kill or be killed for Scottish or for British independence.	今天绝少人数会愿意去杀或被杀, 只为了苏格兰或英国之独立。
So for all the talk of the rise of nationalism and going back to the 1930s, to the 19th century, in the West at least, the power of national sentiments today is far, far smaller than it was a century ago.	所以说,不管常听到国家主义正崛起, 但是比 1930 年代, 或再推前至 19 世纪,起码在西方世界, 国家主义今天带来的激情, 比上个世纪是少多了。
sentiments:n.观点,看法;情绪;伤感,柔情,哀伤;(sentiment的复数)
CA: Although some people now, you hear publicly worrying about whether that might be shifting, that there could actually be outbreaks of violence in the US depending on how things turn out.	克:虽然现在有些人──你听到他们公然的担忧, 不知道这是否也正在改变, 就是可能在美国本土会有暴乱发生, 取决于事态之未来发展。
outbreaks:n.(战争的)爆发;(疾病的)发作;vi.爆发;
Should we be worried about that, or do you really think things have shifted ?	我们真该为这担忧吗？或是你相信大局已改变了？
shifted:转移;移动(shift的过去式和过去分词);
YNH: No, we should be worried.	尤:没改变,但我们是该担心。
We should be aware of two things.	我们须警惕两件事:
First of all , don't be hysterical .	首先,大家不要变得歇斯底里。
First of all:adv.首先; hysterical:adj.歇斯底里的;异常兴奋的;
We are not back in the First World War yet.	我们还没回到第一次世界大战,
First World War:n.第一次世界大战(1914至1918年间,主战场在欧洲);
But on the other hand , don't be complacent .	但另一方面,亦不可踌躇满志。
on the other hand:另一方面; complacent:adj.自满的;得意的;满足的;
not by some divine miracle , but simply by human decisions, and if we now start making the wrong decisions, we could be back in an analogous situation to 1917 in a few years.	并不是因为神迹, 而是因为人的正确选择。所以如果我们现在开始做错误的抉择, 我们是可能倒退至类似 1917 年的情况, 就在未来数年间。
divine:adj.神圣的;非凡的;天赐的;极好的;v.占卜;预言;用占卜勘探;n.牧师;神学家; miracle:n.奇迹,奇迹般的人或物;惊人的事例; analogous:adj.类似的;[昆]同功的;可比拟的;
One of the things I know as a historian is that you should never underestimate human stupidity .	一件事我身为历史学家清楚得很, 就是你永远不应低估人类的愚蠢。
underestimate:v.低估;看轻;n.低估; stupidity:n.愚蠢;糊涂事;
(Laughter)	（笑声）
It's one of the most powerful forces in history, human stupidity and human violence.	它是历史中最庞大力量之一: 人类的愚蠢和人类的残暴。
Humans do such crazy things for no obvious reason, but again, at the same time , another very powerful force in human history is human wisdom .	人类能毫无原因地做些极疯狂的事情; 但却同时,在人类历史中有另一个非常庞大的力量就是人类的智慧。
at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; wisdom:n.智慧;明智;才智;学问;
We have both.	两者共存在人类中。
CA: We have with us here moral psychologist Jonathan Haidt, who I think has a question.	克:道德心理学家强纳生海特在这里, 他有一个问题。
moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的; psychologist:n.心理学家,心理学者;
Jonathan Haidt: Thanks, Yuval.	海特 : 多谢,尤瓦尔。
So you seem to be a fan of global governance , but when you look at the map of the world from Transparency International, which rates the level of corruption of political institutions ,	看来您是位全球行政制之支持者, 但是如果你看到国际透明组织的世界地图, 它展示出政治机构的贪污程度,
governance:n.管理;统治;支配; Transparency:n.透明,透明度;幻灯片;有图案的玻璃; corruption:n.贪污,腐败;堕落; institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数)
it's a vast sea of red with little bits of yellow here and there for those with good institutions.	它几乎是片红色大海,偶尔这里那里有些小黄点来标识好的政权。
here and there:各处,到处;
So if we were to have some kind of global governance, what makes you think it would end up being more like Denmark rather than more like Russia or Honduras, and aren't there alternatives , such as we did with CFCs?	所以如果我们真的有某种全球政府, 你怎么知道它会像丹麦, 而不像苏联或宏都拉斯？而且可否有其它的选择, 像我们监控氟氯碳化物一样？
alternatives:n.可供选择的事物;(alternative的复数)
There are ways to solve global problems with national governments.	其实是有方法通过国家机构来解决环球问题的。
What would world government actually look like, and why do you think it would work?	世界政府会像怎样的呢？同时为什么您认为它会成功呢？
YNH: Well, I don't know what it would look like.	尤:哦,我不知道它会像什么,
Nobody still has a model for that.	尚且没有人能提出一个模式。
The main reason we need it is because many of these issues are lose-lose situations.	但我们需要它之主要原因, 就是因为很多的问题会是双输的局面。
lose-lose:adj.对双方都不利的;双输的;
When you have a win-win situation like trade, both sides can benefit from a trade agreement, then this is something you can work out.	当你有个双赢的情况时,如贸易, 双方都能从贸易合作中取得利益, 这情况下双方是可以找出方法的,
win-win:adj.双赢的;互利互惠的;
Without some kind of global government, national governments each have an interest in doing it.	就算是没有某种世界政府, 各国政府都受激励去协调;
But when you have a lose-lose situation like with climate change, it's much more difficult without some overarching authority, real authority.	但是当有双输的局面时,比如气候变迁, 这就变困难多了, 如果缺乏一个有执行实权的真正政府。
overarching:adj.首要的;支配一切的;包罗万象的;v.成拱形(overarch的ing形式);
Now, how to get there and what would it look like,	至于如何能建立它和它会是怎样的,
I don't know.	我不知道。
And certainly there is no obvious reason to think that it would look like Denmark, or that it would be a democracy .	但是可以说的确没有明显理由去预想它会像丹麦一样, 或一定是民主的,
democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治;
Most likely it wouldn't.	很可能它不会是。
We don't have workable democratic models for a global government.	我们还没有一个能实施的民主制体套用在世界政府。
workable:adj.切实可行的;可经营的;能工作的; democratic:adj.民主的;民主政治的;大众的;
So maybe it would look more like ancient China than like modern Denmark.	所以它可能会像古中国多于像现代丹麦。
But still, given the dangers that we are facing,	但是,考量到我们当前的危机,
I think the imperative of having some kind of real ability to force through difficult decisions on the global level is more important than almost anything else.	我想这个迫切性,去协调某些实质能力, 去强性通过一些全球层面的艰难决策, 几乎比任何一切都更重要。
imperative:adj.重要紧急的; n.重要紧急的事;
CA: There's a question from Facebook here, and then we'll get the mic to Andrew.	克:脸书观众有一个问题, 然后我们会递麦克风给安德鲁。
So, Kat Hebron on Facebook, calling in from Vail : "How would developed nations manage the millions of climate migrants ?"	这是脸书的凯特, 从科罗拉多州韦尔打来的: 「这些已发展国家,如何能妥善安排数以百万的气候移民？」
Vail:vi.降下;脱帽;有利;vt.放下;脱下;有利于;n.小费; migrants:n.移民;移居者;候鸟(migrant的复数形式);
YNH: I don't know.	尤:我不知道。
CA: That's your answer, Kat. (Laughter)	克:这是你的答案,凯特。（笑声）。
YNH: And I don't think that they know either.	尤:同时我相信他们也不晓得。
They'll just deny the problem, maybe.	他们可能只会逃避这问题。
CA: But immigration , generally , is another example of a problem that's very hard to solve on a nation-by-nation basis.	克:其实移民,一般来说,也是一个很好的难题例子, 若想在国与国的层面上解决,它是很难处理的。
immigration:n.外来移民;移居; generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地;
One nation can shut its doors, but maybe that stores up problems for the future.	一个国家可以把门关上, 但这只是把问题留到未来。
YNH: Yes, I mean — it's another very good case, especially because it's so much easier to migrate today than it was in the Middle Ages or in ancient times.	尤:是的,我同意──这是一个很好的例子, 尤其今天是那么容易去移民, 比起在中世纪,或是在上古时候。
