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VikramSharma_2017S-_量子物理如何让加密更加安全_
Recently , we've seen the effects of cyber attacks on the business world. 最近,我们见识到了 网络攻击对商业世界的影响。
Recently:adv.最近;新近; cyber:adj.网络的,计算机的;
Data breaches at companies like JP Morgan, Yahoo , Home Depot and Target have caused losses of hundreds of millions and in some cases, billions of dollars. 像摩根大通、雅虎、家得宝和 塔吉特百货这些公司的数据泄露, 导致了数亿美元, 甚至数十亿美元的损失。
breaches:n.违背; v.违反; (breach的第三人称单数和复数) Yahoo:n.粗鲁的人; Depot:n.仓库;停车场;航空站;vt.把…存放在储藏处;adj.药性持久的;
It wouldn't take many large attacks to ravage the world economy . 再来几次这样的攻击, 整个世界经济就会崩溃。
ravage:v.蹂躏;毁坏;损坏;严重损害;n.灾害;破坏;暴力; economy:n.经济;节约;理财;
And the public sector has not been immune , either. 公共领域也不能幸免。
public sector:n.公营部门;公共部门; immune:adj.免疫的;免于…的,免除的;n.免疫者;免除者;
In 2012 to 2014, there was a significant data breach at the US Office of Personnel Management . 从2012到2014年, 美国人事管理办公室 发生了非常严重的数据泄露。
significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; Personnel:n.人事部门;全体人员;adj.人员的;有关人事的; Management:n.管理;管理人员;管理部门;操纵;经营手段;
Security clearance and fingerprint data was compromised , affecting 22 million employees. 安全许可和指纹信息被窃取, 影响到2200万雇员。
clearance:n.清除;空隙; fingerprint:n.指纹;手印;vt.采指纹; compromised:v.妥协,折中,让步; (compromise的过去分词和过去式)
And you may have heard of the attempt by state-sponsored hackers to use stolen data to influence election outcomes in a number of countries. 你们也许还听说了, 某些政府资助的黑客, 试图用窃取的数据 影响一些国家的大选结果。
attempt:n.企图,试图;攻击;v.企图,试图;尝试; state-sponsored:国家支持;国家所发起或资助的;国家操纵的; hackers:n.黑客,骇客;电脑黑客(hacker的复数); influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变; outcomes:n.结果;成果;后果;出路;(outcome的复数)
Two recent examples are the compromise of a large amount of data from the Bundestag, the national Parliament of Germany, and the theft of emails from the US Democratic National Committee . 最近的两起,一起是德国联邦议院 大规模数据遭窃事件, 一起是美国民主党全国委员会 电子邮件遭窃事件。
Parliament:n.议会,国会; Democratic:adj.民主的;民主政治的;大众的; Committee:n.委员会;
The cyber threat is now affecting our democratic processes . 网络威胁已经影响到 我们的民主进程。
processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式);
And it's likely to get worse. 而且有愈演愈烈的趋势。
As computer technology is becoming more powerful, the systems we use to protect our data are becoming more vulnerable . 计算机技术越发达, 我们用来保护数据的 手段就越脆弱。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的;
Adding to the concern is a new type of computing technology, called quantum computing, which leverages microscopic properties of nature to deliver unimaginable increases in computational power. 尤其是一种新的计算机技术, 叫做量子计算机, 它利用自然界的微观粒子 来大幅增加计算机的运算能力。
concern:v.涉及,关系到;使担心;n.关系;关心;关心的事; computing:n.计算;计算机技术;信息处理技术;v.计算;求出;(compute的现在分词) quantum:n.量子论;额;美国昆腾公司(世界领先的硬盘生产商); leverages:n.手段,影响力;杠杆作用;杠杆效率; microscopic:adj.微观的;用显微镜可见的; unimaginable:adj.不可思议的;难以想像的; computational:adj.计算的;
It's so powerful that it will crack many of the encryption systems that we use today. 它的运算能力强大到 可以破解我们今天所用的 许多加密系统。
