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YanisVaroufakis_2015G-_资本主义会消灭民主_—_除非我们站出来_
Democracy . 民主。
Democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治;
In the West, we make a colossal mistake taking it for granted . 在西方, 我们犯了巨大的错误,认为民主是理所应当的。
colossal:adj.巨大的;异常的,非常的; granted:v.不错,的确; conj.因为; v.同意,准予,允许; (grant的过去分词和过去式)
We see democracy not as the most fragile of flowers that it really is, but we see it as part of our society's furniture . 我们没有把民主 视为它本应该是的最脆弱的花朵, 而是把它视为社会家具的一部分。
fragile:adj.脆的;易碎的; furniture:n.家具;设备;储藏物;
We tend to think of it as an intransigent given. 我们倾向于认为它是无需妥协的赋予。
intransigent:adj.不妥协的;不让步的;n.不妥协的人;
We mistakenly believe that capitalism begets inevitably democracy. 我们错误地相信资本主义必然导致民主。
mistakenly:adv.错误地;曲解地,被误解地; capitalism:n.资本主义; begets:vt.产生;招致;引起;当…的父亲; inevitably:adv.不可避免地;必然地;
It doesn't. 然而并不是的。
Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew and his great imitators in Beijing have demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt that it is perfectly possible to have a flourishing capitalism, spectacular growth, while politics remains democracy-free. 新加坡总理李光耀,和他在北京的伟大模仿者们, 在超出合理的怀疑声中证明了, 在没有民主的政治情况下, 资本主义可以以惊人的速度 繁荣起来。
Kuan:n.官窑瓷器; imitators:n.模仿者(imitator的复数); demonstrated:v.证明;证实;论证;说明;表达;(demonstrate的过去分词和过去式) beyond reasonable doubt:排除合理怀疑;无合理怀疑; flourishing:adj.繁荣的;繁茂的;v.繁荣;兴旺;茁壮成长;(flourish的现在分词) spectacular:adj.壮观的;壮丽的;令人惊叹的;n.壮观的场面;精彩的表演; politics:n.政治;钩心斗角;政治观点;v.(贬)从事政治活动;(politic的第三人称单数)
Indeed, democracy is receding in our neck of the woods , here in Europe. 确实,民主在我们所在的区域正在退步。 就在欧洲,
receding:v.逐渐远离;逐渐减弱;(头顶前部)头发停止生长;(recede的现在分词) neck of the woods:附近一带(一般指乡村地区);
Earlier this year, while I was representing Greece -- the newly elected Greek government -- in the Eurogroup as its Finance Minister , 今年的早些时候,当我作为财政部长带领希腊 -- 新选举产生的希腊政府 -- 在欧元集团参加会议。
representing:v.代表;维护…的利益;等于;相当于;(represent的现在分词) Finance:n.财政,财政学;金融;v.负担经费,供给…经费; Minister:n.部长;大臣;牧师;vi.执行牧师职务;辅助或伺候某人;
I was told in no uncertain terms that our nation's democratic process -- our elections -- could not be allowed to interfere with economic policies that were being implemented in Greece. 我被明确地告知我们国家的民主过程 -- 我们的选举 -- 不被允许介入 将要在希腊实施的经济政策。
uncertain:adj.无常的;含糊的;靠不住的;迟疑不决的; democratic:adj.民主的;民主政治的;大众的; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; interfere:v.干涉;干预;介入; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数) implemented:v.使生效;贯彻;执行;实施;(implement的过去式和过去分词)
At that moment, 在那一刻,
I felt that there could be no greater vindication of Lee Kuan Yew, or the Chinese Communist Party , indeed of some recalcitrant friends of mine who kept telling me that democracy would be banned if it ever threatened to change anything. 我感到这是对李光耀总理, 或者是中国共产党来说是绝佳的辩护, 事实上一些反对我的朋友不断地告诉我, 民主会被禁止,当它威胁要改变些什么的时候。
vindication:n.辩护;证明无罪; Communist Party:n.共产党; recalcitrant:adj.反抗的;反对的;顽强的;n.顽抗者;不服从的人; banned:v.明令禁止;取缔;禁止(某人)做某事;(ban的过去分词和过去式)
Tonight, here, I want to present to you an economic case for an authentic democracy. 今天,在这里,我想要向你们展示, 一个关于真实民主的经济案例。
authentic:adj.真正的,真实的;可信的;
I want to ask you to join me in believing again that Lee Kuan Yew, the Chinese Communist Party and indeed the Eurogroup are wrong in believing that we can dispense with democracy -- that we need an authentic, boisterous democracy. 我想要邀请你们加入我来一起重新相信, 李光耀、 中国共产党、 和欧元集团 错误地相信我们可以不需要民主 -- 我们需要真正的和强有力的民主。
dispense:v.分配;分发;提供;配药; boisterous:adj.喧闹的;狂暴的;猛烈的;
And without democracy, our societies will be nastier , our future bleak and our great, new technologies wasted. 没有民主的话, 我们的社会就会是污秽龌龊的, 我们的未来会是惨淡的 我们伟大的新科技会被浪费。
nastier:adj.极差的:令人厌恶的:不友好的:(nasty的比较级) bleak:adj.阴冷的;荒凉的,无遮蔽的;黯淡的,无希望的;冷酷的;单调的; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
Speaking of waste, allow me to point out an interesting paradox that is threatening our economies as we speak. 提到浪费, 请允许我来指出一个正在威胁着我们的经济的 有意思的悖论。
paradox:n.悖论,反论;似非而是的论点;自相矛盾的人或事; economies:n.经济;经济结构;节约;(economy的复数)
I call it the twin peaks paradox. 我称之为双峰悖论。
peaks:n.山顶;峰巅(peak的复数);
