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XavierVilalta_2013G-_融入本地文化的建筑_
My work focuses on the connection of both thinking about our community life being part of the environment where architecture grows from the natural local conditions and traditions. 作为一名建筑设计师, 我在设计建筑的时候会同时考虑, 建筑与周围的自然环境,, 以及建筑与周围的人文环境, 即传统文化之间的关系.
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; architecture:n.建筑学;建筑风格;建筑式样;架构;
Today I brought two recent projects as an example of this. 今天, 我将与大家分享两个 基于这种理念的案例.
Both projects are in emerging countries, one in Ethiopia and another one in Tunisia . 这两个案例都位于新兴国家, 一个在埃塞俄比亚, 另一个在突尼斯.
emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词) Ethiopia:n.埃塞俄比亚; Tunisia:n.突尼斯(非洲国家);
And also they have in common that the different analyses from different perspectives becomes an essential part of the final piece of architecture. 这两个案例的共同点之一, 在于设计方案的最终成型过程中, 从多个不同的角度 对建筑的分析, 构成了设计方案重要的组成部分.
analyses:n.分析;解析;分解;梗概(analysis的复数形式); perspectives:n.[数]透视,远景,看法;构面;观点展示(perspective的复数形式); essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的;
The first example started with an invitation to design a multistory shopping mall in Ethiopia's capital city Addis Ababa. 第一个案例起源与我受到邀请 去为埃塞俄比亚首都亚的斯亚贝巴 设计一个新的多层购物广场.
invitation:n.邀请,引诱 shopping mall:un.商业区林荫路;
And this is the type of building we were shown as an example, to my team and myself, of what we had to design. 这就是当时我和我的团队 获得的一个样例, 我们被要求 设计成这种样子.
At first, the first thing I thought was, 我刚开始看到这个的感觉是
I want to run away. 我真不想干了.
(Laughter) (笑声)
After seeing a few of these buildings -- there are many in the city -- we realized that they have three very big points. 在观察了类似这种风格的建筑之后-- 这个城市有很多这种风格的建筑-- 我们发现了这些建筑最重要的三个问题.
First, these buildings, they are almost empty because they have very large shops where people cannot afford to buy things. 首先, 这些建筑基本上都是空的, 因为他们里面都是一些大的商铺, 当地人是买不起那些大品牌的.
afford:v.给予,提供;买得起;
Second, they need tons of energy to perform because of the skin treatment with glass that creates heat in the inside, and then you need a lot of cooling. 第二个问题, 它们需要大量的能源去调温度, 因为建筑外围铺的都是玻璃, 这种设计将热量困在建筑内部, 这导致我们需要很多制冷设备.
perform:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好); treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;
In a city where this shouldn't happen because they have really mild weather that ranges from 20 to 25 degrees the whole year. 这种情况不应该发生在这座城市, 因为这座城市的气候是相当宜人的, 全年温度稳定在20~25度左右.
mild:adj.温和的; n.(英国的一种)淡味麦芽啤酒;
And third is that their image has nothing to do with Africa and with Ethiopia. 第三个问题就是这个建筑看起来跟非洲 或者埃塞俄比亚一点关系都没有.
It is a pity in a place that has such rich culture and traditions. 对于一个文化底蕴如此丰富的城市, 这太叫人失望了.
Also during our first visit to Ethiopia, 同时, 在我第一次考察埃塞俄比亚的时候,
I was really captivated by the old merkato that is this open-air structure where thousands of people, they go and buy things every day from small vendors . 我被当地的集贸市场深深的迷住了. 每天, 成百上千的人 聚集在露天的建筑环境中, 从小商贩手里 买到各种想要的商品.
captivated:v.迷住;迷惑;(captivate的过去式); open-air:adj.露天的;户外的,野外的; structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造; vendors:n.供应商,销售商(vendor的复数);
And also it has this idea of the public space that uses the outdoors to create activity. 这跟我的想法是一致的, 就是在室外 公共场合创造各种活动的想法.
So I thought, this is what I really want to design, not a shopping mall. 于是我想, 这才是我想要设计的, 忘掉购物中心吧.