crack:v.使破裂;打开;变声;n.裂缝;声变;噼啪声;adj.最好的;高明的; encryption:n.加密;加密术;
So is the situation hopeless? 那么我们是不是毫无希望了呢？
Should we start packing our digital survival gear and prepare for an upcoming data apocalypse ? 我们是不是该开始 收拾电子生存装备 来迎接即将到来的数据末日呢？
digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键; survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物; gear:n.齿轮; v.适合; upcoming:adj.即将来临的; apocalypse:n.启示;天启;
I would say, not yet. 我认为,还没到那一步。
Quantum computing is still in the labs , and it will take a few years until it's put to practical applications. 量子计算机还只是存在于实验室里, 离实际运用还需要数年的时间。
labs:n.实验室;实验大楼;(lab的复数) practical:adj.实际的;真实的;客观存在的;n.实习课;实践课;
More important, there have been major breakthroughs in the field of encryption. 更重要的是, 加密领域已经出现了许多重大突破。
breakthroughs:突破; in the field of:在…方面,在…领域;
For me, this is a particularly exciting time in the history of secure communications. 对我而言,这是安全通讯历史上 非常令人兴奋的时代。
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地;
About 15 years ago, when I learned of our new-found ability to create quantum effects that don't exist in nature, 大约15年前, 我了解到我们解锁了新的技能, 能制造出自然界 不存在的量子效应。
new-found:adj.新找到的;
I was excited. 我非常兴奋。
The idea of applying the fundamental laws of physics to make encryption stronger really intrigued me. 利用物理学的基本定律 来推进加密技术发展, 这个想法让我激动不已。
applying:v.申请,请求;使用;应用;(apply的现在分词) fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; intrigued:adj.感兴趣的; v.密谋; (intrigue的过去式和过去分词)
Today, a select groups of companies and labs around the world, including mine, are maturing this technology for practical applications. 今天,一些选定的公司 和实验室,包括我的在内, 将这项技术推进到了 实际应用的阶段。
maturing:n.老化;成熟酌;(陶瓷的)烧成;v.成熟(mature的ing形式);到期;
That's right. 没错。
We are now preparing to fight quantum with quantum. 我们打算用量子来对抗量子。
So how does this all work? 怎么来实现呢？
Well, first, let's take a quick tour of the world of encryption. 首先,我们来快速了解 一下加密的世界。
For that, you'll need a briefcase , some important documents that you want to send your friend, James Bond, and a lock to keep it all safe. 你需要一个公文包, 你有一些重要的文件 要送给你的好朋友,詹姆斯·邦德, 要锁起来,保证安全。
briefcase:n.公文包;手提包;
Because the documents are top secret , we're going to use an advanced briefcase. 因为这些材料是最高机密, 我们要用一个超级先进的公文包。
top secret:adj.绝密的,极机密的; advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式)
It has a special combination lock which, when closed, converts all the text in the documents to random numbers. 它配有一把特殊的密码锁, 一旦锁上, 就会把文件的内容 转换为随机的数字。
combination lock:n.密码锁;暗码锁;转字锁; converts:vt.使转变; vi.转变,变换; n.皈依者; random:adj.[数]随机的;任意的;胡乱的;n.随意;adv.胡乱地;
So you put your documents inside, close the lock -- at which point in time the documents get converted to random numbers -- and you send the briefcase to James. 因此你只要把文件放进去,锁上, 这个时候文件已经转换为 随机的数字了, 你把这个公文包送给詹姆斯。
converted:adj.修改的;改变信仰的;v.转变;改变信仰(convert的过去式和过去分词形式);
While it's on its way, you call him to give him the code. 公文包还没送到的时候, 你打电话告诉他密码。