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; migrate:vi.移动;随季节而移居;移往;vt.使移居;使移植; Middle Ages:n.中世纪(欧洲历史上从公元1000年到1450年);
CA: Yuval, there's a belief among many technologists , certainly, that political concerns are kind of overblown , that actually, political leaders don't have that much influence in the world,	克:尤瓦尔,现在有个信念,尤其在技术专家中, 说那些政治问题,是誇大其词而已, 其实政治领袖在这世界中没有那么大的影响力,
technologists:n.技术人员(technologist的复数);[劳经]技术专家; overblown:adj.停息的; v.吹散; influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变;
that the real determination of humanity at this point is by science, by invention, by companies, by many things other than political leaders, and it's actually very hard for leaders to do much, so we're actually worrying about nothing here.	在这个时代,真正能导航人类未来的是科学, 科技发明,或企業, 或是很多其它的东西,但决不是政治领袖, 其实政府领袖是很难做些什么的: 我们只是杞人忧天。
determination:n.测定;确定;决心;计算; humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
YNH: Well, first, it should be emphasized that it's true that political leaders' ability to do good is very limited, but their ability to do harm is unlimited .	尤:要明白,第一,我们需强调: 政治领袖做好事之能力,确实是很有限的, 但他们破坏之能力,是无限的。
emphasized:v.强调,着重(emphasize的过去式); unlimited:adj.无限制的;无限量的;无条件的;
There is a basic imbalance here.	这里有个根本不平衡的地方:
You can still press the button and blow everybody up.	你还是可以按一按扭,去毁灭全人类。
You have that kind of ability.	你真的有这种能力。
But if you want, for example, to reduce inequality, that's very, very difficult.	但如果你想,比如说,减低社会不平等, 这是非常,非常艰难的,
But to start a war, you can still do so very easily.	但要开战的话, 这你很容易就可做到。
So there is a built-in imbalance in the political system today which is very frustrating , where you cannot do a lot of good but you can still do a lot of harm.	所以,这是个当今政治之结构性不平衡, 也让人非常沮丧。因你虽不能做很多好事,但却能作出极大伤害。
built-in:adj.嵌入的;固定的;n.内置; frustrating:adj.令人沮丧的;v.使沮丧;(frustrate的现在分词)
And this makes the political system still a very big concern.	这就是为什么政治系统,必然还是一个很大的议题。
CA: So as you look at what's happening today, and putting your historian's hat on, do you look back in history at moments when things were going just fine and an individual leader really took the world or their country backwards?	克:依您观察现在世界事态, 从历史学家的角度评断, 在过去历史中,曾否有过虽是太平盛世, 但亦有因一个领袖而陷全世界或国家后退吗？
YNH: There are quite a few examples, but I should emphasize, it's never an individual leader.	尤:有好几个案例。但我必须强调,从不会因为一个领袖而已;
quite a few:不少,相当多;
I mean, somebody put him there, and somebody allowed him to continue to be there.	我的意思是,当事人也是某些人推选他的, 而某些人也容许当事人继续留着;
So it's never really just the fault of a single individual.	所以客观说,这从来不是一个人的错,
There are a lot of people behind every such individual.	这人背后都是有很多人支持着的。
CA: Can we have the microphone here, please, to Andrew?	克:请把麦克风递给安德鲁。
microphone:n.麦克风;传声器;话筒;
Andrew Solomon: You've talked a lot about the global versus the national, but increasingly , it seems to me, the world situation is in the hands of identity groups.	安德鲁索罗门:您谈了很多全球主义和国家主义的比较, 但依我来看,日渐明显的是, 世界局势已经落在某些拥有共同理想之团体组织中了。
increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; in the hands of:由…掌握;在…掌握中; identity:n.身份;同一性,一致;特性;恒等式;
We look at people within the United States who have been recruited by ISIS.	我们看到在美国境内的居民, 竟然被伊斯兰国恐怖组织招揽入会;
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) recruited:v.招聘,雇佣;招募;(recruit的过去分词和过去式)
We look at these other groups which have formed which go outside of national bounds but still represent significant authorities .	我们同时也看看其它的团体, 它们不局限于某些国界, 但也表现出相当程度的势力。
represent:v.代表;表现;描绘;回忆;再赠送; significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; authorities:n.权力;威权;职权;批准;(authority的复数)
How are they to be integrated into the system, and how is a diverse set of identities to be made coherent under either national or global leadership?	该如何把这些团体融入传统政治框架, 这类团体又如何能顺利调合, 受制于国家或全球行政管理中？
integrated:adj.综合的; v.整合; (integrate的过去式和过去分词) diverse:adj.不同的;多种多样的;变化多的; identities:n.身份;本身;本体;特征;同一性;相同;(identity的复数) coherent:adj.连贯的,一致的;明了的;清晰的;凝聚性的;互相耦合的;粘在一起的;
YNH: Well, the problem of such diverse identities is a problem from nationalism as well.	尤:其实这些不同主义的组织, 其实也是从国家主义衍生出来的。
Nationalism believes in a single, monolithic identity, and exclusive or at least more extreme versions of nationalism believe in an exclusive loyalty to a single identity.	国家主义相信单一、统一的概念, 它是独尊的,或是说那些比较偏激的国家主义份子, 只会独忠于一个团体。
monolithic:adj.整体的;巨石的,庞大的;完全统一的;n.单块集成电路,单片电路; exclusive:adj.独有的;排外的;专一的;n.独家新闻;独家经营的项目;排外者; loyalty:n.忠诚;忠心;忠实;忠于…感情;
And therefore, nationalism has had a lot of problems with people wanting to divide their identities between various groups.	所以说,国家主义历来都遇上很多困难, 去处理那些想自我分割为忠于多个不同主义的团体。
So it's not just a problem, say, for a global vision.	所以这问题不仅是全球主义者要面对的。
And I think, again, history shows that you shouldn't necessarily think in such exclusive terms.	但我想历史再一次教导, 我们不该坚守着这种排外的视野;
If you think that there is just a single identity for a person, "I am just X, that's it, I can't be several things, I can be just that,"	如果你的思路是一个人只能拥有一个身份, 「我就是某某,就这样！
that's the start of the problem.	这就正是问题的开端了。
You have religions, you have nations that sometimes demand exclusive loyalty, but it's not the only option .	某些宗教,某些国家, 有时候是要求你独忠不二的, 但这些不是唯一的选择。
option:n.选择;可选择的东西;
There are many religions and many nations that enable you to have diverse identities at the same time.	世界上有很多宗教和很多国家, 容许你同时有多重身份的。
enable:v.使能够;使有机会;使成为可能;使可行;
CA: But is one explanation of what's happened in the last year that a group of people have got fed up with , if you like, the liberal elites, for want of a better term,	克:如要试图解释去年发生的事情, 某一阶层的民众受够了这些所谓自由派精英, 希望有更好的说法,
fed up with:受够了;极厌恶;对…厌倦;
obsessing over many, many different identities and them feeling, "But what about my identity? I am being completely ignored here.	着迷于很多很多不同的身份认同;但这阶层的人想, 「那我的身份又怎样？我已经被完全忽略掉了。
obsessing:v.使痴迷;使迷恋;使着迷;唠叨;挂牵(obsess的现在分词) ignored:v.忽视;对…不予理会;佯装未见;不予理睬;(ignore的过去分词和过去式)
And by the way , I thought I was the majority"?	可不要忘记,我还以为我们是主流呢？」
by the way:顺便说一下;
And that that's actually sparked a lot of the anger.	这想法正是构成很大的民愤之原因。
sparked:v.点燃,发动(spark的过去式,过去分词);鼓舞;
YNH: Yeah. Identity is always problematic, because identity is always based on fictional stories that sooner or later collide with reality.	尤:对,身份认知总是大问题, 因为这认知是建立在虚构的故事上, 而故事迟早会与现实相撞。
