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WendyChung_2014-_自闭症──所知的（和未知的）_
Why? 为什么？（Wendy Chung 温蒂.张）
Why? is a question that parents ask me all the time. 父母们总是问我这个问题。（Wendy Chung 温蒂.张）
Why did my child develop autism ? “为什么我的孩子会有自闭症？”（2014年3月 温哥华卑诗省）
autism:n.[心理][内科]孤独症;自我中心主义;
As a pediatrician , as a geneticist , as a researcher, we try and address that question. 作为一名儿科医生、遗传学家、研究员, 我们想要找到这个问题的答案。
pediatrician:n.儿科医师(等于pediatrist); geneticist:n.遗传学者;
But autism is not a single condition. 自闭症的病状体现不是单一的,
It's actually a spectrum of disorders , a spectrum that ranges, for instance , from Justin, a 13-year-old boy who's not verbal , who can't speak, who communicates by using an iPad to touch pictures to communicate his thoughts and his concerns , a little boy who, when he gets upset , will start rocking, and eventually , when he's disturbed enough, will bang his head to the point that he can actually cut it open and require stitches . (自闭症谱系）它可以是一系列的病状。 自闭症的表现多样,举个例子: 13岁少年:Justin, 他不太会表达、不能讲话, 他通过iPad和人沟通, 他用碰触图片来表达他的想法和意见。 当这个男孩子不高兴时, 他会开始前后摇摆, 如果他受到更大的刺激, 他会开始用头撞东西, 甚至头破血流,严重到需要缝针。
spectrum:n.光谱;频谱;范围;余象; disorders:n.无秩序,混乱; v.[电子]扰乱(disorder的单三形式); instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; verbal:adj.口头的;言语的;动词的;照字面的;n.动词的非谓语形式; concerns:n.关注; v.使关心(concern的三单形式); upset:adj.沮丧; v.打乱; n.苦恼; (意外的)混乱; eventually:adv.最后,终于; disturbed:adj.不安的; v.干扰; (disturb的过去分词和过去式) bang:n.猛敲; v.猛敲; v.正好; stitches:n.(缝纫的)一针; v.缝; (stitch的第三人称单数和复数)
That same diagnosis of autism, though, also applies to Gabriel, another 13-year-old boy who has quite a different set of challenges. 同样的,Gabriel也被判定为自闭症患者。 他也是13岁, 不过他的问题和Justin截然不同。
diagnosis:n.诊断; applies:v.适用;申请;运用;专心;(apply的第三人称单数)
He's actually quite remarkably gifted in mathematics . 他是一位数学神童,
remarkably:adv.非常;极为;格外;出乎意料地 gifted:adj.有天赋的;有才华的; mathematics:n.数学;数学运算;
He can multiple three numbers by three numbers in his head with ease, yet when it comes to trying to have a conversation, he has great difficulty. 他可以轻而易举地心算三位数的乘法 不过,当他与人聊天时, 他就一团糟了。
multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数;
He doesn't make eye contact . 他不会和人有目光接触,
contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系;
He has difficulty starting a conversation, feels awkward , and when he gets nervous, he actually shuts down. 他很难开启话匣子, 感觉不自在, 当他紧张时, 他就开始封闭自己了。
awkward:adj.尴尬的;笨拙的;棘手的;不合适的;
Yet both of these boys have the same diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. 不过这两个男孩子都被诊断为自闭症谱系障碍。
One of the things that concerns us is whether or not there really is an epidemic of autism. 我们非常担心的是: 自闭症到底是不是一种流行病？
whether or not:是否…; epidemic:n.流行病;蔓延;adj.传染病;流行性的;
These days, one in 88 children will be diagnosed with autism, and the question is, why does this graph look this way? 现今,每88个儿童里就会有一个被诊断有自闭症。 我们想知道的是:为什么我们的图表有这样的趋势？
diagnosed:v.诊断(疾病);判断(问题的原因);(diagnose的过去分词和过去式)
Has that number been increasing dramatically over time? 是因为得了自闭症的孩子在近年急剧增长？
dramatically:adv.戏剧地;引人注目地;adv.显著地,剧烈地;
Or is it because we have now started labeling individuals with autism, simply giving them a diagnosis when they were still present there before yet simply didn't have that label? (自闭症实际上没有图表所显示的巨大增加）还是因为我们的诊断方式包括了更多人？ (红线:残障教育法案）我们现在把一种症状归类为自闭症, 不过之前却没有把这种症状视为自闭症。