When he gets the briefcase, he enters the code, the documents get unscrambled , and voilà, you've just sent an encoded message to James Bond. 一旦他拿到公文包,输入密码, 文件破译完成,简直完美, 你成功地把一份加密信息 传递给了詹姆斯·邦德。
unscrambled:vt.整理;使恢复原状;译出密码; encoded:adj.[计]编码的;v.把…编码(encode的过去分词);
(Laughter) （笑声）
A fun example, but it does illustrate three things important for encryption. 一个好玩的例子,但是它 说明了加密的3个重点。
illustrate:v.解释;加插图于;给(书等)做图表;表明…真实;
The code -- we call this an encryption key. 密码——我们称之为加密钥匙。
You can think of it as a password. 你可以把它想像成密码。
The call to James to give him the code for the combination lock. 告诉詹姆斯密码的那通电话。
We call this key exchange . 我们称之为秘钥传递。
exchange:n.交换;交流;交易所;兑换;v.交换;交易;兑换;
This is how you ensure you get the encryption key securely to the right place. 这保证我们 能将秘钥安全的送到指定地点。
ensure:vt.保证,确保;使安全; securely:adv.安全地;牢固地;安心地;有把握地;
And the lock, which encodes and decodes the document. 以及用来加密和解密文件的锁。
encodes:vt.[计]编码,译码; decodes:vt.[计][通信]译码,解码;vi.从事破译工作;
We call this an encryption algorithm. 我们称之为加密算法。
Using the key, it encodes the text in the documents to random numbers. 通过秘钥,它将文件中的内容 转换为随机的数字。
A good algorithm will encode in such a way that without the key it's very difficult to unscramble. 一个好的算法能够做到这一点, 没有秘钥的话很难将密码破解。
What makes encryption so important is that if someone were to capture the briefcase and cut it open without the encryption key and the encryption algorithm, they wouldn't be able to read the documents. 算法的重要性就在于 如果有人得到了公文包,把它打开, 没有秘钥,不知道加密算法, 就无法读取文档里的内容。
capture:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;刻画,描述;n.(被)捕获;(被)俘获
They would look like nothing more than a bunch of random numbers. 得到的只是一些随机的数字。
a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆;
Most security systems rely on a secure method for key exchange to communicate the encryption key to the right place. 大部分的安全系统 都依赖于安全的秘钥传递方式, 将秘钥传递到正确的地方。
However, rapid increases in computational power are putting at risk a number of the key exchange methods we have today. 然而,迅速增长的计算能力 危及到了我们目前所使用的 许多秘钥传递方式。
Consider one of the very widely used systems today -- RSA. 举一个例子,我们现在 应用非常广泛的系统——RSA。
When it was invented, in 1977, it was estimated that it would take 40 quadrillion years to break a 426-bit RSA key. 它在1977年被发明出来的时候, 要花大约4千万亿年, 才能破解一个426位的RSA秘钥。
estimated:adj.估计的;预计的;估算的; quadrillion:n.百万之四次方;千的五次方;adj.千之五次方的;
In 1994, just 17 years later, the code was broken. 而到了1994年, 仅仅才过了17年, 这个密码就被破解了。
As computers have become more and more powerful, we've had to use larger and larger codes. 随着计算机性能越来越强, 我们需要的密码也越来越长。
Today we routinely use 2048 or 4096 bits. 现在我们经常会使用 2048或者4096位的密码。
routinely:adv.例行公事地;老一套地;
As you can see , code makers and breakers are engaged in an ongoing battle to outwit each other. 如您所见,加密者和解密者 之间的战斗正在进行, 都想战胜对方。
As you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的; engaged in:从事于;忙于; ongoing:n.发展; adj.持续存在的; outwit:vt.瞒骗;以智取胜;