fictional:adj.虚构的;小说的; sooner or later:迟早,早晚; collide:vi.碰撞;抵触,冲突;vt.使碰撞;使相撞;
Almost all identities,	几乎所有的身份认知,
I mean, beyond the level of the basic community of a few dozen people, are based on a fictional story.	我指的是,任何超越那些基本生活圈子内的, 大概人数也不过是数十人, 都建立在一个虚构的故事上。
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
They are not the truth.	这故事不是真理,
They are not the reality.	更不是实际的状况:
It's just a story that people invent and tell one another and start believing.	故事只是某些人虚构出来, 而大家互传,之后大家就相信了。
And therefore all identities are extremely unstable .	因为这样,所有的身份都非常脆弱,
unstable:adj.不稳定的;变化莫测的;(行为、情绪)反复无常的
They are not a biological reality.	这些身份都没有生物上的事实支撑着:
biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品;
Sometimes nationalists, for example, think that the nation is a biological entity.	有些国家主义者,举例说, 会想国家是个生物单元,
It's made of the combination of soil and blood, creates the nation.	是大地泥土和血的混成物, 再团聚为一个国家,
But this is just a fictional story.	但这纯粹是一个虚构故事。
CA: Soil and blood kind of makes a gooey mess .	克:泥土和血是一团糟啊。
gooey:adj.胶粘的;感伤的;n.胶粘物;蜜糖; mess:n.混乱;餐厅;杂乱;肮脏;v.使不整洁;弄脏;弄乱;随地便溺;
(Laughter)	（笑声）
YNH: It does, and also it messes with your mind when you think too much that I am a combination of soil and blood.	尤:是的,它也能混乱你的思想, 如果你常想自己是土和血的混成物。
messes:v.弄糟;弄乱;妨碍(mess的第三人称单数);n.杂乱,脏乱(mess的名词复数);
If you look from a biological perspective , obviously none of the nations that exist today existed 5,000 years ago.	如果你是从生物角度的立场来想, 那明显的是,没有一个现今的国家, 5000 年之前是存在的。
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的;
Homo sapiens is a social animal, that's for sure.	人类是一个社会动物,这是肯定的,
But for millions of years,	但是几百万年来,
Homo sapiens and our hominid ancestors lived in small communities of a few dozen individuals .	人类和原始人类祖先都住在小社团, 才不过几十人,
hominid:n.原始人类;人科动物;adj.人类及其祖先的; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
Everybody knew everybody else.	每人都认识每个人。
Whereas modern nations are imagined communities, in the sense that I don't even know all these people.	但是现代的国家只是个构思出来的团体, 因为我根本不认识全国的人。
Whereas:conj.然而;鉴于;反之;
I come from a relatively small nation, Israel, and of eight million Israelis ,	我来自以色列,一个小国家, 约八百万以色列人民;
relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地; Israelis:以色列人,以色列国民(Israeli的名词复数);
I never met most of them.	绝大部分人我从来没接触过,
I will never meet most of them.	我也永远都不会认识他们,
They basically exist here.	他们只是存在着。
CA: But in terms of this identity, this group who feel left out and perhaps have work taken away,	克:依这种身分认同角度来看, 感觉被遗弃、很可能连工作也被夺去的这个阶层,
feel left out:感到受冷落;
I mean, in "Homo Deus,"	我是指,在《人类大命运》书中,
you actually speak of this group in one sense expanding , that so many people may have their jobs taken away by technology in some way that we could end up with	你有指出这群人正在扩大, 因为有很多人的工作将被夺走, 被科技取代;最后我们可能会剩下
expanding:v.扩大,增加,增强细谈;详述;(expand的现在分词)
a really large — I think you call it a "useless class" — a class where traditionally , as viewed by the economy, these people have no use.	非常庞大的──记得你称它为「无用的阶层」── 这阶层传统以来, 是以经济生产而建立的,现在就都没用了。
traditionally:adv.传统上;习惯上;传说上;
YNH: Yes.	尤:对。
CA: How likely a possibility is that?	克:这有多大的可能性呢？
Is that something we should be terrified about?	我们应该对此惊恐吗？
And can we address it in any way?	还有我们能有方法应对它吗？
YNH: We should think about it very carefully.	尤:我们要非常谨慎思考这问题。
I mean, nobody really knows what the job market will look like in 2040, 2050.	我是说,没有人真的知道我们在 2040、2050 年的就業情况,
There is a chance many new jobs will appear, but it's not certain.	是有可能会有很多新的就業机会, 但这不可肯定。
And even if new jobs do appear, it won't necessarily be easy for a 50-year old unemployed truck driver made unemployed by self-driving vehicles , it won't be easy for an unemployed truck driver to reinvent himself or herself as a designer of virtual worlds.	就算是有新的行業出来, 它不一定是一个 50 岁的失業卡车司机容易胜任的, 失業之原因是被无人驾车取代了; 一个失業卡车司机是不容易去重塑自己为虚拟世界的设计师。
self-driving:自驾; vehicles:n.车辆;飞行器;运行工具;(vehicles是vehicle的复数) reinvent:v.以新形象示人;以新形式出现; virtual:adj.[计]虚拟的;实质上的,事实上的(但未在名义上或正式获承认);
Previously , if you look at the trajectory of the industrial revolution , when machines replaced humans in one type of work, the solution usually came from low-skill work in new lines of business.	依过去来看,如果你观察工業革命的走势, 当机器在某行業取代了人类, 解缓方法就是在新的行業里找到低技能的工作:
Previously:adv.先前;以前; trajectory:n.[物]轨道,轨线;[航][军]弹道; industrial revolution:n.工业革命;
So you didn't need any more agricultural workers, so people moved to working in low-skill industrial jobs, and when this was taken away by more and more machines, people moved to low-skill service jobs.	比如你不需要农業劳工, 这些人就去低技术的工業生产线就業; 而当这些又被更多的机器取替后, 这些人就迁到低技术的服务性行業。
Now, when people say there will be new jobs in the future, that humans can do better than AI, that humans can do better than robots, they usually think about high-skill jobs, like software engineers designing virtual worlds.	但现在,有人说未来会有新的工作, 而且人类会比人工智慧做得更好, 人类会比机械人做得更好, 他们想的都是高技术的工作, 像软体工程师设计虚拟世界。
high-skill:高技巧;
Now, I don't see how an unemployed cashier from Wal-Mart reinvents herself or himself at 50 as a designer of virtual worlds, and certainly I don't see how the millions of unemployed Bangladeshi textile workers will be able to do that.	可是,我无法想像,一位失業的沃尔玛大卖场出纳员, 能在 50 岁时转行为虚拟世界设计师; 我更不能想像, 这数百万孟加拉国籍的失業纺织工人, 如何能够做得到。
cashier:n.出纳员;v.开除…的军籍; Wal-Mart:n.沃尔玛; reinvents:vt.重新使用;彻底改造;重复发明(在不知他人已发明的情况下); textile:n.纺织品;纺织业;
I mean, if they are going to do it, we need to start teaching the Bangladeshis today how to be software designers, and we are not doing it.	我是说,如果我们真要做到, 我们今天就要教导这些孟加拉国籍工人, 如何成为软体设计师。但是我们现在没这样做,
So what will they do in 20 years?	20 年后这群人能做什么？
CA: So it feels like you're really highlighting a question that's really been bugging me the last few months more and more.	克:我感到你真的突显了一个问题, 也真的是这数月来,越来越困扰我的,
highlighting:n.增强亮度;突出性,醒目性;v.使…显著;以强光照射(highlight的ing形式); bugging:v.装窃听器;窃听;使恼怒;(bug的现在分词)
It's almost a hard question to ask in public, but if any mind has some wisdom to offer in it, maybe it's yours, so I'm going to ask you:	这几乎是一个在大众前忌讳的问题, 但是如果有人能作出有智慧的回应,这人可能是你, 所以我现在请问你:
What are humans for?	「人类有什么意义？」
YNH: As far as we know, for nothing.	尤:据我们所知的,毫无意义。
(Laughter)	（笑声）
I mean, there is no great cosmic drama, some great cosmic plan, that we have a role to play in.	我是指,没有伟大的神曲,伟大的神的计划, 等待着我们去参与。
cosmic:adj.宇宙的;