One peak you understand -- you know it, you recognize it -- is the mountain of debts that has been casting a long shadow over the United States, Europe, the whole world. 第一个高峰你们理解 -- 你们知道,你们认识它 -- 它是一座债务的高山,投射着长长的阴影, 遍及美国,欧洲,乃至全球。
recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到; debts:n.负债类,债务(debt的复数形式); United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
We all recognize the mountain of debts. 我们都认识到这座债务高山。
But few people discern its twin. 但很少人意识到它有一个双胞胎。
discern:v.识别;觉察出;了解;
A mountain of idle cash belonging to rich savers and to corporations , too terrified to invest it into the productive activities that can generate the incomes 一座闲置现金堆砌而成的山峰。 它来自于有钱人和大公司的存款。 他们（有钱人和大公司）害怕去投资, 去投资可以产生收入的生产活动。
idle:adj.闲置的;懒惰的;停顿的;v.无所事事;虚度;空转; savers:节约器;救助者;节俭的人; corporations:n.[贸易]公司,[经]企业(corporation的复数形式); invest:v.投资;(把资金)投入;投入(时间、精力等);授予; productive:adj.能生产的;生产的,生产性的;多产的;富有成效的; generate:v.产生;引起;
from which you can extinguish the mountain of debts and which can produce all those things that humanity desperately needs, like green energy. 这样的生产活动能够尝清那座债务高山, 还可以制造出人类急需的物品, 比如绿色能源。
extinguish:vt.熄灭;压制;偿清; humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科; desperately:adv.拼命地;绝望地;不顾一切地;极度地;
Now let me give you two numbers. 现在,让我向你们展示两个数字。
Over the last three months, in the United States, in Britain and in the Eurozone , we have invested , collectively , 3.4 trillion dollars on all the wealth-producing goods -- things like industrial plants, machinery , office blocks, schools, roads, railways, machinery , and so on and so forth. 在过去的三个月里, 在美国,英国和欧元区, 我们投入了总计3.4 万亿美元 在能够创造财富的物品上-- 例如工业厂房,机械, 办公大楼,学校, 道路,铁路,机器,等等,等等。
Eurozone:n.欧元区; invested:v.投资;投入;(invest的过去分词和过去式) collectively:adv.共同地,全体地; trillion:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿; industrial:adj.工业的,产业的; n.工业股票; machinery:n.机械;机器;机构;机械装置;
$3.4 trillion sounds like a lot of money until you compare it to the $5.1 trillion that has been slushing around in the same countries, in our financial institutions , doing absolutely nothing during the same period except inflating stock exchanges and bidding up house prices. 3.4 万亿美元听起来似乎是一笔巨款 直到你拿去跟在相同国家中、 在我们的金融机构中, 闲置的5.1万亿美元比较。 在同样的时间段内,什么也没做, 除了让股票市场膨胀,让房产价格上涨。
compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较; slushing:n.搪塑成型法;抗湿(作用);抗腐蚀;v.灌泥浆于(slush的ing形式); financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的; institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数) absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; inflating:n.充气;加压;v.膨胀;充气(inflate的ing形式);adj.膨胀的;充气的; stock:n.股票; v.库存; adj.老一套的;
So a mountain of debt and a mountain of idle cash form twin peaks, failing to cancel each other out through the normal operation of the markets. 所以一座债务大山,和一座闲置现金大山, 形成了两座山峰,没能够让正常的市场运营 来使两者平衡。
The result is stagnant wages , more than a quarter of 25- to 54-year-olds in America, in Japan and in Europe out of work. 结果就是薪酬停滞, 有超过四分之一的25-54岁的 美国人、日本人、和欧洲人没有工作。
stagnant:adj.停滞的;不景气的;污浊的;迟钝的; wages:n.[劳经]工资; v.开展(运动等)(wage的第三人称单数形式);
And consequently , low aggregate demand, which in a never-ending cycle, reinforces the pessimism of the investors, who, fearing low demand, reproduce it by not investing -- exactly like Oedipus' father, who, terrified by the prophecy of the oracle that his son would grow up to kill him, unwittingly engineered the conditions that ensured that Oedipus, his son, would kill him. 随之而来地,是总需求的降低, 循环往复, 加剧投资者对前景的悲观, 投资者们惧怕着低需求量,于是就不再投资 -- 就像俄狄浦斯王的父亲, 神预言他的儿子长大之后会杀了他, 而他对此感到害怕, 于是不知不觉中创造了各种条件, 以至于后来俄狄浦斯王,他的儿子,真的杀了他。
consequently:adv.因此;结果;所以; aggregate:vi.集合; vt.集合; n.合计; adj.聚合的; never-ending:adj.不停的;无限的; reinforces:加固;加强;增援;巩固; pessimism:n.悲观,悲观情绪;厌世主义; reproduce:v.繁殖;复制;再现;生育; investing:v.投资;投入(时间、精力等);(invest的现在分词) prophecy:n.预言;预言书;预言能力; oracle:n.神谕;预言;神谕处;圣人; unwittingly:adv.不知不觉地;不知情地;不经意地; ensured:v.保证;担保;确保(ensure的过去分词和过去式)
This is my quarrel with capitalism. 这是我对于资本主义的争论。
quarrel:n.口角;争吵;拌嘴;抱怨;v.争吵;吵嘴;吵架;
Its gross wastefulness , all this idle cash, should be energized to improve lives, to develop human talents, and indeed to finance all these technologies, green technologies, which are absolutely essential for saving planet Earth. 它的挥霍无度, 所有闲置的现金, 应该用于改善人民的生活, 发展人类的才能, 和真正地去资助所有的科技, 绿色科技, 这对于保护地球来说绝对是很重要的。