But the question was how we could do a multistory, contemporary building with these principles . 但是问题是, 我们怎么才能在这样一个 当代多层建筑中贯彻这些理念呢?
contemporary:n.同时代的人;同时期的东西;adj.当代的;同时代的;属于同一时期的; principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数)
The next challenge was when we looked at the site , that is, in a really growing area of the city, where most of these buildings that you see in the image, they were not there. 第二个挑战就是当我们开始设计的时候, 这是一座快速发展的城市, 你们在照片上看到的很多建筑物, 在我们设计的时候 根本不存在.
site:n.地点;位置;场所;v.设置;为…选址;
And it's also between two parallel streets that don't have any connection for hundreds of meters. 而且这座建筑前后靠着的两条平行街道, 在前后几百米都没有小路可以连通.
parallel:adj.平行的; v.与…相似; n.极其相似的人(或情况、事件等);
So the first thing we did was to create a connection between these two streets, putting all the entrances of the building. 于是我们首先要做的就是 利用我们这座建筑物的 所有出入口, 将这两条路连起来.
And this extends with an inclined atrium that creates an open-air space in the building that self-protects itself with its own shape from the sun and the rain. 然后我们通过一个倾斜的中庭的设计, 创造了一个开放的建筑空间, 而且这种设计能够通过自身的形状避免下面的行人 受到日晒雨淋.
extends:v.使伸长;扩大;扩展;延长;使延期;(extend的第三人称单数) inclined:adj.有…倾向; v.(使)倾向于,有…的趋势; (incline的过去分词和过去式) atrium:n.中庭,天井前厅;[解剖]心房;
And around this void we placed this idea of the market with small shops, that change in each floor because of the shape of the void. 围绕着这些空洞, 我们划分出很多的小商铺, 基于我们小集市的想法. 每层的商铺的布局都是随着空洞的形状不同而不同.
void:adj.空的;无效的;无人的;n.空虚;空间;空隙;v.使无效;排放;
I also thought, how to close the building? 我思考的另一个问题是, 建筑物的外墙如何装饰?
And I really wanted to find a solution that would respond to the local climate conditions. 而且我真的希望能够找到一种装饰设计, 能够适合当地的气候条件.
solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和;
And I started thinking about the textile like a shell made of concrete with perforations that would let the air in, and also the light, but in a filtered way. 我开始设想一种纹理结构, 用带有穿孔的水泥制成, 能够用一种受控的方式, 让外界的光线和空气能够进入建筑物中.
textile:n.纺织品;纺织业; shell:n.壳;炮弹;壳层;骨架;v.脱壳;剥壳;采集贝壳;用壳体包被;short.shewill; concrete:n.混凝土;adj.混凝土制的;确实的,具体的;vt.用混凝土覆盖 perforations:n.[医]穿孔;孔眼;器官或身体某部位的裂口(perforation的复数); filtered:v.过滤;(用程序)筛选;缓行;(filter的过去分词和过去式)
And then the inspiration came from these beautiful patterns of the Ethiopian women's dresses. 我们从埃塞俄比亚妇女美丽的传统服装的图案上得到了灵感.
Ethiopian:adj.埃塞俄比亚的;黑人的;n.埃塞俄比亚人;黑人;
That they have fractal geometry properties and this helped me to shape the whole facade . 这些图案中包含了一些几何形状的 纹理片段, 我将类似的问题铺满了整个外墙.
fractal:n.不规则碎片形; geometry:n.几何学;几何结构; facade:n.正面;表面;外观;
And we are building that with these small prefabricated pieces that are the windows that let the air and the light in a controlled way inside the building. 我们铺外墙使用的 是这些小的预制材料, 这些窗户能够让空气和光线 按照我们控制的方式进入建筑物.
prefabricated:adj.预制构件的;v.预先建造组合(prefabricate的过去分词);
And this is complemented by these small colored glasses that use the light from the inside of the building to light up the building at night. 为了实现这点, 我们使用这些小的有色玻璃, 利用建筑物内部的光源, 在夜间照亮整个建筑.
complemented:adj.有余格的;有补助物的;v.补充(complement的过去分词);补全;
With these ideas it was not easy first to convince the developers because they were like, "This is not a shopping mall. We didn't ask for that." 但是我们的这些想法一开始并没有打动建造者, 他们的反应类似于, 这根本不是商场. 这不是我们想要的.
convince:v.使确信;使相信;说服,劝说; developers:n.开发商;发展者;[摄]显影剂(developer的复数);
But then we all realized that this idea of the market happened to be a lot more profitable than the idea of the shopping mall because basically they had more shops to sell. 但是随后我们都认识到, 这种设计方案 比传统的购物商场的方案更加的能赚钱, 因为这种设计方案能够出售的店铺数量更多.
profitable:adj.有利可图的;赚钱的;有益的; basically:adv.主要地,基本上;
And also that the idea of the facade was much, much cheaper, not only because of the material compared with the glass, but also because we didn't need to have air conditioning anymore. 而且这种外墙的设计, 降低了很多很多的成本, 不仅仅是因为这种预制的材料比玻璃要便宜, 还因为我们不再需要使用那么多的空调来控制温度了.
compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词) air conditioning:n.空调系统;空气调节;
So we created some budget savings that we used to implement the project. 结果我们最终 还节约了一部分预算.
budget:n.预算,预算费;v.安排,预定;把…编入预算;adj.廉价的; savings:n.节省物;节省;节约;储蓄金;存款;(saving的复数) implement:v.实施;执行;贯彻;使生效;n.工具;
And the first implementation was to think about how we could make the building self-sufficient in terms of energy in a city that has electricity cuts almost every day. 构造阶段的第一个问题就是思考 如何保证大厦能够在电力上自给自足, 因为所在的城市几乎每天都要拉闸限电.
implementation:n.[计]实现;履行;安装启用; self-sufficient:adj.自给自足的;极为自负的;过于自信的; electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪;
So we created a huge asset by placing photovoltaics there on the roof. 于是我们在屋顶铺上了很多的太阳能电池板.
asset:n.资产;优点;有用的东西;有利条件;财产;有价值的人或物; photovoltaics:光伏;太阳光电;光生伏打
And then under those panels we thought about the roof like a new public space with gathering areas and bars that would create this urban oasis . 接着我们想, 能不能在屋顶, 在这些太阳能电池板下面, 放置一些桌椅用来休息, 让这里成为城市中的绿洲, 供人们小憩.
panels:n.面板(panel的复数); v.嵌镶(panel的第三人称单数形式); urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的; oasis:n.绿洲;舒适的地方;令人宽慰的事物;
And these porches on the roof, all together they collect the water to reuse for sanitation on the inside. 屋顶上的这些游廊, 被集中利用来收集雨水, 用于建筑内部的清洁.
porches:n.门廊(porch复数形式); sanitation:n.[医]环境卫生;卫生设备;下水道设施;
Hopefully by the beginning of next year, because we are already on the fifth floor of the construction . 我们现在已经盖到第五层, 预计在明年初的时候完工.
construction:n.建设;建筑物;解释;造句;
The second example is a master plan of 2,000 apartments and facilities in the city of Tunis. 第二个案例是为突尼斯城规划一个 超过2000套个公寓及附属设施的建筑.
master plan:n.总体规划;总计划; facilities:n.设施;设备;特别装置;特色;场所;(facility的复数)
And for doing such a big project, the biggest project I've ever designed, 做这么大规模的项目, 这是我做过的最大的项目,
I really needed to understand the city of Tunis, but also its surroundings and the tradition and culture. 我不仅需要非常深刻的理解突尼斯这个城市, 还需要理解与她相关的种种传统以及文化.
surroundings:n.周围的环境;环境;(surrounding的复数)
During that analysis I paid special attention to the medina that is this 1,000-year-old structure that used to be closed by a wall, opened by twelve different gates, connected by almost straight lines. 在分析的过程中我的注意力被一个阿拉伯人聚居区吸引, 这是一个有着一千多年历史的结构, 砖墙结构, 有12个门, 相互之间通过几乎是直线的道路相连.
analysis:n.分析;分解;验定; medina:n.麦地那;
When I went to the site, the first design operation we did was to extend the existing streets, creating 12 initial blocks similar in size and characteristics to the ones we have in Barcelona and other cities in Europe with these courtyards . 当我开始在图纸上规划, 我们做的第一件事情 就是延长周边的街道, 将大区块分割12个基本的小区块 在大小和特征上都类似于我们在巴塞罗那 和其它欧洲城市常见的街区规划.
initial:adj.最初的; n.(名字的)首字母; v.用姓名的首字母作标记(或签名)于; characteristics:n.特征;特点;品质;(characteristic的复数) Barcelona:n.巴塞罗纳(西班牙); courtyards:n.庭院,院子;天井;
On top of that, we selected some strategic points reminded of this idea of the gates and connecting them by straight lines, and this modified this initial pattern. 在这些街区规划的基础上, 借鉴刚才提到的想法, 我们选择了一些关键点, 将这些关键点通过直线 连接起来, 改变了一开始的模式.
strategic:adj.战略上的,战略的; reminded:v.提醒;使想起;(remind的过去分词和过去式) modified:adj.改进的,修改的;改良的;v.修改;缓和;(modify的过去分词);
And the last operation was to think about the cell, the small cell of the project, like the apartment, as an essential part of the master plan. 最后一步是考虑具体的区块内建筑的设计, 这些类似公寓的小隔间, 是构成这个巨大规划的基本组成部分.