And we just need to discover what our role is and then play it to the best of our ability.	我们只需要发掘自我的角色, 然后演绎得尽善尽美就是了。
This has been the story of all religions and ideologies and so forth, but as a scientist, the best I can say is this is not true.	这是所有宗教和思想体系的共同故事。但身为一个科学家,我只能说,这不是事实;
ideologies:意识形态;
There is no universal drama with a role in it for Homo sapiens.	没有什么伟大的神曲,盼望我们人类参与。
CA: I'm going to push back on you just for a minute , just from your own book, because in "Homo Deus,"	克:我要追问你。在你的书中, 因为在《人类大命运》中,
for a minute:一会儿;
you give really one of the most coherent and understandable accounts about sentience , about consciousness , and that unique sort of human skill.	你作了一个最紧密和能理解的诉说, 关于感知性,关于自觉性, 和那人类独一无二的技能。
understandable:adj.可以理解的;可以了解的; sentience:n.感觉性;感觉能力;知觉; consciousness:n.意识;知觉;觉悟;感觉; unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
You point out that it's different from intelligence, the intelligence that we're building in machines, and that there's actually a lot of mystery around it.	你也说这智慧, 和我们设计在机器中的智慧是不同的。其实关于这一点,还是有很多的奥秘:
How can you be sure there's no purpose when we don't even understand what this sentience thing is?	你怎样确定是没有意义的呢？当我们还不全明白这感知性是什么？
I mean, in your own thinking, isn't there a chance that what humans are for is to be the universe's sentient things, to be the centers of joy and love and happiness and hope?	我是想,在你的思路范畴中,会不会有一个可能性, 人类的意义就是要成就宇宙的感知性代表物, 成为宇宙中的喜悦和爱和快乐和希望？
sentient:adj.有感情的;有感觉力的;意识到的;n.有知觉的人;
And maybe we can build machines that actually help amplify that, even if they're not going to become sentient themselves?	我们同时也许可以设计一些扩大这方面的机器, 就算这些机器本身不会真的有感知性的？
amplify:vt.放大,扩大;增强;详述;vi.详述;
Is that crazy?	这是狂想吗？
I kind of found myself hoping that, reading your book.	当我在阅读你的书时,我心底有着这寄望。
YNH: Well, I certainly think that the most interesting question today in science is the question of consciousness and the mind.	尤:是的,我想当今科学中最有趣的问题, 就是关于自觉性和人的思想。
We are getting better and better in understanding the brain and intelligence, but we are not getting much better in understanding the mind and consciousness.	我们对头脑机能越来越了解, 还有智力, 但我们没有多大的进步, 对思想和自觉性之了解。
People often confuse intelligence and consciousness, especially in places like Silicon Valley , which is understandable, because in humans, they go together.	一般人容易混淆智力和自觉性, 尤其是在硅谷这类地方, 这也是可以理解的,因为在人类,这两者是共存的。
confuse:v.混同;使迷惑;使糊涂;使更难于理解; Silicon Valley:n.硅谷(美国加利福尼亚州一处计算机和电子公司聚集地,有时用以指任何计算机公司聚集地);
I mean, intelligence basically is the ability to solve problems.	我的意思是,智力基本上是解决问题的能力;
Consciousness is the ability to feel things, to feel joy and sadness and boredom and pain and so forth.	自觉性是能感知事物, 能感知喜悦和悲哀,无聊和痛楚等等;
boredom:n.厌倦;令人厌烦的事物;
In Homo sapiens and all other mammals as well — it's not unique to humans — in all mammals and birds and some other animals, intelligence and consciousness go together.	这些是人类和所有哺乳动物都能的──不是人类独能的── 所有哺乳动物和鸟类和其它一些动物, 智力和自觉性是并行的。
mammals:n.哺乳动物;(mammal的复数)
We often solve problems by feeling things.	我们常依赖我们的感觉去解决问题,
So we tend to confuse them.	所以我们常把它们混同了,
But they are different things.	但其实它们是不同的事物。
What's happening today in places like Silicon Valley is that we are creating artificial intelligence but not artificial consciousness.	目前在硅谷这类地方进行的, 是研发人工智慧, 但不是人工自觉性。
There has been an amazing development in computer intelligence over the last 50 years, and exactly zero development in computer consciousness, and there is no indication that computers are going to become conscious anytime soon.	可以说在电脑智能方面, 过往 50 年来真是有惊人的进步, 但是在电脑自觉性只有零进步。同时也没有迹象显示电脑有一天会有自觉性, 起码不在可想像的未来当中。
indication:n.显示;表明;标示;象征;
So first of all, if there is some cosmic role for consciousness, it's not unique to Homo sapiens.	所以说,首先,如果自觉性在宇宙中有特殊角色, 这不是人类独有的。
Cows are conscious, pigs are conscious, chimpanzees are conscious, chickens are conscious, so if we go that way, first of all, we need to broaden our horizons	牛也自觉,猪也自觉, 黑猩猩也自觉,鸡也自觉, 所以如果要向这方探索,首先我们必要开阔我们的视野;
chimpanzees:n.[脊椎]黑猩猩(chimpanzee的复数); broaden:v.加宽;变宽;(broaden的现在分词) horizons:n.地平线;范围,眼界;(horizon的复数)
and remember very clearly we are not the only sentient beings on Earth, and when it comes to sentience — when it comes to intelligence, there is good reason to think we are the most intelligent of the whole bunch.	而且要非常清楚记得,我们不是地球上唯一有感知性的生物。依感知性来说── 依智力来说,我们确是有很好理由去相信我们是这群最聪明的;
intelligent:adj.有才智的;悟性强的;聪明的;有智力的
But when it comes to sentience, to say that humans are more sentient than whales, or more sentient than baboons or more sentient than cats,	但是依感知性来说, 如果我们说人类的感知胜于鲸鱼, 或感知胜于狒狒,或感知胜于猫,
I see no evidence for that.	我是没看到证据的。
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明;
So first step is, you go in that direction, expand.	所以第一步,如你想走这方向,首先扩大范围。
And then the second question of what is it for,	跟着的第二问题是:「为了什么目的？」
I would reverse it and I would say that I don't think sentience is for anything.	我会反问, 我会说:「我不知道感知性有任何目的。」
reverse:n.反面; v.颠倒; adj.相反的;
I think we don't need to find our role in the universe.	我想我们不需要找我们在宇宙的角色,
The really important thing is to liberate ourselves from suffering.	真正重要的事情,是要使我们脱离痛苦。
liberate:v.解放;使自由;使摆脱约束(或限制);
What characterizes sentient beings in contrast to robots, to stones, to whatever, is that sentient beings suffer, can suffer, and what they should focus on is not finding their place in some mysterious cosmic drama.	感知生物的特征, 相对于机械人,或石头, 或任何其它的, 就是感知生物感觉到苦,会受苦。所以他们需要注意的是, 并不是在神秘的神曲中找个位子,
characterizes:vt.描绘…的特性;具有…的特征;vi.塑造人物; contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比; mysterious:adj.神秘的;不可思议的;难解的;
They should focus on understanding what suffering is, what causes it and how to be liberated from it.	而是该致力去了解痛苦是什么, 它怎样产生的,和如何能解脱远离痛苦。
liberated:adj.不受传统思想束缚的,开放的; v.解放; (liberate的过去式和过去分词)
CA: I know this is a big issue for you, and that was very eloquent .	克:我知道这对你是一个重要的问题,而您的回答也是极精辟。
eloquent:adj.意味深长的;雄辩的,有口才的;有说服力的;动人的;
We're going to have a blizzard of questions from the audience here, and maybe from Facebook as well, and maybe some comments as well.	我们现场听众有非常多的问题, 脸书的听众也有, 同时也可能有些评语。
blizzard:n.暴风雪,大风雪;大打击;vi.下暴风雪;
So let's go quick.	好！
There's one right here.	这边有一位,
Keep your hands held up at the back if you want the mic, and we'll get it back to you.	坐后面的,如果要麦克风请把手举高, 我们会有安排。