gross:adj.总共的;粗野的;恶劣的;显而易见的;v.总共收入;n.总额,总数; wastefulness:n.浪费;挥霍无度; energized:v.使充满热情; (energize的过去分词和过去式) improve:v.改进;改善; essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的;
Am I right in believing that democracy might be the answer? 相信民主可能是这一切的答案的我是对的吗？
I believe so, but before we move on, what do we mean by democracy? 我相信是的, 但在我们继续之前, 我们所说的民主是什么？
Aristotle defined democracy as the constitution in which the free and the poor, being in the majority , control government. 亚里士多德将民主定义为 是一个体制,在这个体制中,政府是由占着绝大多数比例的 自由人和穷人来掌控的。
Aristotle:n.亚里士多德; defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确; constitution:n.宪法;构成;体质;组成; majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人:
Now, of course Athenian democracy excluded too many. 当然,雅典时代的民主制度把很多人排除在外。
excluded:v.排除;拒绝;把…除外;驱除;(excluded是exclude的过去分词)
Women, migrants and, of course, the slaves. 女人,移民以及,当然地,奴隶。
migrants:n.移民;移居者;候鸟(migrant的复数形式);
But it would be a mistake to dismiss the significance of ancient Athenian democracy on the basis of whom it excluded. 但是,如果仅基于有多少人被排除在外, 就去否定古老的雅典民主制度的意义的话, 这么做是错误的。
dismiss:v.不予考虑;摒弃;消除;解雇; significance:n.意义;重要性;意思; on the basis of:根据;基于…;
What was more pertinent , and continues to be so about ancient Athenian democracy, was the inclusion of the working poor, who not only acquired the right to free speech, but more importantly, crucially , they acquired the rights to political judgments that were afforded equal weight in the decision-making concerning matters of state. 雅典民主中更值得肯定的, 而且时至今日仍值得肯定的, 是它包括了贫穷的劳工们, 授予他们不仅仅言论自由, 更重要的,最重要的是, 给予他们政治批判的权利。 他们在国家事务政策的制定过程中 被赋予同等的权利。
pertinent:adj.相关的,相干的;中肯的;切题的; inclusion:n.包含;内含物; acquired:adj.习得的; v.获得; (acquire的过去分词和过去式) crucially:adv.关键地;至关重要地; judgments:判断; afforded:vt.给予,提供;买得起; decision-making:n.决策; concerning:prep.关于;涉及;v.影响,牵涉(某人);与…有关;涉及;(concern的现在分词)
Now, of course, Athenian democracy didn't last long . 现在,当然,雅典民主没有延续下去。
last long:adj.持久;持续很久;持续很长时间;持续长时间;
Like a candle that burns brightly , it burned out quickly. 就像燃烧得十分明亮的蜡烛,很快就燃烧殆尽。
brightly:明亮地 burned out:adj.烧坏的;疲倦不堪的;
And indeed, our liberal democracies today do not have their roots in ancient Athens. 确实, 我们当今的自由民主制度并不是产自于古代雅典。
liberal:adj.宽宏大度的; n.理解且尊重他人意见的人; democracies:民主;
They have their roots in the Magna Carta , in the 1688 Glorious Revolution, indeed in the American constitution. 他们产自于大宪章、 1688年的光荣革命, 还有美国宪法。
Magna Carta:n.《英格兰大宪章》(1215年英王约翰被迫签署,保障英格兰公民的政治和法律权利,常被视作现代英格兰法律的基础); Glorious:adj.光荣的;辉煌的;极好的;
Whereas Athenian democracy was focusing on the masterless citizen and empowering the working poor, our liberal democracies are founded on the Magna Carta tradition, which was, after all, a charter for masters. 雅典民主集中于无主的平民, 和赋予贫穷的劳工们权力, 我们的自由民主制度是建立在大宪章的传统上, 一个为富人所建立的宪章。
Whereas:conj.然而;鉴于;反之; masterless:adj.无主的;无内容的;无主人控制的; empowering:v.授权;给(某人)…的权力;增加(某人的)自主权;(empower的现在分词) charter:n.章程; v.包租(飞机、船等);
And indeed, liberal democracy only surfaced when it was possible to separate fully the political sphere from the economic sphere, so as to confine the democratic process fully in the political sphere, leaving the economic sphere -- the corporate world, if you want -- as a democracy-free zone. 确实,自由民主,只有在它可以完全 分割政治领域和经济领域, 从而把民主过程限定在政治领域, 使经济领域 — 商业企业,如果你想的话 -- 成为一个不受民主限制的地带的时候浮现。
sphere:n.球;领域;球体;球形;v.使成球形;包围;把…放在球内;使处于天体之间; confine:v.限制;限定;监禁;禁闭;n.范围;界限;边界;限度; corporate:adj.公司的;组成公司(或团体)的;法人的;社团的;
Now, in our democracies today, this separation of the economic from the political sphere, the moment it started happening, it gave rise to an inexorable , epic struggle between the two, 现在,在我们当今的民主, 经济领域和政治领域的分离, 当它开始发生的时候, 这种分离引发了两者间无情的、史诗般的较量,
separation:n.分离;分开;分割;隔离; inexorable:adj.无情的;不屈不挠的;不可阻挡的;无法改变的; epic:adj.史诗的,叙事诗的;n.史诗;叙事诗;史诗般的作品;
with the economic sphere colonizing the political sphere, eating into its power. 经济领域侵占统治着政治领域, 把政治领域的权力吞噬掉。
colonizing:vt.将…开拓为殖民地; vi.开拓殖民地;
Have you wondered why politicians are not what they used to be? 你们有没有想过,为什么政治人物不是他们原有的样子？
politicians:n.政治家;(蔑)政客;(美)政治贩;(politician的复数)
