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TonyWyssCoray_2015G-_年轻的血液如何能逆转年龄？真的可以_
This is a painting from the 16th century from Lucas Cranach the Elder. 这是一幅16世纪的画作,作者是老卢卡斯?克拉纳赫,
It shows the famous Fountain of Youth. 描绘的是着名的青春之泉。
Fountain:n.喷泉,泉水;源泉;
If you drink its water or you bathe in it, you will get health and youth. 如果你喝下泉水或者在里面洗澡,你就会变得健康又年轻。
bathe:v.用水清洗(尤指身体部位); n.(在海、河等中的)游泳;
Every culture, every civilization has dreamed of finding eternal youth. 每一种文化,每一个文明,都梦想着找到永恒的青春。
civilization:n.文明;文明社会;文明世界;(特定时期和地区的)社会文明; eternal:adj.永恒的;不朽的;
There are people like Alexander the Great or Ponce De León, the explorer , who spent much of their life chasing the Fountain of Youth. 于是就有了这样的人,比如亚历山大大帝和探险家庞塞?德莱昂, 他们花费了一生中的许多时间来寻找青春之泉,
Ponce:n.男妓;靠妓女为生的人,为妓女拉客的人; explorer:n.探险者;勘探者;考察者;
They didn't find it. 但是没有找到。
But what if there was something to it? 可是,如果真的有呢？
what if:如果…怎么办?
What if there was something to this Fountain of Youth? 如果真的有这种青春之泉呢？
I will share an absolutely amazing development in aging research that could revolutionize the way we think about aging and how we may treat age-related diseases in the future. 接下来我将与大家分享有关衰老的研究领域的非凡进展, 我们现在对衰老的看法, 以及未来我们如何治疗与衰老有关的疾病,都可能因此而出现革命性的变化。
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; revolutionize:vt.发动革命;彻底改革;宣传革命;vi.革命化;从事革命; treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
It started with experiments that showed, in a recent number of studies about growing, that animals -- old mice -- that share a blood supply with young mice can get rejuvenated . 首先,实验表明—— 这些是大量近期的有关生长的研究—— 动物——老年老鼠——与年轻老鼠的血液相通时, 会变得年轻。
rejuvenated:adj.更生的; v.使恢复青春;
This is similar to what you might see in humans, in Siamese twins, and I know this sounds a bit creepy . 在人类身上,比如连体双胞胎中,也可以看到相似的结果。 当然我知道听起来有点吓人,
Siamese:n.暹罗语;暹罗人;adj.暹罗的; creepy:adj.令人毛骨悚然的;爬行的;
But what Tom Rando , a stem-cell researcher, reported in 2007, was that old muscle from a mouse can be rejuvenated if it's exposed to young blood through common circulation . 但是,干细胞研究者汤姆?兰道在2007年发表的报告表明, 老鼠身上的陈年肌肉可以变得年轻, 只要将其置于年轻血液之中,仅仅通过普通的血液循环即可实现。
Rando:n.怪咖,指举止怪异的陌生人; muscle:n.肌肉;力量;v.加强;使劲搬动;使劲挤出; exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式) young blood:(集合词)青年; circulation:n.流通,传播;循环;发行量;
This was reproduced by Amy Wagers at Harvard a few years later, and others then showed that similar rejuvenating effects could be observed in the pancreas , the liver and the heart. 几年之后,哈佛大学的艾米?魏杰斯成功重现了这一实验结果, 而其他人的实验表明, 在胰、肝和心脏也可以观察到类似的年轻化效果。
reproduced:v.重现(reproduce的过去分词);再生产;生育;adj.再生的;重制的; Wagers:n.赌金;打赌;v.打赌;保证;(wagers是wager的复数和第三人称单数) Harvard:n.哈佛大学;哈佛大学学生; rejuvenating:复壮; observed:adj.观察的;观测的;v.观察;遵守;注意到(observe的过去分词形式); pancreas:n.[解剖]胰腺; liver:n.肝;(动物供食用的)肝;
But what I'm most excited about, and several other labs as well, is that this may even apply to the brain. 但最让我,还有其它几个实验室感到兴奋的地方在于, 这一效果甚至可能应用于大脑。
labs:n.实验室;实验大楼;(lab的复数) apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求;
So, what we found is that an old mouse exposed to a young environment in this model called parabiosis, shows a younger brain -- and a brain that functions better. 因此,我们发现,将老年老鼠置于年轻环境之中, 这一模型被称为连体共生, 它的大脑变得年轻了—— 功能也变得更好。
And I repeat: an old mouse that gets young blood through shared circulation looks younger and functions younger in its brain. 我再重复一遍: 一只老年老鼠,通过共通的血液循环得到年轻血液, 其大脑显得更加年轻,功能也更年轻化。