And for that I thought, what would be the best orientation in the Mediterranean climate for an apartment? 这个时候我在想, 对于一个位于地中海气候的公寓, 什么样的朝向是最好的?
orientation:n.方向;定向;适应;情况介绍;向东方; Mediterranean:n.地中海;adj.地中海的;
And it's north-south , because it creates a thermal difference between both sides of the house and then a natural ventilation . 答案是南北朝向, 可以利用房子南北两侧的温度差异, 创造了一个自然的穿堂风效果.
north-south:adj.纵贯的;n.北-南; thermal:adj.热的;热量的;保热的;n.上升的热气流; ventilation:n.通风设备;空气流通;
So we overlap a pattern that makes sure that most of the apartments are perfectly oriented in that direction. 于是我们实现了这种模式,让所有的公寓 都拥有完美的朝向.
overlap:n.重叠;重复;v.部分重叠;与…同时发生; oriented:adj.导向的; v.调整;
And this is the result that is almost like a combination of the European block and the Arab city. 这是我们设计的效果, 像是一种结合, 阿拉伯城市风格与欧洲住宅风格的结合.
combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合;
It has these blocks with courtyards, and then on the ground floor you have all these connections for the pedestrians . 有些建筑区块是带有走庭院的, 而周围地面上的 人行道能够完整的连接起来.
ground floor:n.底层; pedestrians:n.行人(pedestrian的复数);
And also it responds to the local regulations that establish a higher density on the upper levels and a lower density on the ground floor. 同时她也满足的当地管理部门的需求, 上层建筑中的人口密度高, 地面人口密度不高.
responds:v.(口头或书面)回答,回应;作出反应;响应;(respond的第三人称单数) regulations:n.章程;规则;法规;管理,控制;(regulation的复数) establish:v.创立;设立;建立;确立;使立足;查实; density:n.密度; upper:adj.上面的;内陆的;n.靴面;兴奋剂;
And it also reinforces this idea of the gates. 同时她也满足了我们对出入口之间连通性要求.
reinforces:加固;加强;增援;巩固;
The volume has this connecting shape that shades itself with three different types of apartments and also lets the light go on the ground floor in a very dense neighborhood 这个建筑群的相互连接的形状, 通过三个不同类型的公寓建筑, 起到遮阳的作用. 同时, 让阳光能够透过密集的建筑穿透到地表.
volume:n.体积;容积;音量;响度;一册;合订本 shades:n.阴凉处; v.给…遮挡(光线); (shade的第三人称单数和复数) dense:adj.稠密的;浓厚的;愚钝的; neighborhood:n.附近;地区;街坊;adj.附近的;
And in the courtyards there are the different facilities, such as a gym and a kindergarten and close by, a series of commercial [spaces] that bring activity to the ground floor. 在这些中庭之间, 包含了许多不同的设施, 像是健身馆, 幼儿园等, 以及一系列商业设备, 让公共区域充满活力.
kindergarten:n.幼儿园; series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; commercial:adj.贸易的;商业的;赢利的;以获利为目的的;n.(电台或电视播放的)广告;
The roof, which is my favorite space of the project is almost like giving back to the community the space taken by the construction. 屋顶是这个项目中我最得意的部分, 这就像是将被这些建筑物占用的空间重新还给了社区.
And it's where all the neighbors, they can go up and socialize , and do activities such as having a two-kilometer run in the morning, jumping from one building to another. 社区的人们可以爬上屋顶, 相互打打招呼聊聊天, 或者做一些运动, 像是在早晨的时候在屋顶上 跑个两公里, 或是在建筑之间来回跳跃.
socialize:v.使社会化;使社会主义化;交际;参与社交;
These two examples, they have a common approach in the design process . 这两个案例 有一些共同点, 在设计过程中采用了同样的方法.
approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
And also, they are in emerging countries where you can see the cities literally growing. 同样, 他们都位于新兴城市, 你能直观的看到 建筑物一个个拔地而起.
literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地:
In these cities, the impact of architecture in people's lives of today and tomorrow changes the local communities and economies at the same speed as the buildings grow. 在这些城市, 建筑对于人们的影响, 无论当下还是未来 对当地社区及经济的影响, 跟建筑物建造的速度一样快.
impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) economies:n.经济;经济结构;节约;(economy的复数)
For this reason, I see even more importance to look at architecture finding simple but affordable solutions that enhance the relationship between the community and the environment and that aim to connect nature and people. 出于这个原因, 我觉得对于建筑设计而言, 这个权衡越来越重要, 即, 寻找简单并且足够便宜的方案, 能够增强和促进当地的人们与城市环境的关系, 并且能够让人很好的接近自然.
affordable:adj.负担得起的; enhance:v.提高;增强;增进;
Thank you very much. 非常感谢.
(Applause) (掌声)