Question: In your work, you talk a lot about the fictional stories that we accept as truth, and we live our lives by it.	问题:你的着作中,多处谈及到虚构的故事, 我们却认作为事实, 而且更依它为生活指引。
accept as:把...视作;
As an individual, knowing that, how does it impact the stories that you choose to live your life, and do you confuse them with the truth, like all of us?	对您个人来说,明白到这一点后, 这对你已选择的虚构故事有怎样影响吗？你会像很多人,将故事与真实混淆吗？
impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
YNH: I try not to.	尤:我试着防备。
I mean, for me, maybe the most important question, both as a scientist and as a person, is how to tell the difference between fiction and reality, because reality is there.	对我来说,最重要的问题, 不论是以科学家身份或是个人身份, 是能够清楚分辨虚构和现实, 因为现实是存在的。
I'm not saying that everything is fiction.	我不是说所有一切都是虚构的,
It's just very difficult for human beings to tell the difference between fiction and reality, and it has become more and more difficult as history progressed, because the fictions that we have created — nations and gods and money and corporations — they now control the world.	只是对人类来说,是很难去分辨虚构和现实。而且随着历史的累积,也变得越来越扭曲, 因为我们创造出来的这些故事── 国家和神明,金钱和企業── 它们已支配着这世界。
corporations:n.[贸易]公司,[经]企业(corporation的复数形式);
So just to even think, "Oh, this is just all fictional entities that we've created,"	所以就算要去反思: 「啊！这些都是我们创造的故事而已,」
is very difficult.	就已经会感到吃力了。
But reality is there.	但现实是存在的。
For me the best ...	对我个人,最好的……
There are several tests to tell the difference between fiction and reality.	有好几个测试可用来分辨故事和现实。
The simplest one, the best one that I can say in short, is the test of suffering.	最简单的,最易讲解的, 就是痛苦的测试。
If it can suffer, it's real.	如果能感到痛苦的,是存在的。
If it can't suffer, it's not real.	如果不能感到痛苦的,便是不存在的。
A nation cannot suffer.	一个国家是不能感到痛苦的,
That's very, very clear.	这应是非常,非常明显的。
Even if a nation loses a war, we say, "Germany suffered a defeat in the First World War,"	就算是一个国家打败战时, 我们说:「德国在第一次世界大战受败战之苦,」
it's a metaphor .	这只是个比喻,
metaphor:n.暗喻,隐喻;比喻说法;
Germany cannot suffer. Germany has no mind.	德国不可能感到痛苦,德国没有思想,
Germany has no consciousness.	德国没有自觉性。
Germans can suffer, yes, but Germany cannot.	德国人民可受苦了,这没错,但德国是不可能的。
Similarly, when a bank goes bust , the bank cannot suffer.	同样,当一个银行倒闭时, 银行是不可能受苦的。
bust:n.(石或金属的)半身像; v.打破; adj.破碎;
When the dollar loses its value, the dollar doesn't suffer.	当货币贬值,货币不可能受苦的。
People can suffer. Animals can suffer.	人民会苦。动物会苦。
This is real.	这是真实存在的。
So I would start, if you really want to see reality,	所以如果你想体悟存在,我建议初步尝试,
I would go through the door of suffering.	我会走进痛苦的大门,
If you can really understand what suffering is, this will give you also the key to understand what reality is.	如果你真的能体悟什么是痛苦, 这也会让你能够明白什么是存在。
CA: There's a Facebook question here that connects to this, from someone around the world in a language that I cannot read.	克:这里有个来自脸书的问题,也是关于同一点的。这从哪国来我不知道,我不会读这文字。
YNH: Oh, it's Hebrew . CA: Hebrew . There you go.	尤:啊,是希伯来语。克:希伯来语。你的。
Hebrew:n.希伯来人,犹太人;希伯来语;adj.希伯来语的;希伯来人的;
(Laughter)	（笑声）
Can you read the name?	你能读这名字吗？
YNH: Or Lauterbach Goren.	尤:Or Lauterbach Goren.
CA: Well, thank you for writing in.	克:谢谢你的问题。
The question is: "Is the post-truth era really a brand-new era, or just another climax or moment in a never-ending trend ?	问题是:「这个后真相政治时代真的是一个全新时代吗？或只不过是一个高潮,或迈向永无止境之一刻而已？」
brand-new:adj.崭新的;最近获得的; climax:n.(重要事情或时刻的)高潮,顶点; v.达成(或形成)极点(或顶点、高潮); never-ending:adj.不停的;无限的; trend:n.趋势;动向;趋向;动态;v.走向;趋向;
YNH: Personally , I don't connect with this idea of post-truth.	尤:我个人而言,我对这个后真相政治概念毫无共鸣。
Personally:adv.个人;亲自;本人;就本人而言;
My basic reaction as a historian is:	我身为历史学家的反应是:
If this is the era of post-truth, when the hell was the era of truth?	如果今天是后真相政治时代,请问曾几何时是真相政治时代？
CA: Right.	克:对。
(Laughter)	（笑声）
YNH: Was it the 1980s, the 1950s, the Middle Ages?	尤:是在 1980 年代,1950 年代,或中世纪？
I mean, we have always lived in an era, in a way, of post-truth.	我认为,我们一路来都像是活在后真相时代。
CA: But I'd push back on that, because I think what people are talking about is that there was a world where you had fewer journalistic outlets , where there were traditions, that things were fact-checked.	克:这一点我们缓下来。因为我想大家在谈论的, 是以往在世界上,还没有那么多的媒体渠道, 而那时候的传统,资讯都是会经过考证查核的。
journalistic:adj.新闻业的,新闻工作者的; outlets:n.出路;销售点;排水口;批发商点(outlet的复数形式);
It was incorporated into the charter of those organizations that the truth mattered.	这自律精神也宣明在媒体组织的宪章中, 事实真相是重要的。
incorporated:adj.合并的; v.合并; charter:n.章程; v.包租(飞机、船等); organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构;
So if you believe in a reality, then what you write is information.	所以如果你真的重视事实, 那你所写的就是资讯,
There was a belief that that information should connect to reality in a real way, and if you wrote a headline, it was a serious, earnest attempt to reflect something that had actually happened.	而且有个信念是要求这资讯要与事实有关连; 所以当你写报章头条时,你的心态是慎重诚恳的, 来传递一些已发生的事物,
earnest:adj.认真的,热心的;重要的;n.认真;定金;诚挚; reflect:v.反映;映出(影像);反射;表明,表达;
And people didn't always get it right.	虽然不一定能百分百之正确。
But I think the concern now is you've got a technological system that's incredibly powerful that, for a while at least, massively amplified anything with no attention paid to whether it connected to reality,	而我想现在人人关注的是因为有了一个超强的科技系统, 它能够,虽然只是片刻,极大量泛滥地传递资讯, 但毫不注重资讯是否与事实真的相关,
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; for a while:adv.片刻;暂时;一会儿;一时; massively:adv.大量地;沉重地;庄严地; amplified:v.放大;详述(amplify的过去分词);adj.放大的;扩充的;
only to whether it connected to clicks and attention, and that that was arguably toxic .	却只重视观听人数和热门度。这种情况:确是有人视之为污染,
arguably:v.可论证地; toxic:adj.有毒的;中毒的;
That's a reasonable concern, isn't it?	这是合理的顾虑,是不是？
reasonable:adj.合理的,公道的;通情达理的;
YNH: Yeah, it is. I mean, the technology changes, and it's now easier to disseminate both truth and fiction and falsehood .	尤:是的,是合理,这是因为科技之改变, 现在是很容易传播事实和虚构故事和谬误。
disseminate:vt.宣传,传播;散布;vi.散布;广为传播; falsehood:n.说谎;假话;不真实;错误的信仰;
It goes both ways.	但是这改变可以是双向的。
It's also much easier, though, to spread the truth than it was ever before.	同样,今时也是比往时更容易传播事实真相。
But I don't think there is anything essentially new about this disseminating fictions and errors.	但我不认为在根本上,有什么崭新的变化, 在传播幻想和谎言方面。
essentially:adv.本质上;本来; disseminating:v.散布,传播(信息、知识等);(disseminate的现在分词)
There is nothing that — I don't know — Joseph Goebbels, didn't know about all this idea of fake news and post-truth.	我猜想没有什么是纳粹宣传长约瑟夫·戈培尔不知情的, 关于这假新闻和后真相时代的问题。
Joseph:n.连帽大氅; fake:n.假货;骗子;假动作;v.捏造;假装…的样子;adj.伪造的;