It's not because their DNA has degenerated . 这并不是因为他们DNA退化了。
degenerated:变性的;退化的;
(Laughter) （笑声）
It is rather because one can be in government today and not in power, because power has migrated from the political to the economic sphere, which is separate. 而是因为,今天在政府里面的人并没有权力, 因为权力已经从政治领域转移到了 分离的经济领域中。
migrated:v.(随季节变化)迁徙;移居;迁移;移动;转移;(migrate的过去分词和过去式)
Indeed, 确实,
I spoke about my quarrel with capitalism. 我说出了我对资本主义的争论。
If you think about it, it is a little bit like a population of predators , that are so successful in decimating the prey that they must feed on, that in the end they starve. 如果你们仔细想想, 这有点像一群肉食动物, 成功地大批杀害了它们赖以生存的猎物, 最终自己挨饿。
predators:n.捕食性动物;实行弱肉强食的人(或机构);掠夺者;(predator的复数) decimating:vt.十中抽一,取十分之一;大批杀害; prey:n.猎物;受害者;受骗者;v.折磨;掠夺;捕食(on,upon);损害(on,upon);
Similarly , the economic sphere has been colonizing and cannibalizing the political sphere to such an extent that it is undermining itself, causing economic crisis . 同理, 经济领域殖民统治并蚕食了政治领域, 在这样的一种状况下逐渐削弱了自己, 造成了经济危机。
Similarly:adv.同样地;类似于; cannibalizing:n.调拨;v.同型装配(cannibalize的ing形式); extent:n.程度;范围;长度; undermining:v.逐渐削弱;使逐步减少效力;从根基处破坏;(undermine的现在分词) crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的;
Corporate power is increasing, political goods are devaluing , inequality is rising, aggregate demand is falling and CEOs of corporations are too scared to invest the cash of their corporations. 企业的力量正在崛起, 而政治产出正在贬值, 不平等正在上升, 总需求正在降低, 大公司的总裁们害怕用他们公司的资金进行投资。
devaluing:vt.使贬值;降低…的价值;vi.贬值;
So the more capitalism succeeds in taking the demos out of democracy, the taller the twin peaks and the greater the waste of human resources and humanity's wealth . 资本主义越是成功地把人民群众从民主中剔除, 两座山峰就会越来越高, 人力资源和人类的财富 也就更多地被浪费掉了。
demos:n.民众;人民;游行;录音样带(demo的复数形式); human resources:n.人力资源;(公司的)人事部; wealth:n.财富;大量;富有;
Clearly, if this is right, we must reunite the political and economic spheres and better do it with a demos being in control, like in ancient Athens except without the slaves or the exclusion of women and migrants. 无疑的,如果这是正确的, 我们必须重新把政治和经济领域连结在一起, 并且让人民群众来掌控着使它变得更好。 就像是古代的雅典民主,在没有奴隶, 也不把女人和移民排除在外的前提下。
reunite:v.使重聚;使再结合;使再联合; spheres:n.[数]球体(sphere的复数); v.把…放在球体内(sphere的第三人称单数形式); exclusion:n.排除;排斥;驱逐;被排除在外的事物;
Now, this is not an original idea. 现在,这不是一个新颖的想法。
original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的;
The Marxist left had that idea 100 years ago and it didn't go very well, did it? 马克思主义左翼分子在100多年前就有这样的想法, 然而并没有做得很好,不是吗？
Marxist:n.马克思主义者;adj.马克思主义的;
The lesson that we learned from the Soviet debacle is that only by a miracle will the working poor be reempowered, as they were in ancient Athens, without creating new forms of brutality and waste. 我们从苏联解体中吸取到的教训是 只有当贫穷的劳工们被重新授权,奇迹才会发生。 就像古代雅典时代那样, 没有制造新形式的暴行和浪费。
Soviet:adj.苏维埃的;苏联的;n.苏维埃(前苏联的各级代表会议);苏联人; debacle:n.崩溃;灾害;解冻; miracle:n.奇迹,奇迹般的人或物;惊人的事例; brutality:n.无情;残忍;暴行(需用复数形式);
But there is a solution : eliminate the working poor. 但有现在有一个另外的解决方案: 消灭贫穷的劳工。
solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; eliminate:v.消除;排除;
Capitalism's doing it by replacing low-wage workers with automata , androids , robots. 资本主义正在这样做, 通过用自动装置,安卓系统,机器人来取代低薪的劳工。
automata:n.自动装置;机器人(automaton的复数); androids:n.机器人;
The problem is that as long as the economic and the political spheres are separate, automation makes the twin peaks taller, the waste loftier and the social conflicts deeper, including -- soon, I believe -- in places like China. 问题是, 只要经济和政治领域是分离的, 自动化会让两座山峰越来越高, 浪费会更加巨大, 社会矛盾会加剧, 包括 -- 很快,我相信 -- 在像中国这样的地方。
as long as:conj.只要;长达;如果;既然; automation:n.自动化;自动操作; loftier:高耸的;崇高的;傲慢的(lofty的比较级); conflicts:n.冲突; v.抵触;
So we need to reconfigure , we need to reunite the economic and the political spheres, but we'd better do it by democratizing the reunified sphere, lest we end up with a surveillance-mad hyperautocracy that makes The Matrix , the movie, look like a documentary. 因此,我们需要重新装配, 我们需要使经济和政治领域连结在一块, 但我们更应该要做的,是使那块重新团结在一起的领域民主化, 以免我们最终落入监视狂般的超级独裁政权, 让电影黑客帝国,看起来像是纪录片。
reconfigure:vt.重新配置; democratizing:民主化; reunified:vt.使重新统一;再统一,再联合; lest:conj.唯恐,以免;担心; Matrix:n.[数]矩阵;模型;[生物][地质]基质;母体;子宫;[地质]脉石;