So when we get older -- we can look at different aspects of human cognition , and you can see on this slide here, we can look at reasoning, verbal ability and so forth. 当我们逐渐变老时—— 我们可以看看人类认知能力的不同方面, 从这张幻灯片上, 大家可以看到推理、语言能力等等。
aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数); cognition:n.认识;知识;认识能力; verbal:adj.口头的;言语的;动词的;照字面的;n.动词的非谓语形式;
And up to around age 50 or 60, these functions are all intact , and as I look at the young audience here in the room, we're all still fine. 一直到大约50或60岁,这些功能都没有受损, 我看了下坐在这里的年轻观众,大家都没有问题。
intact:adj.完整的;原封不动的;未受损伤的;
(Laughter) （笑声）
But it's scary to see how all these curves go south. 但是看到这些曲线开始下降还是挺吓人的。
curves:n.曲线; v.(使)沿曲线运动; (curve的第三人称单数和复数)
And as we get older, diseases such as Alzheimer's and others may develop. 当我们变老时, 会开始出现像阿尔茨海默症（老年痴呆）这样的疾病。
We know that with age, the connections between neurons -- the way neurons talk to each other, the synapses -- they start to deteriorate; neurons die, the brain starts to shrink , and there's an increased susceptibility for these neurodegenerative diseases. 我们知道,随着年龄增加,神经元之间的联系—— 神经元之间进行对话的突触——开始退化; 神经元开始衰亡,大脑逐渐萎缩, 人们也就越来越容易患上这些神经退化疾病。
synapses:n.(神经元的)突触(synapse的复数;synapsis的复数) shrink:v.收缩;减少;退缩;畏缩;n.精神病学家;心理学家; susceptibility:n.敏感性;感情;磁化系数; neurodegenerative:adj.神经变性的;
One big problem we have -- to try to understand how this really works at a very molecular mechanistic level -- is that we can't study the brains in detail, in living people. 我们面临的一大问题是——想要在分子和功能机制层面上 搞清楚这个过程是如何发生的—— 但我们还无法研究活体人类大脑活动的细节问题。
molecular:adj.[化学]分子的;由分子组成的; mechanistic:adj.机械论的;机械学的;
We can do cognitive tests, we can do imaging -- all kinds of sophisticated testing. 我们可以进行认知测试,可以做成像—— 各种复杂测试。
cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的; imaging:n.[物]成像;造像;v.反映;想像;作…的像;象征;(image的现在分词形式) sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的;
But we usually have to wait until the person dies to get the brain and look at how it really changed through age or in a disease. 但通常我们得等到人死亡之后, 才能看到大脑,才能了解因为年龄或疾病,它到底发生了什么变化。
This is what neuropathologists do, for example. 这就是神经病理学家的工作。
neuropathologists:n.神经病理学家;
So, how about we think of the brain as being part of the larger organism . 那么,我们不妨把大脑当做有机体的一部分。
organism:n.生物;有机体;有机组织;(尤指)微生物;
Could we potentially understand more about what happens in the brain at the molecular level if we see the brain as part of the entire body? 我们是否可能有更深入的了解, 从分子层面了解,大脑内部是怎样运转的, 如果我们把大脑看作整个身体的一部分？
potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地;
So if the body ages or gets sick, does that affect the brain? 那么如果身体变老或生病了,会影响到大脑吗？
And vice versa : as the brain gets older, does that influence the rest of the body? 而且反过来:如果大脑变老了,会影响到身体其它部分吗？
vice versa:反之亦然; influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变;
And what connects all the different tissues in the body is blood. 而将身体各个不同组织联系到一起的就是: 血液。
tissues:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;(tissue的复数)
Blood is the tissue that not only carries cells that transport oxygen, for example, the red blood cells, or fights infectious diseases, but it also carries messenger molecules , hormone-like factors that transport information 血液是一种组织,它不只含有携带氧气的细胞, 比如说,红细胞, 或对抗感染性疾病的细胞, 它还含有信使分子, 这些类激素的因子,能够在细胞之间传递信息,
transport:n.运输;输送;运送;运输机;v.输送;传播;使产生身临其境的感觉;(旧时)流放; infectious:adj.传染的;传染性的;易传染的; messenger:n.报信者,送信者;先驱; molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数); factors:n.因素(factor的复数); v.做代理商;