labeling:n.标签;标记;[计]标号;v.贴标签;分类;(label的现在分词) individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
And in fact, in the late 1980s, the early 1990s, legislation was passed that actually provided individuals with autism with resources , with access to educational materials that would help them. 在80年代末,90年代初期, 立法通过让患有自闭症的人群 从中得益。
legislation:n.立法;法律; provided:conj.假如; v.提供; (provide的过去分词和过去式) resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); educational:adj.教育的;有关教育的;有教育意义的
With that increased awareness , more parents, more pediatricians , more educators learned to recognize the features of autism. 社会对自闭症更多的重视,让父母、 儿科医师、教学人员 熟悉如何识别自闭症的特征。
awareness:n.意识,认识;明白,知道; pediatricians:n.儿科医师;[儿科]儿科医生(pediatrician的复数); recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;
As a result of that, more individuals were diagnosed and got access to the resources they needed. 因此,更多的人被诊断有自闭症 并得到他们所需要的幫助。
As a result:结果;
In addition , we've changed our definition over time, so in fact we've widened the definition of autism, and that accounts for some of the increased prevalence that we see. 另外,我们对自闭症的定义也随着时间改变, 事实上,我们拓宽了对自闭症的定义, 主要是因为我们看到某种病状日趋增加。
addition:n.添加;[数]加法;增加物; definition:n.定义;清晰度;(尤指词典里的词或短语的)释义;解释; widened:v.变宽;加宽;拓宽;扩展;(widen的过去分词和过去式) prevalence:n.流行;普遍;广泛;
The next question everyone wonders is, what caused autism? 那么下一个人人都关注的问题就是: 什么导致自闭症？
And a common misconception is that vaccines cause autism. 以及最大的误区: 疫苗会造成自闭症。
misconception:n.误解;错觉;错误想法; vaccines:n.[药][计]疫苗;
But let me be very clear: 让我清楚地告诉各位:
Vaccines do not cause autism. 疫苗不会造成自闭症。
(Applause) （鼓掌）
In fact, the original research study that suggested that was the case was completely fraudulent . 事实上,最初声称疫苗造成自闭症的报告 完全是假的。
original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的; fraudulent:adj.欺骗性的;不正的;
It was actually retracted from the journal Lancet , in which it was published, and that author, a physician , had his medical license taken away from him. 这个报告被其发表的科刊《Lancet》收回 它的作者被吊销了他的行医执照。
retracted:adj.可伸缩的; journal:n.杂志;日记;日志;(用于报纸名)…报; Lancet:n.[外科]小刀,柳叶刀;尖顶窗;小枪; physician:n.[医]医师;内科医师; license:v.许可;批准;
(Applause) （鼓掌）
The Institute of Medicine, 美国医学研究院、
Institute:v.开始(调查);制定;创立;提起(诉讼);n.学会,协会;学院;
The Centers for Disease Control, have repeatedly investigated this and there is no credible evidence that vaccines cause autism. 疾病控制中心 已经做过重复的调查, 都没有发现任何可靠的证据表明 疫苗会造成自闭症。
Disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; repeatedly:adv.反复地;再三地;屡次地; investigated:v.侦查;调查;研究;(investigate的过去分词和过去式) credible:adj.可靠的,可信的; evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明;
Furthermore , one of the ingredients in vaccines, something called thimerosal, was thought to be what the cause of autism was. （疫苗不会导致自闭症）此外, 疫苗的成份之一: 硫柳汞 曾被认为会造成自闭症,
Furthermore:adv.此外;而且; ingredients:n.成分;(尤指烹饪)原料;(成功的)要素;(ingredient的复数)
That was actually removed from vaccines in the year 1992, and you can see that it really did not have an effect in what happened with the prevalence of autism. 但在1992年已经从疫苗中移除。 你可以发现,它和自闭症之后的发展 没有任何关联。
So again, there is no evidence that this is the answer. 因此,没有任何证据表明疫苗和自闭症有个。
So the question remains, what does cause autism? 所以问题来了:是什么造成自闭症？
In fact, there's probably not one single answer.