And when quantum computers arrive in the next 10 to 15 years, they will even more rapidly crack the complex mathematics that underlies many of our encryption systems today. 今后10到15年, 量子计算机的到来, 将会更快地破解复杂的数学算法, 这些算法是今天 我们使用的加密系统的基础。
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; mathematics:n.数学;数学运算; underlies:vt.成为…的基础;位于…之下;
Indeed, the quantum computer is likely to turn our present security castle into a mere house of cards . 事实上,量子计算机 将把我们的安全城堡 变成一触即倒的纸牌屋。
mere:adj.仅仅的;只不过的;n.小湖;池塘; house of cards:n.不可靠的计划;摇摇欲坠的组织;用纸牌搭成的房子;
We have to find a way to defend our castle. 我们要设法保护我们的城堡。
There's been a growing body of research in recent years looking at using quantum effects to make encryption stronger. 近几年出现了许多研究机构, 研究如何用量子效应来增强加密。
And there have been some exciting breakthroughs. 人们已经取得了一些 令人兴奋的突破。
Remember those three things important for encryption -- high-quality keys, secure key exchange and a strong algorithm? 还记得加密的3个重点吗？ 高质量的秘钥,安全的秘钥传递 和很强的算法。
high-quality:adj.高质量的;
Well, advances in science and engineering are putting two of those three elements at risk. 然而,科学和工程学的进步, 已经危及到了其中2个重点。
engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词) elements:n.要素;基本部分;少量;一群;(element的复数)
First of all , those keys. 首当其冲的就是秘钥。
First of all:adv.首先;
Random numbers are the foundational building blocks of encryption keys. 随机数字是构成秘钥的基础。
foundational:adj.基础的;基本的; building blocks:(儿童玩的)积木;建筑砌块;堆积木;建筑砖块;基石;
But today, they're not truly random. 但到了今天, 它们不再是真正随机了。
Currently , we construct encryption keys from sequences of random numbers generated from software, so-called pseudo-random numbers. 目前,我们生成秘钥, 是根据随机数字频率, 靠软件生成的, 我们称之为伪随机数字。
Currently:adv.当前;一般地; construct:v.建造;创建;建筑;修建;n.概念;构筑物;结构体;建造物; sequences:n.[数][计]序列,顺序;继起的事(sequence的复数形式); generated:v.产生;引起;(generate的过去式和过去分词) so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的;
Numbers generated by a program or a mathematical recipe will have some, perhaps subtle , pattern to them. 程序或者数学方法生成的数字, 总会有一些,也许并不 那么明显的规律在里面。
mathematical:adj.数学的,数学上的;精确的; recipe:n.食谱;方法;诀窍;烹饪法; subtle:adj.微妙的;精细的;敏感的;狡猾的;稀薄的;
The less random the numbers are, or in scientific terms, the less entropy they contain, the easier they are to predict . 这些数字的随机性越低, 或者用术语来讲, 包含的墒越低, 它们就越容易被预测到。
scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; entropy:n.[热]熵(热力学函数); predict:v.预报;预言;预告;
Recently, several casinos have been victims of a creative attack. 最近,有些赌场就被攻击了, 攻击的方式很有创意。
casinos:n.赌场;娱乐场(casino的复数);(意)乡间住宅; creative:adj.创造性的;
The output of slot machines was recorded over a period of time and then analyzed . 他们对准老虎机拍摄一段时间, 然后进行分析。
output:n.(人、机器、机构的)产量;输出;输出功率;输出量;v.输出; slot:n.位置;狭槽;水沟;硬币投币口;v.跟踪;开槽于; analyzed:v.分析(analyze的过去式和过去分词);检讨;
This allowed the cyber criminals to reverse engineer the pseudo-random number generator behind the spinning wheels. 网络罪犯们 利用逆向工程,制造出转盘背后的 伪随机数字生成器。
reverse:n.反面; v.颠倒; adj.相反的; generator:n.发电机;发生器;电力公司; spinning:n.纺纱(手艺):纺线v.(使)旋转:纺线:纺纱;(spin的现在分词)
And allowed them, with high accuracy , to predict the spins of the wheels, enabling them to make big financial gains. 这样一来他们就有很大几率 预测到转盘的转动, 从而赚到大笔金钱。