from one cell to another, from one tissue to another, including the brain. 还能在身体组织之间传递信息, 其中也包括大脑。
So if we look at how the blood changes in disease or age, can we learn something about the brain? 那么如果我们看到了血液因为疾病或年龄而发生了怎样的变化, 我们是否也可以以此来获得大脑的信息呢？
We know that as we get older, the blood changes as well, so these hormone-like factors change as we get older. 我们知道,随着我们逐渐变老,血液也在同样变化, 所以这类激素因子也随着变老而变化。
And by and large , factors that we know are required for the development of tissues, for the maintenance of tissues -- they start to decrease as we get older, 从总体上来说,这些因子, 我们已知是组织发育所需的,维持其功能的因子—— 随着我们变老,它们开始变少,
by and large:大体上,总的来说; maintenance:n.维护,维修;保持;生活费用; decrease:v.降低;减少;缩小;减弱;n.减少;减小量;所减少的总量;减缩位置;
while factors involved in repair , in injury and in inflammation -- they increase as we get older. 而与修复、伤害和炎症有关的那些因子—— 它们随着身体的衰老却在增加。
involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) repair:v.修理;修补;修缮;补救;n.修理;修补;修缮; injury:n.伤害,损害;受伤处; inflammation:n.[病理]炎症;[医]发炎;燃烧;发火;
So there's this unbalance of good and bad factors, if you will. 所以存在着这种好坏因素不平衡的局面。
unbalance:vt.使失去平衡;使精神紊乱;n.[力]失衡;精神错乱;
And to illustrate what we can do potentially with that, 关于针对这种情况我们能做些什么,
illustrate:v.解释;加插图于;给(书等)做图表;表明…真实;
I want to talk you through an experiment that we did. 我想说一说我们所做的一个实验。
We had almost 300 blood samples from healthy human beings 20 to 89 years of age, and we measured over 100 of these communication factors, these hormone-like proteins that transport information between tissues. 我们有近300份健康人类的血液样本, 年龄范围在20-89岁, 我们测量了超过100种的这些通信因子, 这些可以在组织间传递信息的激素样蛋白质。
measured:adj.缓慢谨慎的; v.测量; (measure的过去分词和过去式) proteins:n.[生化]蛋白质(protein复数);
And what we noticed first is that between the youngest and the oldest group, about half the factors changed significantly . 我们首先注意到的是, 将最年轻和最老的组相比, 这些因子中有大约一半存在显着变化。
significantly:adv.意味深长地;值得注目地;
So our body lives in a very different environment as we get older, when it comes to these factors. 所以,随着我们变老,我们身体所处的环境也发生了极大的改变, 从这些因子的角度来说。
And using statistical or bioinformatics programs, we could try to discover those factors that best predict age -- in a way, back-calculate the relative age of a person. 使用统计和生物信息程序分析后, 我们想找出对预测年龄最有效的那些因子—— 想用这种方法来反推一个人的相对年龄。
statistical:adj.统计的;统计学的; bioinformatics:n.生物信息学;生物资讯; predict:v.预报;预言;预告; relative:adj.相对的;有关系的;成比例的;n.亲戚;相关物;[语]关系词;亲缘植物;
And the way this looks is shown in this graph. 这张图中显示的就是这个方法。
So, on the one axis you see the actual age a person lived, the chronological age. 可以看到一条轴表示的是一个人的年龄, 实际实龄,
axis:n.轴;轴线;轴心国; chronological:adj.按年代顺序排列的;依时间前后排列而记载的;
So, how many years they lived. 也就是生活了多少年。
And then we take these top factors that I showed you, and we calculate their relative age, their biological age. 然后我们选取了给大家展示过的这些主要因子, 来计算他们的相对年龄,生理年龄。
biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品;
And what you see is that there is a pretty good correlation , so we can pretty well predict the relative age of a person. 大家可以看到,其中有明显的相关性, 所以我们可以相当准确地预测一个人的相对年龄。
correlation:n.[数]相关,关联;相互关系;
But what's really exciting are the outliers , as they so often are in life. 但真正令人激动的是这些规律之外的数据点, 它们在生命进程中是很常见的。
outliers:n.[分化]异常值;离群值;离开本体的东西;局外人(outlier的复数);