(Laughter) （笑声）
So the question is not whether capitalism will survive the technological innovations it is spawning . 所以,问题并不是资本主义能否在 在它推动的科技创新中存活下来。
technological:adj.技术[工程](上)的;因工艺技术高度发展而引起的; innovations:n.创新(innovation的复数);改革; spawning:v.播种,产卵;大量生成(spawn的现在分词);n.产卵;增殖;
The more interesting question is whether capitalism will be succeeded by something resembling a Matrix dystopia or something much closer to a Star Trek-like society, where machines serve the humans 更有趣的问题是, 资本主义是否会被像是黑客帝国这样的反乌托邦社会取代, 或是被更类似于星际迷航的社会取代, 由机器来服务人类,
resembling:v.看起来像;显得像;像;(resemble的现在分词) dystopia:n.反面假想国;
and the humans expend their energies exploring the universe and indulging in long debates about the meaning of life in some ancient, Athenian-like, high tech agora . 人们把精力花费在探索宇宙当中, 和沉迷于冗长的有关于在某些古代,例如雅典时代的, 和高科技集市当中生命的意义。
expend:vt.花费;消耗;用光;耗尽; exploring:v.探索:考察:探查;(explore的现在分词) indulging:n.沉迷其中;v.沉迷(indulge的现在分词); debates:n.[法]辩论;讨论(debate的复数);v.[法]辩论;讨论(debate的三单形式); agora:n.市场;集会;
I think we can afford to be optimistic . 我想,我们能够乐观起来。
optimistic:adj.乐观的;乐观主义的;
But what would it take, what would it look like to have this Star Trek-like utopia , instead of the Matrix-like dystopia? 但是像星际迷航一样的乌托邦, 而不是黑客帝国那样的反乌托邦, 看起来是怎么样的呢？而创造它需要些什么呢？
utopia:n.乌托邦(理想中最美好的社会);理想国;
In practical terms, allow me to share just briefly , a couple of examples. 实际上, 请允许我简略地 分享一些例子。
practical:adj.实际的;真实的;客观存在的;n.实习课;实践课; briefly:adv.简要地;简短地;暂时地;
At the level of the enterprise, imagine a capital market, where you earn capital as you work, and where your capital follows you from one job to another, from one company to another, and the company -- 在企业层面, 试想一个资本市场, 在其中你工作赚取资本, 你的资本跟着你,从一个工作到下一个工作, 从一个公司到下一个公司, 而这个公司--
whichever one you happen to work at at that time -- is solely owned by those who happen to work in it at that moment. 你正巧在那时工作的那间公司-- 被某个正巧在那里工作的人全权拥有。
whichever:pron.任何一个;无论哪个;adj.无论哪个;无论哪些; solely:adv.单独地,唯一地;
Then all income stems from capital, from profits , and the very concept of wage labor becomes obsolete . 所有的收益流,从资本,到收益, 以及雇佣劳动的概念都会被废弃。
stems:n.花草的茎或梗; v.阻止; (stem的第三人称单数和复数) profits:n.利润; v.获益; (profit的第三人称单数和复数) obsolete:adj.废弃的;老式的;n.废词;陈腐的人;vt.淘汰;废弃;
No more separation between those who own but do not work in the company and those who work but do not own the company; no more tug-of-war between capital and labor; no great gap between investment and saving; indeed, no towering twin peaks. 消除掉不工作却拥有着公司和在公司工作 却不曾拥有这间公司之间的人的间距, 消除掉资本和劳动之间的拔河比赛; 消除掉投资和存款间的巨大缺口; 最后,两个高耸的山峰就会消失。
tug-of-war:n.拔河;激烈竞争; gap:n.差距;间隙;缺口;间隔;v.使豁裂;豁开; investment:n.投资;投入;封锁;
At the level of the global political economy , imagine for a moment that our national currencies have a free-floating exchange rate , with a universal , global, digital currency , 在全球政治经济学层面, 试想某个时刻, 我们的国家货币有一个自由浮动的兑换汇率, 伴随着一个通用的,全球的,电子的,
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; political economy:n.政治经济学; currencies:n.货币;货币流通(currency的复数); free-floating:adj.可自由活动的;独立的; exchange rate:汇率;兑换率; universal:adj.普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的; digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键; currency:n.货币;通货;
one that is issued by the International Monetary Fund , the G-20, on behalf of all humanity. 由国际货币基金组织, 二十国集团G20所发行的, 代表全人类的货币。
issued:v.宣布;公布;发出;将…诉诸法律;(issue的过去分词和过去式) Monetary:adj.货币的;财政的; Fund:n.基金;资金;存款;v.投资;资助; on behalf of:代表;为了;
And imagine further that all international trade is denominated in this currency -- let's call it "the cosmos ," 并且进一步想象一下, 所有的跨国交易都用这种货币来标价 -- 我们称它为 “宇宙币”,
denominated:vt.为…命名;把…称作…;adj.有特定名称的; cosmos:n.宇宙;和谐;秩序;大波斯菊;
in units of cosmos -- with every government agreeing to be paying into a common fund a sum of cosmos units proportional to the country's trade deficit , or indeed to a country's trade surplus . 用宇宙币为单元-- 每个政府都会同意根据他们国家的贸易逆差, 或是根据他们国家的贸易顺差, 来向一个共同基金投入成比例的宇宙币。
proportional to:与…相称,与…成比例; trade deficit:n.[经]贸易逆差; trade surplus:n.[经]贸易顺差;
And imagine that that fund is utilized to invest in green technologies, especially in parts of the world where investment funding is scarce . 试想这个基金是被用于投资绿色科技, 尤其是在世界上缺乏投资基金的地方。