He famously said that if you repeat a lie often enough, people will think it's the truth, and the bigger the lie, the better, because people won't even think that something so big can be a lie.	他说过一名句:「如果你不断重复一个谎言, 人人就会信它是真的, 而越大的谎言,越是可信, 因为人们绝对不敢相信,这么大的事情竟然是个谎言。」
famously:adv.著名地;极好地;
I think that fake news has been with us for thousands of years.	我相信假新闻,已陪伴着人类几千年了。
Just think of the Bible .	圣经就是一个。
Bible:n.有权威的书;
(Laughter)	（笑声）
CA: But there is a concern that the fake news is associated with tyrannical regimes , and when you see an uprise in fake news that is a canary in the coal mine that there may be dark times coming.	克:但这里有个疑虑, 就是当假新闻是从独裁政府出来的, 而当你也看到假新闻上升时, 大家都会知道黑暗可能会来临了。
associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式) tyrannical:adj.残暴的;暴君的;专横的; regimes:n.政治制度,政权,政体(regime的名词复数); uprise:vi.起义;上升;起床;n.升起;上坡;出现; canary:n.[鸟]金丝雀;淡黄色; coal mine:煤矿;
YNH: Yeah. I mean, the intentional use of fake news is a disturbing sign.	尤:对,我也知道,故意散布假新闻是个令人不安的迹象。
disturbing:adj.引起烦恼的;令人不安的;v.打扰;干扰;搅乱;使不安;(disturb的现在分词)
But I'm not saying that it's not bad, I'm just saying that it's not new.	不过我不是说这是对的,我是说这不是现今才有的。
CA: There's a lot of interest on Facebook on this question about global governance versus nationalism.	克:在脸书听众中有很多有兴趣知道关于环球管理和国家主义这议题。
Question here from Phil Dennis: "How do we get people, governments, to relinquish power?	这是菲尔·丹尼思的问题: 「我们怎能使人民,政权放弃权力呢？」
relinquish:vt.放弃;放手;让渡;
Is that — is that — actually, the text is so big	这——这那字体非常大啊。
I can't read the full question.	我看不清整条问题。
But is that a necessity?	「这是否不可避免,
Is it going to take war to get there?	真的要以战争来达到目标吗？」
Sorry Phil — I mangled your question, but I blame the text right here.	对不起菲尔,我搞错您的问题,不过我卸责于这文檔。
mangled:v.压碎;撕烂;严重损坏;糟蹋;(mangle的过去分词和过去式)
YNH: One option that some people talk about is that only a catastrophe can shake humankind and open the path to a real system of global governance, and they say that we can't do it before the catastrophe, but we need to start laying the foundations so that when the disaste r strikes, we can react quick ly.	尤:有一些人在讨论一个可能性, 就是只有浩劫能警醒人类, 才能开展一条全球治理系统之道路。他们说我们绝不能在浩劫前做到, 但我们要开始打下基础, 以便浩劫来临时, 我们能很快回应;
catastrophe:n.大灾难;大祸;惨败;
But people will just not have the motivation to do such a thing before the disaster strikes.	可是人民不会有动力做这些, 在浩劫发生之前。
motivation:n.动机;积极性;推动;
Another thing that I would emphasize is that anybody who is really interested in global governance should always make it very, very clear that it doesn't replace or abolish local identities and communities, that it should come both as —	另外一件事我必要强调的, 就是任何真正对全球治理有兴趣的人, 必要使人人都时时清楚知道, 原有的本地身份和社区团体,是不会被取代或废除的。全球治理应该要融汇两者,
It should be part of a single package.	要全部纳为同一整体方案。
CA: I want to hear more on this, because the very words "global governance"	克:我想多听些这方面的, 因为「全球治理」这个字眼本身,
are almost the epitome of evil in the mindset of a lot of people on the alt-right right now.	在很多人脑海中,差不多是意味着邪恶的顶峰, 尤其在另类右派之眼中:
epitome:n.缩影;摘要;象征; evil:adj.邪恶的;不幸的;有害的;讨厌的;n.罪恶,邪恶;不幸; mindset:n.心态;倾向;习惯;精神状态; alt-right:另类右派(alternativeright);
It just seems scary, remote , distant , and it has let them down, and so globalists , global governance — no, go away!	它让人觉得可怕、冷漠、遥远;因为曾经让他们失望过, 所以对全球治理主义者,或全球治理──不要,走开！
remote:adj.偏远的;偏僻的;遥远的;久远的; distant:adj.遥远的;远处的;久远的; globalists:n.支持全球主义者;
And many view the election as the ultimate poke in the eye to anyone who believes in that.	同时很多人对这次选举结果, 视之为对全球治理主义者终极之打击。
ultimate:adj.最终的;极限的;根本的;n.终极;根本;基本原则; poke:v.刺,捅;戳;伸出;刺探;闲荡;n.戳;刺;袋子;懒汉;
So how do we change the narrative so that it doesn't seem so scary and remote?	但是,我们该如何改变我们的诉求, 使它不那么可怕与冷漠呢？
Build more on this idea of it being compatible with local identity, local communities.	可否在概念上更多的演绎, 全球治理主义为何能兼容本地身份和社区团体等。
compatible:adj.兼容的;能共处的;可并立的;
YNH: Well, I think again we should start really with the biological realities of Homo sapiens.	尤:我想,我们还是需要确实的回到我们人类的生理实况。
And biology tells us two things about Homo sapiens which are very relevant to this issue: first of all, that we are completely dependent on the ecological system around us, and that today we are talking about a global system.	生物学告诉我们关于人类的两点, 对这论点有很大关连的: 第一点,人类完全依赖我们身边的生态环境系统, 依时下说来,我们谈的是一个全球系统,
biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学; dependent on:依赖于;依靠; ecological:adj.生态的,生态学的;
You cannot escape that.	你不可逃避这一点。
And at the same time, biology tells us about Homo sapiens that we are social animals, but that we are social on a very, very local level.	同时,生物学也告诉我们, 人类是一种社会动物。但我们社交建立在一个非常、非常地方性的层面;
It's just a simple fact of humanity that we cannot have intimate familiarity with more than about 150 individuals.	这是一个易见的人类实况, 我们能建立亲近关系之人数也多不多 150 个人。
intimate:n.知己; v.暗示; adj.亲密的; familiarity:n.熟悉,精通;亲密;随便;
The size of the natural group, the natural community of Homo sapiens, is not more than 150 individuals, and everything beyond that is really based on all kinds of imaginary stories and large-scale institutions, and I think that we can find a way,	这是一个自然的团体人数, 一个自然聚集之社区应不会超过150 人。任何大于这个数字的人际网络,都是建立在各类虚构故事和大型组织里。我想我们是能够找出一条路,
imaginary:adj.虚构的,假想的;想像的;虚数的; large-scale:adj.大规模的,大范围的;大比例尺的;
again, based on a biological understanding of our species , to weave the two together and to understand that today in the 21st century, we need both the global level and the local community.	当然,这是要建立在对人类生理学上之了解, 把这两点融贯一起, 和清楚了解在 21 世纪的今天, 我们同时需要全球性和社区性。
species:n.[生物]物种;种类; weave:v.编,织;(用…)编成;编造(故事等);n.织法;编法;编织式样;
And I would go even further than that and say that it starts with the body itself.	还有,我会更深一层地诠释, 说我们要从身体开始:
The feelings that people today have of alienation and loneliness and not finding their place in the world,	人类今天有疏离感和孤独感, 和不能在世界找到自己的定位,
alienation:n.异化;疏远;转让;[内科]精神错乱;间离效果(alienationeffect);
I would think that the chief problem is not global capitalism .	据我的看法这主要原因不是在于全球资本主义。
capitalism:n.资本主义;
The chief problem is that over the last hundred years, people have been becoming disembodied , have been distancing themselves from their body.	主要问题是在于近一百年来, 人类日渐蒙受到心身隔离, 开始与自己的身体疏远,
disembodied:adj.空洞的;无实质的;无实体的;
As a hunter-gatherer or even as a peasant, to survive, you need to be constantly in touch with your body and with your senses, every moment.	一个狩猎采集者,或就算一位农民而言, 要能活下去,你必须经常与自己的身体和感官联系, 每一个时刻都要。