You can see here, the person I highlighted with the green dot is about 70 years of age but seems to have a biological age, if what we're doing here is really true, of only about 45. 可以看这儿,我用绿点标出的这个人 大约70岁, 但看来他的生理年龄,如果我们得到的结果非常可靠的话, 才45岁。
highlighted:adj.突出的;v.使显著;照亮(highlight的过去分词);
So is this a person that actually looks much younger than their age? 那么这个人真的是看起来比实际年龄年轻不少吗？
But more importantly: Is this a person who is maybe at a reduced risk to develop an age-related disease and will have a long life -- will live to 100 or more? 但更为重要的问题是: 这个人出现与衰老相关的疾病的风险是否会更低—— 他会活过100岁,甚至更长寿吗？
On the other hand , the person here, highlighted with the red dot, is not even 40, but has a biological age of 65. 另一个例子,这个以红点标出的人, 还没到40岁,但是生理年龄为65岁。
On the other hand:另一方面;
Is this a person at an increased risk of developing an age-related disease? 这个人出现与衰老相关的疾病的风险是否会更高？
So in our lab, we're trying to understand these factors better, and many other groups are trying to understand, what are the true aging factors, and can we learn something about them to possibly predict age-related diseases? 所以我们在实验中努力地去更充分地了解这些因子, 还有许多其它团队也在努力去了解, 哪些才是真正的衰老因子, 我们是否可以从中发现某些信息,从而有可能预测衰老相关的疾病？
So what I've shown you so far is simply correlational , right? 所以到现在我所展示的这些完全是相关联的,对吧？
correlational:相关的;
You can just say, "Well, these factors change with age," 有人就会说:“这些因子的确会随年龄变化,”
but you don't really know if they do something about aging. 但你并不知道它们是否会影响衰老过程。
So what I'm going to show you now is very remarkable and it suggests that these factors can actually modulate the age of a tissue. 那么,我即将展示的内容会非常不同寻常, 它表明这些因子实际上可以调节组织的年龄。
remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的; modulate:vt.调节;(信号)调制;调整;vi.调制;转调;
And that's where we come back to this model called parabiosis. 这就回到了这个模型,它叫做连体共生。
So, parabiosis is done in mice by surgically connecting the two mice together, and that leads then to a shared blood system, where we can now ask, "How does the old brain get influenced by exposure to the young blood?" 我们已经实现了老鼠的连体共生, 就是通过手术将两只老鼠进行生理上的连通, 使它们的血液循环互通, 这样我们就可以问,“将老年大脑置于年轻血液之中, 它会受到怎样的影响？”
surgically:adv.如外科手术般地; influenced:v.影响;对…起作用;支配;左右;(influence的过去分词和过去式) exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临;
And for this purpose, we use young mice that are an equivalency of 20-year-old people, and old mice that are roughly 65 years old in human years. 为了解答这个问题, 我们使用了相当于人类20岁的年轻老鼠, 和大约相当于人类65岁的老年老鼠。
equivalency:n.等价;相等(等于equivalence); roughly:adv.粗糙地;概略地;
What we found is quite remarkable. 我们的发现相当令人吃惊。
We find there are more neural stem cells that make new neurons in these old brains. 我们发现了更多的神经干细胞, 在老年大脑中产生了新的神经元。
neural:adj.神经的;神经系统的;背的;神经中枢的; stem:n.花草的茎或梗;高脚酒杯的脚;烟斗柄;词干;v.阻止;封堵;遏止;
There's an increased activity of the synapses, the connections between neurons. 突触的活动也增加了, 神经元通过突触相互联系。
There are more genes expressed that are known to be involved in the formation of new memories. 也有了更多的基因表达, 我们知道它们与新记忆的形成有关。
genes:n.基因;(gene的复数) expressed:v.表示;表达;显而易见;不言自明;(express的过去分词和过去式) formation:n.形成;编队;组成;队形;
And there's less of this bad inflammation. 严重炎症的问题也变少了。
But we observed that there are no cells entering the brains of these animals. 但我们观察到并没有细胞进入这些动物的大脑,
So when we connect them, there are actually no cells going into the old brain, in this model. 当我们将两只动物连在一起时, 在这个模型中,实际并没有细胞进入老年大脑。