utilized:adj.被利用的;v.利用(utilize的过去分词); especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; funding:n.基金;资金;提供资金;v.为…提供资金;拨款给;(fund的现在分词) scarce:adv.勉强;刚;几乎不;简直不;adj.缺乏的;不足的;稀少的;
This is not a new idea. 这不是一个新的想法。
It's what, effectively, John Maynard Keynes proposed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference . 实际上,这是约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯 在1944年的布莱顿森林会议上所提出来的。
proposed:adj.建议的;推荐的;v.提议;建议;计划;求婚;(propose的过去分词和过去式) Conference:n.会议;研讨会;商讨会;体育协会(或联合会)
The problem is that back then, they didn't have the technology to implement it. 但问题是, 在那时,他们没有科技去实现它。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
Now we do, especially in the context of a reunified political-economic sphere. 现在我们有了, 尤其是在一个重新连结的政治和经济领域的背景下。
context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉;
The world that I am describing to you is simultaneously libertarian , in that it prioritizes empowered individuals , 我向你们描述的这个世界, 同时是自由的, 因为它使被赋予权力的个体们优先化,
describing:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的现在分词) simultaneously:adv.同时地; libertarian:adj.自由的;自由论者的;持自由论的;n.自由意志主义者;行动自由论者; prioritizes:vt.把…区分优先次序;vi.把事情按优先顺序排好; empowered:v.授权;给(某人)…的权力;(empower的过去分词和过去式) individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
Marxist, since it will have confined to the dustbin of history the division between capital and labor, and Keynesian , global Keynesian. 马克思主义, 由于它将局限于历史的垃圾箱, 资本和劳动之间的分割, 还有凯恩斯主义, 全球化的凯恩斯主义。
confined:adj.狭窄的; v.限制(confine的过去式和过去分词); dustbin:n.垃圾箱;吃货; division:n.师;分配;分开;分歧; Keynesian:adj.凯恩斯理论的;符合凯恩斯理论的;n.凯恩斯主义者;
But above all else, it is a world in which we will be able to imagine an authentic democracy. 总的来说, 它是一个我们能够想象的,一个真正的民主世界。
Will such a world dawn ? 这样的世界会出现吗？
dawn:n.黎明;开端;vt.破晓;出现;被领悟;
Or shall we descend into a Matrix-like dystopia? 或者我们会沦落到变成一个黑客帝国般的反乌托邦吗？
descend:vi.下降;下去;下来;遗传;屈尊;vt.下去;沿…向下;
The answer lies in the political choice that we shall be making collectively. 答案就在我们将要共同做出的政治选择中。
It is our choice, and we'd better make it democratically . 这是我们的选择, 我们最好用民主的方法来进行选择。
democratically:adv.民主地;民主主义地;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （鼓掌）
Bruno Giussani: Yanis ... 布鲁诺·吉桑尼:亚尼斯 ...
It was you who described yourself in your bios as a libertarian Marxist. 你在自我介绍中称自己为自由派马克思主义者。
described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式)
What is the relevance of Marx's analysis today? 马克思主义与今天的演讲有怎样的相关性呢？
relevance:n.关联;适当;中肯; analysis:n.分析;分解;验定;
Yanis Varoufakis: Well, if there was any relevance in what I just said, then Marx is relevant . 亚尼斯·瓦鲁法基斯:如果与我刚刚的演讲内容相关, 马克思主义就是与此相关的。
relevant:adj.相关的;切题的;中肯的;有重大关系的;有意义的,目的明确的;
Because the whole point of reunifying the political and economic is -- if we don't do it, then technological innovation is going to create such a massive fall in aggregate demand, what Larry Summers refers to as secular stagnation . 因为重新连结政治和经济最主要的意义在于— 如果我们不这么做, 那么科技创新就会促使 总需求呈现大幅下跌, 也就是拉瑞·萨默斯所说的长期性经济停滞。
reunifying:vt.使重新统一;再统一,再联合; massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; refers:v.谈及;提到;提及;涉及;描述;(refer的第三人称单数) secular:adj.世俗的; n.修道院外的教士,(对宗教家而言的)俗人; stagnation:n.停滞;滞止;
With this crisis migrating from one part of the world, as it is now , it will destabilize not only our democracies, but even the emerging world that is not that keen on liberal democracy. 随着这个危机从世界某个区域向外扩散, 就像现在这样, 它将使得我们的民主不稳定, 甚至是那些不是特别热衷于自由民主的新兴国家。
migrating:v.迁移;迁徙;移居(migrate的现在分词); as it is now:像现在这样; destabilize:vt.使动摇; emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词) keen:adj.敏锐的,敏捷的;渴望的;强烈的;热心的;锐利的;n.痛哭,挽歌;
So if this analysis holds water, then Marx is absolutely relevant. 如果这个论述成立的话,那么马克思主义绝对是相关的。
But so is Hayek, that's why I'm a libertarian Marxist, and so is Keynes, so that's why I'm totally confused . 但同时哈耶克, 这就是为什么我是一个自由派马克思主义者, 还有凯恩斯, 这也就是为什么我自己都感到不清醒了。
confused:adj.困惑的; v.使糊涂; (confuse的过去分词和过去式)
(Laughter) （笑声）
BG: Indeed, and possibly we are too, now. BG:确实是,可能我们现在也很迷惑。
(Laughter) （笑声）
(Applause) （鼓掌）
YV: If you are not confused, you are not thinking, OK? YV: 如果你没有感到困惑,说明你没有思考,对吧？