hunter-gatherer:n.采集狩猎的人; constantly:adv.不断地;时常地; in touch with:同…有联系,和…有接触;
If you go to the forest to look for mushrooms and you don't pay attention to what you hear, to what you smell, to what you taste, you're dead.	如果你走进森林去寻找蕈类, 但你不留心你所听到的, 所嗅到的,尝到的, 那你就没命了。
pay attention to:注意
So you must be very connected.	所以你必需身心合一。
In the last hundred years, people are losing their ability to be in touch with their body and their senses, to hear, to smell, to feel.	但在近一百年来,人类已渐渐失去了这能力, 与自己身体和感官合一, 去听,去嗅,去触觉;
More and more attention goes to screens, to what is happening elsewhere , some other time.	越来越多的精神是费在看萤幕, 在其它地方发生的事物, 在其它的时代。
elsewhere:adv.在别处;到别处;
This, I think, is the deep reason for the feelings of alienation and loneliness and so forth, and therefore part of the solution is not to bring back some mass nationalism, but also reconnect with our own bodies, and if you are back in touch with your body, you will feel much more at home in the world also.	我相信这个就是一个深层理由, 人类有疏离感和孤单感等等。所以解决问题一部份方法, 并不在复兴国家主义, 而是要身心合一, 如果你能身心合一, 你自然会在世界中有自在安全感。
reconnect:v.使再接合;
CA: Well, depending on how things go, we may all be back in the forest soon.	克:是的,看世局如何走,我们亦可以很快的回到森林。
We're going to have one more question in the room and one more on Facebook.	我们将接受现场最后一个问题, 和一个脸书的问题。
Ama Adi-Dako: Hello. I'm from Ghana, West Africa, and my question is:	阿马:你好,我来自西非加纳,我的问题是:
I'm wondering how do you present and justify the idea of global governance to countries that have been historically disenfranchised by the effects of globalization ,	我想知道你会怎样推行和辩解全球治理, 面对着那些历来都是被剥夺权力的国家, 而其原因正是全球化引发的。
justify:v.证明合法;整理版面;替…辩护; historically:adv.历史上地;从历史观点上说; disenfranchised:v.剥夺(某人)的权利(尤指选举权);(disenfranchise的过去分词和过去式) globalization:n.全球化;
and also, if we're talking about global governance, it sounds to me like it will definitely come from a very Westernized idea of what the "global" is supposed to look like.	还有,当我们谈到全球治理, 我看来这个概念必定是从一个极西方国家角度对「全球」来定义的,
definitely:adv.清楚地,当然;明确地,肯定地; Westernized:adj.西方化的;欧洲化的;v.西方化(westernize的过去式); supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式)
So how do we present and justify that idea of global versus wholly nationalist to people in countries like Ghana and Nigeria and Togo and other countries like that?	所以我们如何说明和比较这个全球概念与国家主义, 对加纳,奈及利亚和多哥的人民, 以及类似的国家呢？
wholly:adv.完全地;全部;统统; Togo:n.多哥(西非国家);
YNH: I would start by saying that history is extremely unfair, and that we should realize that.	尤:首先我会说历史非常不公平, 那是我们需要了解的,
Many of the countries that suffered most from the last 200 years of globalization and imperialism and industrialization are exactly the countries which are also most likely to suffer most from the next wave.	很多受伤害最大的国家, 在过往 200 年的全球化发展下, 和大英帝国主义和工業革命下, 将会再次受到最大的伤害, 在下一个浪头来临时。
imperialism:n.帝国主义; industrialization:n.工业化;
And we should be very, very clear about that.	我们必须非常、非常明确的指出,
If we don't have a global governance, and if we suffer from climate change, from technological disruptions , the worst suffering will not be in the US.	如果我们没有建立全球治理, 当我们受到气候变迁灾害, 或科技冲击时, 最苦的不会是在美国,
disruptions:破坏,毁坏;分裂,瓦解(disruption的复数);
The worst suffering will be in Ghana, will be in Sudan, will be in Syria , will be in Bangladesh, will be in those places.	最苦的会发生在加纳,在苏丹,在叙利亚, 在孟加拉国,在这些地方。
Syria:n.叙利亚共和国;
So I think those countries have an even greater incentive to do something about the next wave of disruption, whether it's ecological or whether it's technological.	所以,我相信这些国家应该更受激励, 去做些准备来面对下一波的冲击, 不管是生态环境方面,或是在科学技术方面。
incentive:n.动机;刺激;adj.激励的;刺激的;
Again, if you think about technological disruption, so if AI and 3D printers and robots will take the jobs from billions of people,	再重覆,如果你考虑到科技上的冲击, 如果说人工智慧,3D 列印和机械人, 会夺去数以亿计的工作,
I worry far less about the Swedes than about the people in Ghana or in Bangladesh.	我比较不担心瑞典人民, 而比较担心在加纳,或在孟加拉国的人民。
Swedes:n.瑞典人(Swede的复数);
And therefore, because history is so unfair and the results of a calamity will not be shared equally between everybody, as usual, the rich will be able to get away from the worst consequences of climate change in a way that the poor will not be able to.	因此,因为历史曾是那么不公平, 而浩劫的后果, 将不会平均分摊到每个人。而且照惯例,这些富裕的人能逃避气候变迁带来的最严重灾害, 但相对贫穷的人就不能够了。
calamity:n.灾难;不幸事件; consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数);
CA: And here's a great question from Cameron Taylor on Facebook: "At the end of 'Sapiens,'"	克:脸书听众泰勒有个很好的问题: 「在《人类大历史》的结尾,
you said we should be asking the question, 'What do we want to want?'	你说我们应该问: 『我们想要要什么呢？』
Well, what do you think we should want to want?"	请问你认为我们应该想要要什么呢？」
YNH: I think we should want to want to know the truth, to understand reality.	尤:我认为我们应该是想要想知道真相, 想明白现实真相。
Mostly what we want is to change reality, to fit it to our own desires, to our own wishes, and I think we should first want to understand it.	一般来说,我们想要的只是去改变现实, 来迎合我们自己的欲望,迎合我们的需求, 我想我们该先去了解这些。
If you look at the long-term trajectory of history, what you see is that for thousands of years we humans have been gaining control of the world outside us and trying to shape it to fit our own desires.	如果你以长期角度来览观历史, 你看到几千年来, 我们人类能不断掌控我们外在的世界, 而且试图改造它来满足我们的欲望;
long-term:adj.长期的;从长远来看;
And we've gained control of the other animals, of the rivers, of the forests, and reshaped them completely, causing an ecological destruction without making ourselves satisfied .	同时我们也控制了其它的动物, 控制河流,控制森林, 而且更截然的把它们改头换面, 引发出生态环境的破坏, 但却不能满足我们。
reshaped:vt.改造;再成形; destruction:n.破坏,毁灭;摧毁; satisfied:adj.满意的:满足的:v.使满意:使满足;(satisfy的过去分词和过去式)
So the next step is we turn our gaze inwards , and we say OK, getting control of the world outside us did not really make us satisfied.	所以下一步,就是要把我们目光向内廻转, 而且告诉自己:好,控制了外面世界不能真的满足我们。
gaze:v.凝视;注视;盯着;n.凝视;注视; inwards:adv.向内地;向中心地;
Let's now try to gain control of the world inside us.	我们现在该尝试降服内在的世界。
This is the really big project of science and technology and industry in the 21st century — to try and gain control of the world inside us, to learn how to engineer and produce bodies and brains and minds.	这是一个真正大的项目, 一个在 21 世纪的科学和科技和工業的项目── 试图把我们内心世界驯服, 研究如何去建造和生产身体和大脑和思想。
These are likely to be the main products of the 21st century economy.	这些很可能就是 21 世纪主要经济产物。
When people think about the future, very often they think in terms, "Oh, I want to gain control of my body and of my brain."	当人想到未来,很多时候会这样想: 「啊！我想要能够控制我的身体和我的大脑。」