Instead, we've reasoned, then, that it must be the soluble factors, so we could collect simply the soluble fraction of blood which is called plasma , and inject either young plasma or old plasma into these mice, and we could reproduce these rejuvenating effects, but what we could also do now is we could do memory tests with mice. 于是,我们推论出,一定是可溶的因子在作用, 所以我们只需采集血液中的可溶部分,就是血浆, 将年轻或年老的血浆注射入这些小鼠, 我们就可以重现这些年轻化效果, 而且我们现在还可以做的是, 我们可以对小鼠进行记忆测试。
soluble:adj.[化学]可溶的,可溶解的;可解决的; fraction:n.分数;小部分;小数;少量; plasma:n.[等离子]等离子体;血浆;[矿物]深绿玉髓; inject:v.注入;注射;
As mice get older, like us humans, they have memory problems. 小鼠变老时,和人类一样,会出现记忆问题,
It's just harder to detect them, but I'll show you in a minute how we do that. 只是很难检验出来, 不过我稍后会展示我们是怎么做的。
detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测;
But we wanted to take this one step further, one step closer to potentially being relevant to humans. 我们希望能够再前进一步, 希望成果能够实质上与人类联系起来,希望离这一目标更近。
relevant:adj.相关的;切题的;中肯的;有重大关系的;有意义的,目的明确的;
What I'm showing you now are unpublished studies, where we used human plasma, young human plasma, and as a control, saline , and injected it into old mice, and asked, can we again rejuvenate these old mice? 我现在展示的是一些未发表的研究, 其中我们使用了人类血浆,年轻人的血浆, 而对照组使用生理盐水, 然后注射入老年老鼠体内, 我们能再次让这些老鼠变年轻吗？
unpublished:adj.未公开出版的;未发表过的; saline:adj.盐的;含盐分的;n.盐湖;碱盐泻药; injected:v.(给…)注射(药物等); (inject的过去分词和过去式)
Can we make them smarter? 我们能让它们变聪明吗？
And to do this, we used a test. It's called a Barnes maze . 为了回答这些问题,我们进行了巴恩斯迷宫测试。
maze:n.迷宫;迷惑;糊涂;vt.迷失;使混乱;使困惑;
This is a big table that has lots of holes in it, and there are guide marks around it, and there's a bright light, as on this stage here. 这是一张大桌子,上面有许多孔, 周围是指示标记, 有束强光照在桌上,就像这个舞台一样。
The mice hate this and they try to escape, and find the single hole that you see pointed at with an arrow, where a tube is mounted underneath where they can escape and feel comfortable in a dark hole. 老鼠讨厌强光,于是想办法逃走, 然后找到这一个孔,大家可以看到有个箭头指到这里, 在后面连接有一根管道, 老鼠可以逃进这里,它们喜欢呆在黑暗的洞里。
mounted:adj.骑马的; v.准备; (mount的过去分词和过去式) underneath:prep.在…的下面;在…的支配下;n.下面;底部;adj.下面的;底层的;
So we teach them, over several days, to find this space on these cues in the space, and you can compare this for humans, to finding your car in a parking lot after a busy day of shopping. 于是我们花了几天时间训练它们, 来根据这片区域里的这些线索,找到这个地方。 大家可以用这个对比人类的行为, 就像你从购物中心出来,想要在停车场里找到自己的车一样。
cues:n.开端,线索;提示,关键;球杆;诱因(cue的复数形式); compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较; parking lot:n.停车场;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Many of us have probably had some problems with that. 我们中有许多人很可能在这方面都有些问题。
So, let's look at an old mouse here. 让我们来看一看这只老年老鼠。
This is an old mouse that has memory problems, as you'll notice in a moment . 这只老年老鼠有记忆问题, 大家一会儿就能注意到。
in a moment:立刻;
It just looks into every hole, but it didn't form this spacial map that would remind it where it was in the previous trial or the last day. 它只是每个孔都看一看,但无法形成空间地图, 否则它就会知道这个孔之前试过,或前一天试过。
spacial:adj.空间的;存在于空间的;占地位的; remind:v.提醒;使想起; previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前;
In stark contrast , this mouse here is a sibling of the same age, but it was treated with young human plasma for three weeks, with small injections every three days. 形成鲜明对比的是这一只老鼠,它和前一只是同一胎所生, 但是注射了年轻人类血浆, 每三天进行少量注射,共三个星期。
contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比; sibling:n.兄弟姊妹;民族成员; treated:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;(treat的过去分词和过去式) injections:n.注射(injection的复数);注射剂;注射室;