BG: That's a very, very Greek philosopher kind of thing to say -- BG:这是非常,非常希腊哲学家一样的看法 --
philosopher:n.哲学家;深思的人;善于思考的人;
YV: That was Einstein, actually -- YV:实际上那是爱因斯坦 --
BG: During your talk you mentioned Singapore and China, and last night at the speaker dinner, you expressed a pretty strong opinion about how the West looks at China. BG:在你的演讲中,你提到了新加坡和中国, 还有在昨天晚上的演讲嘉宾晚宴上, 你对西方是如何看待中国的表达了非常强烈的观点。
expressed:v.表示;表达;显而易见;不言自明;(express的过去分词和过去式)
Would you like to share that? 你愿意分享一下吗？
YV: Well, there's a great degree of hypocrisy . YV:好吧,这有很大程度上的虚伪。
hypocrisy:n.虚伪;伪善;
In our liberal democracies, we have a semblance of democracy. 在我们的自由民主制度下,一种民主的假象。
semblance:n.外貌;假装;类似;
It's because we have confined, as I was saying in my talk, democracy to the political sphere, while leaving the one sphere where all the action is -- the economic sphere -- a completely democracy-free zone. 因为我们被限制了,正如我在演讲中所说的, 民主仅在于政治领域, 然而一切活动发生的那个领域 -- 经济领域 -- 成为了完全不民主的区域。
In a sense , if I am allowed to be provocative , 在某种意义上, 用比较前瞻的话说就是,
In a sense:在某种意义上; provocative:adj.刺激的,挑拨的;气人的;n.刺激物,挑拨物;兴奋剂;
China today is closer to Britain in the 19th century. 中国今天就像是19世纪的英国。
Because remember, we tend to associate liberalism with democracy -- that's a mistake, historically . 因为请记得, 我们想要把自由主义和民主连在一起的意图 -- 是错误的,历史上来说。
associate:v.联合:联想:交往:adj.非正式的:副的:联合的:n.伙伴:同事: liberalism:n.自由主义;开明的思想或见解; historically:adv.历史上地;从历史观点上说;
Liberalism, liberal, it's like John Stuart Mill . 自由主义,自由,就像是约翰·斯图加特·密尔。
Stuart:斯图亚特王室的; Mill:n.磨坊;工厂;磨粉机;面粉厂;v.磨成粉;
John Stuart Mill was particularly skeptical about the democratic process. 约翰·斯图加特·密尔对于民主过程持非常怀疑的观点。
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; skeptical:adj.怀疑的;怀疑论的,不可知论的;
So what you are seeing now in China is a very similar process to the one that we had in Britain during the Industrial Revolution , especially the transition from the first to the second. 所以你所看到的现代中国的发展,就是一个跟英国在工业革命时期 非常相似的发展过程, 尤其是从第一次工业革命和第二次工业革命的之间的过渡期。
Industrial Revolution:n.工业革命; transition:n.过渡;转变;变革;变迁;v.经历转变过程;过渡;
And to be castigating China for doing that which the West did in the 19th century, smacks of hypocrisy. 所以对中国在 做西方社会19世纪做过的事 而进行苛责是很虚伪的。
castigating:vt.严惩;苛评;矫正;修订; smacks:n.滋味; vt.掴; vi.用掌击; v.猛然;
BG: I am sure that many people here are wondering about your experience as the Finance Minister of Greece earlier this year. BG:我想这里的很多人都对你今年早期 出任希腊财政部长的经验感到好奇。
YV: I knew this was coming. YV:我知道这个问题会出现的。
BG: Yes. BG:是的。
BG: Six months after, how do you look back at the first half of the year? BG:在六个月之后, 你是怎样看待今年前半年的经历的？
YV: Extremely exciting, from a personal point of view , and very disappointing , because we had an opportunity to reboot the Eurozone. YV:就我个人来看,非常兴奋, 也很失望, 因为我们有机会重振欧元区。
Extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词; point of view:观点;见地;立场; disappointing:adj.令人失望的;v.使失望;使破灭;使落空(disappoint的现在分词) reboot:vt.重新启动;再发动;n.重新启动;
Not just Greece, the Eurozone. 不只是希腊,是欧洲。
To move away from the complacency and the constant denial that there was a massive -- and there is a massive architectural fault line going through the Eurozone, which is threatening, massively , the whole of the European Union process. 走出自满 和不断地否认欧洲以前已经出现了巨大的 -- 和现在正在发生的巨大的结构上的裂痕, 它横穿着欧洲, 沉重地威胁着整个欧盟进程。
complacency:n.自满;满足;自鸣得意; denial:n.否认;否定;剥夺(应有的权利);拒不承认(令人不快、痛苦的事); architectural:adj.建筑学的;建筑上的;符合建筑法的; massively:adv.大量地;沉重地;庄严地; European Union:n.欧洲联盟;
We had an opportunity on the basis of the Greek program -- which by the way , was the first program to manifest that denial -- to put it right. 我们有一个基于希腊项目的机会 -- 顺便一提, 是第一个证明那种否定的存在, 并想要解决它的项目。
by the way:顺便说一下; manifest:v.表明;显现;使人注意到;adj.明显的;显而易见的;n.旅客名单;
And, unfortunately , the powers in the Eurozone, in the Eurogroup, chose to maintain denial. 不幸的是, 因为欧元区的权势, 欧元集团的权势, 他们选择继续否认这个问题。
unfortunately:adv.不幸地; maintain:v.维持;保持;维修;保养;坚持(意见);
But you know what happens. 但是你知道这会导致什么。
This is the experience of the Soviet Union. 苏联的经验告诉过我们。
When you try to keep alive an economic system that architecturally cannot survive, through political will and through authoritarianism , you may succeed in prolonging it, but when change happens it happens very abruptly and catastrophically . 当你想要让已经无法存活的经济系统 得以继续存活, 通过政治意愿和霸权主义这样的方式, 你也许能够成功地将它延迟, 但是当转变发生的时候, 便会是突发的,而且是灾难性的。