Just as autism is a spectrum, there's a spectrum of etiologies, a spectrum of causes. 自闭症包括一系列的病情 它的病原也不是单一的。
Based on epidemiological data, we know that one of the causes, or one of the associations , I should say, is advanced paternal age, that is, increasing age of the father at the time of conception. 流行病学的数据显示（什么造成自闭症） 我们知道其中一个原因 或者应该说关联 和父亲的高龄有关。 就是说,在孩子受精时, 父亲的年龄越高,越会出现自闭症。
epidemiological:adj.流行病学的; associations:n.协会,[遗]关联(association复数);关联分析,协会组织; advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) paternal:adj.父亲的;得自父亲的;父亲般的;
In addition, another vulnerable and critical period in terms of development is when the mother is pregnant . 另外一个易受伤害 而格外重要的时间段: 母亲怀孕期间。
vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的; critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; pregnant:adj.怀孕的;富有意义的;
During that period, while the fetal brain is developing, we know that exposure to certain agents can actually increase the risk of autism. 在这段时期,婴儿的大脑不断发育。 我们知道此时如受外界影响, 孩子将会更容易患上自闭症。
fetal:adj.胎的,胎儿的; exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临; agents:n.代理人,经纪人;原动力;(agent的复数)
In particular , there's a medication , valproic acid, which mothers with epilepsy sometimes take, we know can increase that risk of autism. 特别是一种叫做丙戊酸的药物, 患有癫痫的孕妇有时会服用的, 我们知道这个药物会增加患上自闭症的机率。
In particular:尤其,特别; medication:n.药;药物; valproic:丙戊酸; epilepsy:n.[内科]癫痫,癫痫症;
In addition, there can be some infectious agents that can also cause autism. 另外,还有一些传染病的导因, 也会造成自闭症。
infectious:adj.传染的;传染性的;易传染的;
And one of the things I'm going to spend a lot of time focusing on are the genes that can cause autism. 我会用很多时间跟大家讲一讲 基因如何造成自闭症。
genes:n.基因;(gene的复数)
I'm focusing on this not because genes are the only cause of autism, but it's a cause of autism that we can readily define and be able to better understand the biology and understand better how the brain works so that we can come up with strategies to be able to intervene . 我的意思不是只有基因 会造成自闭症。 但是这个病因是我们可以完全界定的。 我们可以更好的从生物学 从大脑运作的方式明白病因。 因此我们可以找到方法 得以应对。
readily:adv.容易地;乐意地;无困难地; define:v.定义;使明确;规定; biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学; come up with:提出;想出;赶上; strategies:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;(strategy的复数) intervene:vi.干涉;调停;插入;
One of the genetic factors that we don't understand, however, is the difference that we see in terms of males and females. （性别之谜）一个我们还不理解的遗传因素 是男女之间的区别。
factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商;
Males are affected four to one compared to females with autism, and we really don't understand what that cause is. 男性和女性患有自闭症的比例是4:1 我们不知道是什么原因。
compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
One of the ways that we can understand that genetics is a factor is by looking at something called the concordance rate. 我们可以确认自闭症 和遗传有关的一个方式是 统计“和合率”
genetics:n.遗传学; concordance:n.调和,一致;用语索引;著作或作家全集的重要用字索引;
In other words, if one sibling has autism, what's the probability that another sibling in that family will have autism? 换句话说:如果有兄弟姊妹得了自闭症, 家中其他成员患上自闭症的可能是多少?