And I think that's very dangerous.	但我想这会是非常危险的。
If we've learned anything from our previous history, it's that yes, we gain the power to manipulate , but because we didn't really understand the complexity of the ecological system, we are now facing an ecological meltdown .	如果我们有从过去历史中学到一点教训, 就是,没错,我们是有了操控力, 但是因为我们并不确实了解所以我们今天正要面对生态环境的崩溃。
manipulate:vt.操纵;操作;巧妙地处理;篡改; complexity:n.复杂性;难以理解的局势 meltdown:n.灾难;彻底垮台;熔化;暴跌;
And if we now try to reengineer the world inside us without really understanding it, especially without understanding the complexity of our mental system,	同样如果我们现在就想操控我们内心世界, 在没有真的了解的情况下, 尤其是没能真正了解我们思想系统之复杂性之前,
reengineer:vt.再设计;重新建造;再设法处理;
we might cause a kind of internal ecological disaster, and we'll face a kind of mental meltdown inside us.	我们有可能会造成类似内在的生态崩溃, 结果就是我们未来将要面对一种思想系统的崩溃。
internal:n.内脏;本质;adj.内部的;里面的;体内的;(机构)内部的;
CA: Putting all the pieces together here — the current politics, the coming technology, concerns like the one you've just outlined —	克:我把所谈的做个结论── 现今政治,未来的科技, 你刚才提出需要关注的事项──
outlined:v.概述:显示…的轮廓:(outline的过去分词和过去式)
I mean, it seems like you yourself are in quite a bleak place when you think about the future.	我的直觉,好像你本人不太乐观。当你想到未来的时候,
bleak:adj.阴冷的;荒凉的,无遮蔽的;黯淡的,无希望的;冷酷的;单调的;
You're pretty worried about it.	你好像很担心的,
Is that right?	是不是？
And if there was one cause for hope, how would you state that?	但是如果个中真有一线希望,
YNH: I focus on the most dangerous possibilities partly because this is like my job or responsibility as a historian or social critic .	尤:我专注在最危险的可能性, 一部分是因为这是我的工作或责任, 身为一个历史学家或社会评论人。
critic:n.评论家;反对者;批评者;
I mean, the industry focuses mainly on the positive sides, so it's the job of historians and philosophers and sociologists to highlight the more dangerous potential of all these new technologies.	我是说,工業界只会谈正面的, 所以历史学家、哲学家和社会学家的责任, 是把这些新科技的潜在危险提出来。
mainly:adv.大多;大部分;主要地;首要地; philosophers:n.哲学家(philosopher的复数); sociologists:n.社会学家; potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的;
I don't think any of that is inevitable .	我所谈的没有一项是必定要发生的,
inevitable:adj.必然的,不可避免的;
Technology is never deterministic .	科技本身并无既定性,
deterministic:adj.确定性的;命运注定论的;
You can use the same technology to create very different kinds of societies.	你可以用同一样的科技, 来营造很不一样的社会。
If you look at the 20th century, so, the technologies of the Industrial Revolution, the trains and electricity and all that could be used to create a communist dictatorship or a fascist regime or a liberal democracy.	如果你看 20 世纪, 工業革命的科技发明, 火车、电力和其它一切, 可用来创造一个共产独裁主义, 或一个法西斯政权,或一个自由民主政党。
electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪; communist:n.共产党员;共产主义者;adj.共产主义的; dictatorship:n.专政;独裁权;独裁者职位; fascist:n.法西斯主义者;法西斯党员;adj.法西斯主义的,法西斯党的;
The trains did not tell you what to do with them.	火车没有叫你用它来做什么。
Similarly, now, artificial intelligence and bioengineering and all of that — they don't predetermine a single outcome .	同样的,今天的人工智慧,生物工程和一切其它的── 它们不会预定任何一个结果。
predetermine:vt.预先确定;预先决定;预先查明; outcome:n.结果,结局;成果;
Humanity can rise up to the challenge, and the best example we have of humanity rising up to the challenge of a new technology is nuclear weapons.	人类可以面对挑战。而我们最好的例子, 人类能战胜科技带来的挑战就是核武器。
In the late 1940s, '50s, many people were convinced that sooner or later the Cold War will end in a nuclear catastrophe, destroying human civilization .	在 1940 年代后期,1950 年代, 很多人都相信冷战迟早会引发一场核武大灾难, 毁灭全人类文明。
convinced:adj.坚信; v.使确信; (convince的过去分词和过去式) civilization:n.文明;文明社会;文明世界;(特定时期和地区的)社会文明;
And this did not happen.	这没有发生。
In fact, nuclear weapons prompted humans all over the world to change the way that they manage international politics to reduce violence.	反过来,核武驱使世界各地民族改变了手法去协调国际政治问题, 为了去减低暴力发生。
prompted:v.促使;导致;提示;给(演员)提词;(prompt的过去分词和过去式)
And many countries basically took out war from their political toolkit .	更有很多国家基本上已把战争从他们的政治工具包中拿掉了。
toolkit:n.工具包,工具箱;
They no longer tried to pursue their interests with warfare .	这些国家已选择不用战争手段来追求它们的利益。
pursue:v.继续;从事;追赶;纠缠; warfare:n.战争;冲突;
Not all countries have done so, but many countries have.	不是全部国家,但是很多已经是这样了;
And this is maybe the most important reason why international violence declined dramatically since 1945, and today, as I said , more people commit suicide than are killed in war.	这可能就是最主要原因, 为什么国际暴力从 1945 年来急剧降低了。在今天,我早前也说过,自杀的人之数字多于在战争死亡的。
declined:v.减少;下降;衰弱;婉言拒绝;(decline的过去分词和过去式) dramatically:adv.戏剧地;引人注目地;adv.显著地,剧烈地; as I said:正如我所说的
So this, I think, gives us a good example that even the most frightening technology, humans can rise up to the challenge and actually some good can come out of it.	所以我想这是个好的例子, 就算面对着使人最骇怕的科技, 人类也是能战胜的, 而且最终也能在其中挖出些宝。
The problem is, we have very little margin for error.	难题是,我们只有极微小的误差余地,
margin:n.边缘;利润,余裕;页边的空白;v.加边于;加旁注于;
If we don't get it right, we might not have a second option to try again.	如果我们出了错, 我们可能再没有第二次机会了。
CA: That's a very powerful note, on which I think we should draw this to a conclusion .	克:这是很震撼的呼吁, 我想我们也在这里结束。
conclusion:n.结论;结局;推论;
Before I wrap up, I just want to say one thing to people here and to the global TED community watching online, anyone watching online: help us with these dialogues.	在结束前,我想对在场听众和全球的 TED 社团,及网上的观众说: 支持这系列的 TED Dialogues。
wrap:v.缠绕;隐藏;掩护;包起来;缠绕;穿外衣;n.外套;围巾;
If you believe, like we do, that we need to find a different kind of conversation, now more than ever, help us do it.	如果你相信,像我们一样的相信, 我们需要寻找另类的交谈, 此时此刻比过往更迫切,请协助我们完成这事。
Reach out to other people, try and have conversations with people you disagree with, understand them, pull the pieces together, and help us figure out how to take these conversations forward so we can make a real contribution to what's happening in the world right now.	向其他人伸出手, 尝试跟你意见不同的人对话, 了解他们, 综合多方意见, 幫助我们找出最好的方法去推展这论坛, 使我们能对今天正在世界发生的一切做出真实的贡献。
contribution:n.捐款;捐资;定期缴款;贡献;促成作用;稿件;
I think everyone feels more alive, more concerned, more engaged with the politics of the moment.	我相信每个人能活得更真实, 更诚恳,更有参与感, 对当今这些政治议题。
engaged:adj.已订婚的; v.吸引住; (engage的过去分词和过去式)
The stakes do seem quite high, so help us respond to it in a wise, wise way.	这次成败之差异是非常大的, 所以幫助我们以非常智慧来回应这些。
stakes:n.桩; v.以…打赌,拿…冒险; respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和;
Yuval Harari, thank you.	尤瓦尔 · 哈拉瑞先生,谢谢。
(Applause)	（掌声）

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