accuracy:n.[数]精确度,准确性; spins:n.[物]旋转; v.[物]旋转(spin的三单形式); enabling:adj.授权的;v.使能够;授权给(enable的现在分词); financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的;
Similar risks apply to encryption keys. 秘钥也同样不安全。
So having a true random number generator is essential for secure encryption. 拥有一个真正的随机数字生成器 对于生成安全的密码而言很重要。
essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的;
For years, researchers have been looking at building true random number generators . 数年来,研究者们一直在努力制造 真正的随机数字生成器。
generators:n.[电]发电机;[计]生成器(generator的复数);
But most designs to date are either not random enough, fast enough or aren't easily repeatable . 但大部分的设计,要么不够随机, 要么不够快,要么很难重复使用。
repeatable:adj.可重复的;可复验的;
But the quantum world is truly random. 但是量子的世界是真正随机的。
So it makes sense to take advantage of this intrinsic randomness . 利用这种真正的随机性非常重要。
take advantage of:利用; intrinsic:adj.本质的,固有的; randomness:n.随意;无安排;不可测性;
Devices that can measure quantum effects can produce an endless stream of random numbers at high speed. 能够测量量子效应的装置 可以非常快速地生成 连续不断的随机数字流。
Devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数); endless:adj.无止境的;连续的;环状的;漫无目的的;
Foiling all those would-be casino criminals. 刚刚说的赌场犯罪再无上演可能。
Foiling:n.[建]叶形饰;锡箔;v.阻挠;挫败(foil的ing形式); would-be:adj.想要成为的;自称的;冒充的;n.想要成为…人;
A select group of universities and companies around the world are focused on building true random number generators. 来自世界各地的数所大学和公司 在集中精力制造 真正的随机数字生成器。
At my company, our quantum random number generator started life on a two meter by one meter optic table. 在我的公司,我们的 量子随机数字生成器 诞生于一张2米长1米宽的光学桌。
optic:adj.光学的;视觉的;眼睛的;n.眼睛;镜片;
We were then able to reduce it to a server-size box. 之后我们把它缩小到一个盒子大小。
Today, it's miniaturized into a PCI card that plugs into a standard computer. 到今天,已经可以把它装到一张PCI卡上, 插到一台普通的计算机上。
miniaturized:小型化; plugs:n.[电]插头; v.插入,塞住; standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的;
This is the world's fastest true random number generator. 这是世界上速度最快的, 真正随机的数字生成器。
It measures quantum effects to produce a billion random numbers per second. 它通过测量量子效应, 每秒可以生成10亿个随机数字。
And it's in use today to improve security at cloud providers , banks and government agencies around the world. 今天已经被广泛用于世界各地, 来提升云服务提供商、 银行和政府机构的 安全性。
improve:v.改进;改善; providers:n.供应者;提供者;供养人;(provider的复数) agencies:n.代理;代理处(agency的复数);
(Applause) （掌声）
But even with a true random number generator, we've still got the second big cyber threat: the problem of secure key exchange. 但是,即便有了真正的 随机数字生成器, 我们还面临 第2个大的网络安全威胁: 那就是秘钥的安全传递问题。
Current key exchange techniques will not stand up to a quantum computer. 目前的秘钥传输技术 无法对抗量子计算机。
techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数) stand up to:经得起;抵抗;勇敢地面对;
The quantum solution to this problem is called quantum key distribution or QKD, which leverages a fundamental, counterintuitive characteristic of quantum mechanics . 而针对这一问题的量子解决方案, 叫做量子秘钥分发,简称QKD, 它利用了量子力学一个基础的 违反直觉的特性。
solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; distribution:n.分布;分配;分发;分销; counterintuitive:adj.违反直觉的; characteristic:n.特征;特点;品质;adj.典型的;独特的;特有的; quantum mechanics:n.量子力学;
The very act of looking at a quantum particle changes it. 观察微观粒子这个行为, 会改变这个粒子。
particle:n.颗粒;[物]质点;极小量;小品词;
Let me give you an example of how this works. 我举个例子来说明。
Consider again exchanging the code for the lock with James Bond. 我们再来回想一下, 要把密码交给詹姆斯·邦德。
Except this time, instead of a call to give James the code, we're going to use quantum effects on a laser to carry the code and send it over standard optic fiber to James. 不过这一次,我们不给他打电话, 我们利用量子效应, 用一束激光携带这个密码, 通过普通的光纤传递给詹姆斯。
fiber:n.纤维;光纤(等于fibre);
We assume that Dr. No is trying to hack the exchange. 我们假设诺博士想拿到这个密码。
assume:v.承担;假定;采取;呈现;
Luckily, Dr. No's attempt to intercept the quantum keys while in transit will leave fingerprints that James and you can detect . 幸运的是,诺博士在尝试拦截 这个量子秘钥的过程中 会留下电子指纹, 詹姆斯和你都能察觉到。
intercept:v.拦截;截断;窃听;n.拦截;[数]截距;截获的情报; transit:n.运输;经过;v.运送;经过; fingerprints:n.[法][特医]指纹(fingerprint的复数); v.取…的指印(fingerprint的三单形式); detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测;
This allows those intercepted keys to be discarded . 这样被拦截的秘钥就会作废。
intercepted:v.拦截;拦阻;截住;(intercept的过去式和过去分词) discarded:v.丢弃;抛弃;垫(牌);打出(无用的牌);(discard的过去式和过去分词)
The keys which are then retained can be used to provide very strong data protection . 而留下来的秘钥 能够为数据提供强大的保护。
retained:v.保持;持有;保留;聘请(律师等);(retain的过去分词和过去式) data protection:n.数据保护;
And because the security is based on the fundamental laws of physics, a quantum computer, or indeed any future supercomputer will not be able to break it. 因为这种安全机制 是以物理学基本原理为基础, 量子计算机,或者未来的 任何超级计算机, 都不可能破解它。
supercomputer:n.[计]巨型计算机,超级计算机;
My team and I are collaborating with leading universities and the defense sector to mature this exciting technology into the next generation of security products. 我和我的团队正在跟许多顶尖大学 以及国防部门一起合作, 改进这项激动人心的技术, 发展下一代安全产品。
collaborating:v.合作;协作;通敌;勾结敌人;(collaborate的现在分词) mature:v.成熟; adj.明白事理的;
The internet of things is heralding a hyperconnected era with 25 to 30 billion connected devices forecast by 2020. 物联网预示了一个 高度互联时代的来临, 预计到2020年将会有 250-300亿设备接入互联网。
heralding:n.先驱;传令官;报信者;vt.通报;预示…的来临; hyperconnected:超高速连结;超高速连结化;超高速结; forecast:n.预测;预报;v.预测;预报;
For the correct functioning of our society in an IoT world, trust in the systems that support these connected devices is vital . 要想我们的社会 在物联网世界正常运作, 那么对这些互联设备系统的 信任就至关重要。
vital:adj.至关重要的;生死攸关的;有活力的;
We're betting that quantum technologies will be essential in providing this trust, enabling us to fully benefit from the amazing innovations that are going to so enrich our lives. 我们相信量子技术 对于建立这种信任会非常重要, 它将保证我们充分享受 这些神奇的创新, 享受这些能让我们的生活 丰富多彩的创新。
betting:n.打赌;赌钱;v.下赌注(于);用…打赌;敢说;(bet的现在分词) technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); innovations:n.创新(innovation的复数);改革; enrich:v.充实;使丰富;使富有;使富裕;
Thank you. 谢谢大家。
(Applause) （掌声）