sibling:n.兄弟姊妹;民族成员; probability:n.可能性;机率;[数]或然率;
And we can look in particular at three types of siblings : identical twins, twins that actually share 100 percent of their genetic information and shared the same intrauterine environment, versus fraternal twins, twins that actually share 50 percent of their genetic information, versus regular siblings, brother-sister, sister-sister, 我们会看三种弟兄姊妹的情况: 同卵双胞胎, 双胞胎有100%一样的遗传信息。 并有一样的子宫环境。 对比异卵双胞胎 异卵双胞胎有50%一样的遗传信息。 再对比一般的弟兄姊妹:
siblings:n.兄;弟;姐;妹;(sibling的复数) identical:adj.同一的;完全相同的;n.完全相同的事物; intrauterine:adj.子宫内的; versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗; fraternal:adj.兄弟般的;友好的;
also sharing 50 percent of their genetic information, yet not sharing the same intrauterine environment. 有50%的遗传信息, 但是没有一样的子宫环境。
And when you look at those concordance ratios , one of the striking things that you will see is that in identical twins, that concordance rate is 77 percent. 当我们看“和合率“时, 我们惊奇地发现,在同卵双胞胎的情况下 如果其中一个患有自闭症,另外一个得自闭症的概率是77%。
ratios:n.比率(ratio的复数); v.以比率表示;
Remarkably, though, it's not 100 percent. 要留意的是,这不是100%。
It is not that genes account for all of the risk for autism, but yet they account for a lot of that risk, because when you look at fraternal twins, that concordance rate is only 31 percent. 遗传不是唯一造成自闭症的因素。 但是我们知道它占了很大的比例。 如果我们看异卵双胞胎, 相对的比例只有31%。
account for:对…负有责任;对…做出解释;说明…的原因;导致;(比例)占;
On the other hand , there is a difference between those fraternal twins and the siblings, suggesting that there are common exposures for those fraternal twins that may not be shared as commonly with siblings alone. 另外一方面,异卵双胞胎和兄弟姊妹也有不同
On the other hand:另一方面; exposures:暴露;[摄]曝光;揭露;陈列(exposure的复数);
So this provides some of the data that autism is genetic. 所以这些研究给让我们可以推论 自闭症是和遗传有关的。
Well, how genetic is it? 那么它和遗传的关系有多大呢？
When we compare it to other conditions that we're familiar with, things like cancer , heart disease, diabetes , in fact, genetics plays a much larger role in autism than it does in any of these other conditions. 当我们那其他熟悉的病情做比较时, 比如肿瘤、心脏病、糖尿病, 基因对自闭症的引导作用 超过这些其他的疾病。
familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友; cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤; diabetes:n.糖尿病;多尿症;
But with this, that doesn't tell us what the genes are. 即便如此,我们不知道是哪些特别的基因。
It doesn't even tell us in any one child, is it one gene or potentially a combination of genes? 我们甚至不知道是孩子的一个基因, 还是一组基因造成自闭症。
potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地; combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合;
And so in fact, in some individuals with autism, it is genetic! 所以,某些患有自闭症的人 来自遗传！！！
That is, that it is one single, powerful, deterministic gene that causes the autism. 就是一个很强大、很顽固的基因 造成的自闭症。
deterministic:adj.确定性的;命运注定论的;
However, in other individuals, it's genetic, that is, that it's actually a combination of genes in part with the developmental process that ultimately determines that risk for autism. 不过,对于其他的人, 自闭症来自遗传。 它可以是一组基因、 在婴儿发育过程中, 多种因素最终造成自闭症的风险。
developmental:adj.发展的;启发的; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究; determines:v.查明;测定;准确算出;决定;裁决;安排;(determine的第三人称单数)
We don't know in any one person, necessarily , which of those two answers it is until we start digging deeper. 我们不能确定某个患有自闭症的人 是属于以上哪一种情况, 直到我们更深入的了解研究。
necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地;
So the question becomes, how can we start to identify what exactly those genes are. 所以我们的问题成了: 我们如何识别造成自闭症的基因？
identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现:
And let me pose something that might not be intuitive . 让我提出一个不是那么明显的说法:
pose:v.引起; n.装腔作势; (为画像、拍照等摆的)姿势; intuitive:adj.直觉的;凭直觉获知的;
In certain individuals, they can have autism for a reason that is genetic but yet not because of autism running in the family. 对于某些人来说, 他们可以因为遗传而患上自闭症, 但他们没有任何自闭症的家族史。