And as you noticed, it almost looks around, "Where am I?" -- and then walks straight to that hole and escapes. 大家可以注意到,它几乎就是四处看看,“我在哪儿呢？”—— 然后直接就奔向那个孔,逃走了。
So, it could remember where that hole was. 所以,它能记住那个孔在哪里。
So by all means , this old mouse seems to be rejuvenated -- it functions more like a younger mouse. 所以可以肯定地说,这只老年老鼠看来是变年轻了—— 它的身体机能更像年轻老鼠。
by all means:一定,务必;尽一切办法;
And it also suggests that there is something not only in young mouse plasma, but in young human plasma that has the capacity to help this old brain. 而且还表明,不仅是在年轻老鼠的血浆里, 在年轻人类的血浆里, 也有这种能够改善衰老的大脑功能的能力。
capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力;
So to summarize , we find the old mouse, and its brain in particular , are malleable . 总结一下, 我们发现这只老年老鼠,准确地说是它的大脑,是可以改变的。
summarize:v.总结;概述;概括;归纳; in particular:尤其,特别; malleable:adj.可锻的;可塑的;有延展性的;易适应的;
They're not set in stone; we can actually change them. 它并非一成不变,我们真的可以改变它。
It can be rejuvenated. 它可以变得年轻。
Young blood factors can reverse aging, and what I didn't show you -- in this model, the young mouse actually suffers from exposure to the old. 年轻血液中的因子可以逆转年龄, 而我所没有展示的是—— 在此模型中,年轻老鼠实际上也是置于年老环境之中。
reverse:n.反面; v.颠倒; adj.相反的;
So there are old-blood factors that can accelerate aging. 所以就存在可以加速衰老的老年血液因子,
accelerate:v.加快;加速;n.接受速成教育的学生;
And most importantly , humans may have similar factors, because we can take young human blood and have a similar effect. 而最重要的是,人类可能有同样的因子, 因为我们可以采集年轻人的血液,观察到类似的效应。
And most importantly:最主要的是…;
Old human blood, I didn't show you, does not have this effect; it does not make the mice younger. 老年人的血液,我没有展示,没有这种效应; 它无法让老鼠变得年轻。
So, is this magic transferable to humans? 那么,这种神奇效果可以移植到人类身上吗？
transferable:adj.可转让的;[数]可转移的;
We're running a small clinical study at Stanford, where we treat Alzheimer's patients with mild disease with a pint of plasma from young volunteers , 20-year-olds, and do this once a week for four weeks, and then we look at their brains with imaging. 我们在斯坦福进行了一个小型的临床研究, 我们找到一些病症较轻的阿尔茨海默症病人, 为他们输入20岁年轻志愿者的血浆, 每周一次,每次一品脱（473毫升）,连续四周, 然后我们观察他们的大脑成像。
clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的; patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数) mild:adj.温和的; n.(英国的一种)淡味麦芽啤酒; volunteers:n.志愿者; v.自愿做; (volunteer的第三人称单数和复数)
We test them cognitively , and we ask their caregivers for daily activities of living. 我们进行认知测试, 并向护理员了解他们的日常活动,
cognitively:adv.认知地; caregivers:n.照顾者;看护人(caregiver的复数);
What we hope is that there are some signs of improvement from this treatment . 我们希望见到的是,通过此项治疗能够出现 某些改善的迹象。
improvement:n.改进,改善; treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;
And if that's the case, that could give us hope that what I showed you works in mice might also work in humans. 如果真的是这样的话,我们就看到了希望, 我展示给大家的对老鼠进行的研究, 对人类也会有效果。
Now, I don't think we will live forever. 我不认为我们可以长生不老,
But maybe we discovered that the Fountain of Youth is actually within us, and it has just dried out. 但也许我们发现了 青春之泉其实就在我们的身体里, 只是干涸了而已。
And if we can turn it back on a little bit, maybe we can find the factors that are mediating these effects, we can produce these factors synthetically and we can treat diseases of aging, such as Alzheimer's disease or other dementias . 如果我们可以让它再涌出一点点, 也许我们就可以找到能减缓这些（衰老）效应的因子, 我们就可以合成这些因子, 来治疗衰老疾病,诸如阿尔茨海默症, 或其它痴呆症。
mediating:调停; synthetically:adv.综合地;合成地; dementias:n.[内科]痴呆;
Thank you very much. 谢谢大家。
(Applause) （掌声）