architecturally:adv.建筑上地;关于建筑地; authoritarianism:n.独裁主义;权力主义; prolonging:v.延长;(prolong的现在分词) abruptly:adv.突然地;唐突地; catastrophically:灾难性地;
BG: What kind of change are you foreseeing ? BG:你预见到怎样的转变呢？
foreseeing:预见;
YV: Well, there's no doubt that if we don't change the architecture of the Eurozone, the Eurozone has no future. YV:嗯,无异议的是 如果我们不改变欧元区的结构, 欧元区是没有未来的。
architecture:n.建筑学;建筑风格;建筑式样;架构;
BG: Did you make any mistakes when you were Finance Minister? BG:当你在做希腊财长的时候有做过错误的决定吗？
YV: Every day. YV:每一天。
BG: For example? YV: Anybody who looks back -- BG:比如？YV:任何人回看过往的时候 --
(Applause) （鼓掌）
No, but seriously. 不,我是说真的。
If there's any Minister of Finance, or of anything else for that matter, who tells you after six months in a job, especially in such a stressful situation, that they have made no mistake, they're dangerous people. 如果任何财政部长,或是任何与此有相关的人, 告诉你在六个月的任期后, 尤其是在这样压力巨大的情况下, 他们没做错过任何事,说明他们是非常危险的。
stressful:adj.紧张的;有压力的;
Of course I made mistakes. 当然我做过很多错误的事。
The greatest mistake was to sign the application for the extension of a loan agreement in the end of February. 最错误的事, 就是在2月底, 签署了申请延长债务协议的申请书。
application:n.应用;申请;应用程序;敷用; extension:n.延长;延期;扩大;伸展;电话分机;
I was imagining that there was a genuine interest on the side of the creditors to find common ground . 当时我想象着, 债权方是真的有兴趣来 寻找一致。
genuine:adj.真实的,真正的;诚恳的; on the side of:拥护…;站在…一边;赞助; creditors:n.债权人;债主;贷方;(creditor的复数) common ground:n.共同点;
And there wasn't. 可是并没有。
They were simply interested in crushing our government, just because they did not want to have to deal with the architectural fault lines that were running through the Eurozone. 他们的兴趣仅仅是压倒我们的政府, 就因为他们不想要 去处理横贯欧元区的 巨大的裂痕。
crushing:adj.惨重的,毁坏性的;v.压碎;压坏;压伤;挤压变形;(crush的现在分词)
And because they didn't want to admit that for five years they were implementing a catastrophic program in Greece. 他们也不想承认, 在过去的五年里他们在希腊实施了灾难性的计划。
implementing:n.实施,执行;实现;v.贯彻,执行(implement的现在分词);
We lost one-third of our nominal GDP. 我们失去了三分之一名义上的GDP。
nominal:adj.名义上的;有名无实的;[会计]票面上的;n.[语]名词性词;
This is worse than the Great Depression . 这比大萧条时期更加惨烈。
Depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁;
And no one has come clean from the troika of lenders that have been imposing this policy to say, "This was a colossal mistake." 没有任何三驾马车里的债权人, 坦白承认实施这样的政策 “是一个巨大的错误。”
come clean:v.全盘招供;坦白交待; troika:n.三驾马车;三头政治; lenders:n.放款人;出借方(lender的复数); imposing:adj.壮观的; v.推行,采用; (impose的现在分词) policy:n.政策,方针;保险单;
BG: Despite all this, and despite the aggressiveness of the discussion, you seem to be remaining quite pro-European. BG:除了这些, 除了这些激进的讨论, 你似乎还是比较赞成欧洲一体化的。
Despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; aggressiveness:n.攻击性;侵犯;进取精神;
YV: Absolutely. YV:绝对是的。
Look, my criticism of the European Union and the Eurozone comes from a person who lives and breathes Europe. 我对欧盟和欧元区的批判 来自于生活在欧洲的个人经验。
criticism:n.批评;批判;评论;指责;
My greatest fear is that the Eurozone will not survive. 我最大的恐惧是欧元区无法存活下去。
Because if it doesn't, the centrifugal forces that will be unleashed will be demonic , and they will destroy the European Union. 因为如果欧元区无法存活, 那么离心力就会被释放出来, 是魔鬼般的释放, 最终将会摧毁欧盟。
centrifugal:adj.[力]离心的;远中的;n.离心机;转筒; unleashed:v.发泄;突然释放;使爆发(unleash的过去分词和过去式) demonic:adj.有魔力的,恶魔的;
And that will be catastrophic not just for Europe but for the whole global economy. 不仅对欧洲,对全球经济来说 也将会是灾难性的。
We are probably the largest economy in the world. 我们可能是世界上最大的经济体。
And if we allow ourselves to fall into a route of the postmodern 1930's, which seems to me to be what we are doing, then that will be detrimental to the future of Europeans and non-Europeans alike. 如果我们允许自己 走上后现代1930年代的老路, 虽然在我看来我们现在就在走着, 那对欧洲的未来,和非欧洲国家的未来, 都会是有害的。
route:n.路线;路途;固定线路;途径;v.按某路线发送; postmodern:adj.后现代的; detrimental to:有害的; Europeans:n.欧洲人(European的复数);
BG: We definitely hope you are wrong on that point. BG:我们真的希望在这点上你错了。
definitely:adv.清楚地,当然;明确地,肯定地;
Yanis, thank you for coming to TED. 亚尼斯,谢谢你来到TED。
YV: Thank you. YV:谢谢
(Applause) （鼓掌）