And the reason is because in certain individuals, they can actually have genetic changes or mutations that are not passed down from the mother or from the father, but actually start brand new in them, mutations that are present in the egg or the sperm at the time of conception but have not been passed down generation through generation within the family. 为什么呢？因为某些人的基因 出现改变或者突变, 这些突变不是从父母那里遗传过来的, 却是从孩子本身开始的: 卵子或精子所发生的突变, 这不是在家族中一代一代传下来。
mutations:n.[遗]突变;变化;转变(mutation的复数形式); brand new:adj.崭新的;最近获得的; sperm:n.精子;精液;鲸蜡油;
And we can actually use that strategy to now understand and to identify those genes causing autism in those individuals. 我们就可以用这发现 去解读和识别 哪些基因造成这些人患上自闭症。
strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;
So in fact, at the Simons Foundation , we took 2,600 individuals that had no family history of autism, and we took that child and their mother and father and used them to try and understand what were those genes causing autism in those cases? 所以,在Simons基金会, 我们找到2600位 没有自闭症家族史的实验对象。 我们找到孩子和他们父母的基因, 用这些基因尝试明白哪些基因 造成自闭症。
Foundation:n.基础;地基;基金会;根据;创立;
To do that, we actually had to comprehensively be able to look at all that genetic information and determine what those differences were between the mother, the father and the child. 要达到这个目标,我们要全面地 了解他们的整个基因信息, 看看孩子和父母的基因在什么地方出现偏差。
comprehensively:adv.包括地;包括一切地;
In doing so, I apologize, 先抱歉一下,要这样做呢,我用的方法比较老套。
I'm going to use an outdated analogy of encyclopedias rather than Wikipedia , but I'm going to do so to try and help make the point that as we did this inventory , we needed to be able to look at massive amounts of information. 我会用百科全书的比喻,不是维基百科。 我会尝试用这个表达我的意思, 当我们开始做他们的基因记录时, 我们需要处理巨量的信息。
outdated:adj.过时的;旧式的;v.使过时(outdate的过去式和过去分词); analogy:n.类比;类推;类似; encyclopedias:n.百科全书(encyclopaedia的复数); Wikipedia:维基百科; inventory:n.存货,存货清单;详细目录;财产清册; massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的;
Our genetic information is organized into a set of 46 volumes , and when we did that, we had to be able to account for each of those 46 volumes , because in some cases with autism, there's actually a single volume that's missing. 我们的基因信息被整理成46卷书, 当我们整理时,我们需要知道每一卷书的具体位置, 因为有些情况下, 可能丢失一卷书造成自闭症。
organized:adj.有组织的; v.组织; (organize的过去分词和过去式) volumes:n.卷;体积;容积;大量;(volumes是volume的复数)
We had to get more granular than that, though, and so we had to start opening those books, and in some cases, the genetic change was more subtle . 当然我们需要更细致一些, 所以我们需要打开这些书, 在一些情况下,基因的改变是微妙的。
granular:adj.颗粒的;粒状的; subtle:adj.微妙的;精细的;敏感的;狡猾的;稀薄的;
It might have been a single paragraph that was missing, or yet, even more subtle than that, a single letter, one out of three billion letters that was changed, that was altered , yet had profound effects in terms of how the brain functions and affects behavior. 可能是某页的一段话不见了, 甚至更细微, 一个字母！ 30亿个字母中的一个改变了, 造成对大脑、对行为的深远影响。
altered:adj.改变了的:v.(使)改变,更改,改动:(alter的过去分词和过去式) profound:adj.深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的;
In doing this within these families, we were able to account for approximately 25 percent of the individuals and determine that there was a single powerful genetic factor that caused autism within those families. （Simons 单一取样发现25%自闭症是由全新的变异造成的） 我们发现大约有 25%的患者是因为单一的,重要的 基因因素而造成他们的自闭症。
approximately:adv.大约,近似地;近于;
On the other hand, there's 75 percent that we still haven't figured out. 另外一方面,我们还不知道其他75%是什么具体情况。
As we did this, though, it was really quite humbling , because we realized that there was not simply one gene for autism. 整个研究过程, 真的叫我们谦卑自抑, 我们明白并非是一个基因导致自闭症。
humbling:adj.令人羞辱的;v.羞辱(humble的ing形式);使…谦恭;使…卑贱;
In fact, the current estimates are that there are 200 to 400 different genes that can cause autism. 事实上,我们现在的推测表明: 至少有200-400个基因会造成自闭症。
estimates:n.估计;估价;估计的成本;v.估价;估算(estimate的第三人称单数和复数)
And that explains, in part, why we see such a broad spectrum in terms of its effects. 这样间接解释了为什么 自闭症可以有一系列的病状。
Although there are that many genes, there is some method to the madness. 虽然有很多的基因, 其实还是有迹可循的。
It's not simply random 200, 400 different genes, but in fact they fit together. 这200-400个基因并非胡乱孤立的。 它们是互相关联的。
random:adj.[数]随机的;任意的;胡乱的;n.随意;adv.胡乱地;
They fit together in a pathway . 它们是一条道上的,
pathway:n.路,道;途径,路径;
They fit together in a network that's starting to make sense now in terms of how the brain functions. 它们有组织, 让我们明白原因, 找到大脑是如何运作的。
make sense:有意义;讲得通;言之有理;
We're starting to have a bottom-up approach where we're identifying those genes, those proteins , those molecules , understanding how they interact together to make that neuron work, understanding how those neurons interact together to make circuits work, and understand how those circuits work to now control behavior, 我们开始追根寻源,识别这些基因, 这些蛋白质、这些分子, 了解它们如何互动, 让神经元正常运作, 然后瞭解神经元如何合作, 影响某些大脑连接, 而大脑的神经连接是如何被影响 人的行为举止:
bottom-up:adj.[计]自底向上的;从细节到总体的; approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理; identifying:n.识别,标识;标识关系;v.识别;(identify的现在分词) proteins:n.[生化]蛋白质(protein复数); molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数); interact:v.互相影响;互相作用;n.幕间剧;幕间休息; neuron:n.[解剖]神经元,神经单位; circuits:n.环行路线;电路;线路;巡回赛;v.巡回;周游;(circuit的第三人称单数和复数)
and understand that both in individuals with autism as well as individuals who have normal cognition . 患有自闭症的人是什么样的, 有正常的认知的人是什么样的。
as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且; cognition:n.认识;知识;认识能力;
But early diagnosis is a key for us. 前期诊断对我们来说至关重要,
Being able to make that diagnosis of someone who's susceptible at a time in a window where we have the ability to transform , to be able to impact that growing, developing brain is critical. 如果可以提早诊断有患上自闭症风险的人, 我们就有时间幫助他们改变, 能够改变他们正在发育的大脑起着决定性作用。
susceptible:adj.易受影响的;易感动的;容许…的;n.易得病的人; transform:v.使改变;使改观;使转换;n.[数]变换式;[化]反式; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
And so folks like Ami Klin have developed methods to be able to take infants , small babies, and be able to use biomarkers , in this case eye contact and eye tracking , to identify an infant at risk. 像Ami Klin这样的研究员开发出一些方法 用在婴儿和幼童上, 通过生物标志, 比如这个是用了目光接触和眼球追踪, 看看婴儿是否有患有自闭症的风险。
infants:n.婴儿(infant的复数);婴幼儿; biomarkers:n.生物标记;生物指标(biomarker的复数); tracking:n.追踪,跟踪;v.跟踪;(track的现在分词)
This particular infant, you can see, making very good eye contact with this woman as she's singing Itsy, Bitsy Spider , in fact is not going to develop autism. 你看到的这个婴儿 和这位女士有很好的目光接触 她在唱儿歌:小小蜘蛛 这个婴儿不会患上自闭症。
Bitsy:adj.极小的;微小的; Spider:n.蜘蛛;
This baby we know is going to be in the clear. 这个婴儿我们知道是没问题的。
On the other hand, this other baby is going to go on to develop autism. 不过,另外的这个孩子, 将会患上自闭症。
In this particular child, you can see, it's not making good eye contact. 你可以发现这个孩子 不能保持很好的目光接触,
Instead of the eyes focusing in and having that social connection, looking at the mouth, looking at the nose, looking off in another direction, but not again socially connecting, and being able to do this on a very large scale , screen infants, screen children for autism, through something very robust , very reliable , 婴儿没有注视,没有在女士的眼神上进行交流, 而是看看嘴巴,看看鼻子 看别的方向, 不能保持社交交流。 通过这样的方法, 我们能够檢查大批的婴儿,檢定他们自闭症的风险, 这些方法很有效也很可靠。
scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; robust:adj.强健的;健康的;粗野的;粗鲁的; reliable:adj.可信赖的;可依靠的;真实可信的;可靠的;
is going to be very helpful to us in terms of being able to intervene at an early stage when we can have the greatest impact. 在自闭症刚开始的时期介入, 这个阶段是最容易看到成效的。
How are we going to intervene? 我们如何介入呢？
It's probably going to be a combination of factors. 这应该会是综合不同方式的。
In part, in some individuals, we're going to try and use medications . 对于一些人, 我们会使用药物,
medications:n.药;药物;(medication的复数)
And so in fact, identifying the genes for autism is important for us to identify drug targets, to identify things that we might be able to impact and can be certain that that's really what we need to do in autism. 所以找到影响自闭症的基因是至关重要的, 这能找到药物的目标。 识别出那些我们可能影响的, 这就是我们针对自闭症将要做的。
But that's not going to be the only answer. 药物不是我们唯一的答案。
Beyond just drugs, we're going to use educational strategies. 我们将会在教育方式上不断加强。
Individuals with autism, some of them are wired a little bit differently. 患有自闭症的人, 他们的思维可能很不相同。
They learn in a different way. 他们学习的方式不一样。
They absorb their surroundings in a different way, and we need to be able to educate them in a way that serves them best. 他们对周围的观察认知也不一样, 所以我们需要给予他们最适当的教育。
absorb:v.吸收;使并入;吞并;同化;理解;吸收;耗费;承受; surroundings:n.周围的环境;环境;(surrounding的复数)
Beyond that, there are a lot of individuals in this room who have great ideas in terms of new technologies we can use, everything from devices we can use to train the brain to be able to make it more efficient and to compensate for areas in which it has a little bit of trouble, to even things like Google Glass. 在座的各位想必也有很多好的点子, 可能通过新的科技, 不管是通过仪器去锻炼大脑, 让它更有效, 为大脑某些不擅长的地方扬长避短。 我们甚至可以用谷歌眼镜。
technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数); efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的; compensate:v.补偿,赔偿;抵消; Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎;
You could imagine, for instance, Gabriel, with his social awkwardness , might be able to wear Google Glass with an earpiece in his ear, and have a coach be able to help him, be able to help think about conversations, conversation-starters, being able to even perhaps one day invite a girl out on a date. 想象一下Gabriel: 他在社交上害羞。 如果他戴上Google Glass, 戴上耳机, 然后一位教练可以幫助他, 教他如何和人聊天, 如何引入话题, 甚至有一天, 邀一位女生出来约会。
awkwardness:n.尴尬;笨拙; earpiece:n.(头戴式)耳机,听筒;眼镜脚;
All of these new technologies just offer tremendous opportunities for us to be able to impact the individuals with autism, but yet we have a long way to go. 这些新兴科技将给我们带来 很大幫助,能够幫助这些患有自闭症的人。 不过,我们要走的路还很长。
tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的;
As much as we know, there is so much more that we don't know, and so I invite all of you to be able to help us think about how to do this better, to use as a community our collective wisdom to be able to make a difference , and in particular, for the individuals in families with autism, 我们知道很多了, 不过我们不知道的更多。 所以我想邀请你, 幫我们看看哪里可以做得更好, 我们集思广益 就一定大有可为。 特别是这些家里有自闭症的家庭,
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; collective:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词; wisdom:n.智慧;明智;才智;学问; make a difference:有影响,有关系;
I invite you to join the interactive autism network, to be part of the solution to this, because it's going to take really a lot of us to think about what's important, what's going to be a meaningful difference. 我邀请你们加入自闭症互动网 成为寻找解决方法的一员。 因为这需要很多人的参与: 什么可以带来成效。
interactive:adj.合作的;相互影响的;互相配合的;交互式的;n.交互式视频设备; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; meaningful:adj.严肃的;重要的;重大的;意味深长的;
As we think about something that's potentially a solution, how well does it work? 当我们集思广益, 可能会找到一些解决方法, 它会有效吗？
Is it something that's really going to make a difference in your lives, as an individual, as a family with autism? 它能改变你的生活吗？ 不论你患有自闭症,还是你的家人有自闭症。
We're going to need individuals of all ages, from the young to the old, and with all different shapes and sizes of the autism spectrum disorder to make sure that we can have an impact. 我们需要不同年龄层的人, 年轻人到年长人士, 有不同自闭症病状特征的, 有了这些才可以让我们的努力有效果。
So I invite all of you to join the mission and to help to be able to make the lives of individuals with autism so much better and so much richer. 所以我邀请诸位加入这项征途, 让患有自闭症的人们, 在生活上更美、更好。
mission:n.使命,任务;代表团;布道;v.派遣;向…传教;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （鼓掌）