返回首页

TomWujec_2013G-_遇到一个头疼的问题？先告诉我如何做烤面包吧！_
Some years ago, 几年前,
I stumbled across a simple design exercise that helps people understand and solve complex problems, and like many of these design exercises, it kind of seems trivial at first, but under deep inspection , it turns out that it reveals unexpected truths about the way that we collaborate and make sense of things. 我偶然想到一个 帮助人们理解和解决复杂问题的简单构思练习, 像许多这样的构思性练习一样,一开始都有一点琐碎无聊, 但是在仔细的研究后, 结果发现揭示出了意想不到的事实 有关我们合作和理解事物的方式。
stumbled:v.绊脚;跌跌撞撞地走;蹒跚而行;(stumble的过去分词和过去式) complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; trivial:adj.不重要的,琐碎的;琐细的; inspection:n.视察,检查; reveals:v.揭示;显示;透露;展示;(reveal的第三人称单数) unexpected:adj.意外的,想不到的; collaborate:vi.合作;勾结,通敌; make sense of:搞清…的意思;
The exercise has three parts and begins with something that we all know how to do, which is how to make toast . 这个练习有三个部分, 以我们都知道的怎么做的一件事开始, 那就是如何烤面包片。
toast:n.干杯; v.为…干杯;
It begins with a clean sheet of paper, a felt marker , and without using any words, you begin to draw how to make toast. 首先以一张白纸和一支马克笔开始, 不需要任何语句,你开始画如何制作烤面包片。
sheet:n.薄板;床单;纸张;报纸;v.覆盖;展开;给…铺床单;铺开;adj.片状的; marker:n.记分员;书签;标识物;作记号的人;
And most people draw something like this. 大部分人会画成这样。
They draw a loaf of bread, which is sliced , then put into a toaster . 他们画一条面包,切成片,然后放入烤面包机。
loaf:n.一条面包;一条(面包);v.游手好闲;无所事事;闲荡 sliced:adj.(食物)已切成薄片的;v.切成薄片;分配(slice的过去式和过去分词); toaster:n.烤面包器,烤箱;祝酒人;烤面包的人;
The toast is then deposited for some time. 然后烘烤一会儿。
deposited:v.存放;储存;放置(deposit的过去分词);adj.存放的;堆积的;
It pops up, and then voila ! After two minutes, toast and happiness. 然后,哗,面包弹了出来。两分钟后则是,香香的烤面包和幸福。
voila:int.(法)瞧;可不是;
Now, over the years, I've collected many hundreds of drawings of these toasts , and some of them are very good, because they really illustrate the toast-making process quite clearly. 多年来,我已经收集了很多烤面包的画作, 有些画的非常优秀, 因为他们清楚的展示了制作烤面包片的过程。
toasts:n.干杯;烤面包;吐司;vt.烤;敬酒;使暖和;vi.烘,烤; illustrate:v.解释;加插图于;给(书等)做图表;表明…真实; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
And then there are some that are, well, not so good. 另外,有一些画成这样的,比较差劲,
They really suck , actually, because you don't know what they're trying to say. 他们真的很糟糕,因为你不知道他们想表达什么。
suck:v.吸吮;吸取;n.吮吸;
Under close inspection, some reveal some aspects of toast-making while hiding others. 在仔细的研究后, 一些画作在展示烤面包片的某些方面时隐藏了其他方面。
aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数);
So there's some that are all about the toast, and all about the transformation of toast. 有一些只是着重于烤面包, 和面包在备考先后的转化过程。
transformation:n.转变;(用于南非)民主改革;
And there's others that are all about the toaster, and the engineers love to draw the mechanics of this. 还有其它的是全关于面包机的, 并且工程师们特别喜欢画面包机的工作原理。
mechanics:n.机械师;机械修理工;技工;力学;机械学;(mechanic的复数)
(Laughter) （笑声）
And then there are others that are about people. 然后还有一些关于刻画人的。
It's about visualizing the experience that people have. 他们将人们的经历可视化。
visualizing:v.使形象化;想象;构思;设想;(visualize的现在分词)
And then there are others that are about the supply chain of making toast that goes all the way back to the store. 还有是一些关于制作烤面包的供应链 并且把这过程还原到商店里。
supply chain:n.供应链;
It goes through the supply chain networks of teleportation and all the way back to the field and wheat, and one all actually goes all the way back to the Big Bang . 从远距离传输开始, 直到田地和小麦, 甚至有些人从大爆炸开始画起。
teleportation:n.心灵传动;远距传动; Bang:n.猛敲; v.猛敲; v.正好;
So it's crazy stuff . 这些东西都太疯狂了。
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
But I think it's obvious that even though these drawings are really wildly different, they share a common quality, and I'm wondering if you can see it. 但是我认为很明显的是 即使这些画作都非常的不同, 但是它们都有共同点,不知道你们发现了没有。
obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的; wildly:adv.野生地;野蛮地;狂暴地;鲁莽地;
Do you see it? What's common about these? 你们看见了么？它们之间有什么共同点呢？
Most drawings have nodes and links. 大部分的画作有节点和链接。
nodes:n.茎节;(根或枝上的)瘤,节,结;节点;(node的复数)
So nodes represent the tangible objects like the toaster and people, and links represent the connections between the nodes. 节点代表可触及物比如人和烤面包机, 链接则表示每个节点之间的联系。
represent:v.代表;表现;描绘;回忆;再赠送; tangible:adj.有形的;切实的;可触摸的;n.有形资产;
And it's the combination of links and nodes that produces a full systems model, and it makes our private mental models visible about how we think something works. 正是因为这些节点和链接的结合, 才生产出一个完整的系统模型, 这个则把我们个人思考事物如何运作的 思维模式可视化。
combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; mental:adj.精神的;脑力的;疯的;n.精神病患者; visible:adj.明显的;看得见的;现有的;可得到的;n.可见物;进出口贸易中的有形项目;
So that's the value of these things. 这就是这些东西的价值。
What's interesting about these systems models is how they reveal our various points of view. 这系统模型的有趣之处在于 它们揭示了我们不同的观点。
So for example, Americans make toast with a toaster. 举个例子,美国人用烤面包机烤面包。
That seems obvious. 这似乎显而易见,
Whereas many Europeans make toast with a frying pan , of course, and many students make toast with a fire. 但是欧洲人用平底锅烤面包,当然这也是可以的, 而且,很多学生还用火烤面包。
Whereas:conj.然而;鉴于;反之; Europeans:n.欧洲人(European的复数); frying pan:n.长柄平底煎锅;
I don't really understand this. A lot of MBA students do this. 我真的不是很理解。但是很多 MBA 的学生这样做。
So you can measure the complexity by counting the number of nodes, and the average illustration has between four and eight nodes. 你可以通过数节点的个数衡量难度, 平均的图画步骤一般在四和八个节点之间,
complexity:n.复杂性;难以理解的局势 illustration:n.插图;图解;示例;图示;
Less than that, the drawing seems trivial, but it's quick to understand, and more than 13, the drawing produces a feeling of map shock. 少于这个节点,画会看上去比较琐碎, 但是易懂, 要是多余 13 个则叫人张目结舌。
It's too complex. 因为太复杂了。
So the sweet spot is between 5 and 13. 所以呢 5 到 13 个节点恰到好处。
sweet spot:n.(球拍或球棒的)最佳击球点;最有效点;所有特点的完美组合;
So if you want to communicate something visually , have between five and 13 nodes in your diagram. 如果你想用视觉进行沟通, 那么在你的示意图里要有 5 到 13 个节点。
visually:adv.形象化地;外表上;看得见地;
So though we may not be skilled at drawing, the point is that we intuitively know how to break down complex things into simple things and then bring them back together again. 虽然我们不一定善于绘画, 但关键是我们的直觉知道如何将复杂的东西简化, 再将它们重新组合起来。
skilled:adj.熟练的;有技能的;需要技能的; intuitively:adv.直观地;直觉地;
So this brings us to our second part of the exercise, which is how to make toast, but now with sticky notes or with cards. 这样一来,我们就进入了这个练习的第二个部分, 就是怎样做烤面包片 但是得用便利贴或卡片表示出来。
sticky:adj.粘的;粘性的;
So what happens then? 接着发生了什么呢？
Well, with cards, most people tend to draw clear, more detailed, and more logical nodes. 用卡片呢,大部分人倾向于画出清晰,有细节, 和更加有逻辑的节点。
logical:adj.合逻辑的,合理的;逻辑学的;
You can see the step by step analysis that takes place, and as they build up their model, they move their nodes around, rearranging them like Lego blocks. 你可以看到发生的每一步过程, 当他们建立起他们的模型的时候,他们移动他们的节点, 就像乐高积木一样重组它们。
step by step:adj.按部就班的; analysis:n.分析;分解;验定; rearranging:v.重新安排;改变(位日期、地点);(rearrange的现在分词) Lego:n.乐高积木(商标名);
Now, though this might seem trivial, it's actually really important. 虽然现在这看上去无关紧要,但是实际上这非常重要。
This rapid iteration of expressing and then reflecting and analyzing is really the only way in which we get clarity . 这快速的表达重述和思考与分析 是我们真正唯一明晰原理的方式。
iteration:n.[数]迭代;反复;重复; expressing:v.表示;表达;表露;显而易见;(express的现在分词) reflecting:v.反映;映出(影像);反射;显示,表明,表达;(reflect的现在分词) analyzing:adj.分析的;v.分析(analyze的现在分词); clarity:n.清楚,明晰;透明;
It's the essence of the design process. 这是设计过程的核心。
essence:n.本质;实质;精髓;香精;
And systems theorists do tell us that the ease with which we can change a representation correlates to our willingness to improve the model. 系统理论学家的确告诉我们, 改变陈述方式的简单性 与我们改进模型的积极性相关联。
theorists:理论家; representation:n.表现;代表;描述;陈述 correlates:相关; willingness:n.乐意;心甘情愿;自动自发; improve:v.改进;改善;
So sticky note systems are not only more fluid , they generally produce way more nodes than static drawings. 所以呢,使用便利贴绘图不仅更加顺畅, 而且比起在纸上绘图,它们还会使人们画出更多的节点。
fluid:adj.流动的;流畅的;不固定的;n.流体;液体; generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地; static:adj.静止的; n.[物]静电(干扰);
The drawings are much richer. 绘画内容也会更加丰富。
And this brings us to our third part of the exercise, which is to draw how to make toast, but this time in a group. 这便将我们带入这个练习的第三的部分, 就是如何以一个小组的画出如何烤面包片。
So what happens then? 这样会发生什么呢？
Well, here's what happens. 这是发生的状况。
It starts out messy , and then it gets really messy , and then it gets messier , but as people refine the models, the best nodes become more prominent , and with each iteration, the model becomes clearer because people build on top of each other's ideas. 开始非常混乱,然后就变的真的很糟糕, 之后变的更加乱了, 但是当人们推敲模型的时候, 最好的节点们变得更加显着, 在经过每一次的重述,模型便变得更加清晰, 因为人们的想法互相叠加。
messy:adj.肮脏的;凌乱的;不整洁的; messier:较肮脏的;较散乱的(messy的比较级); refine:v.精炼;改进;改善;提纯; prominent:adj.突出的,显著的;杰出的;卓越的;
What emerges is a unified systems model that integrates the diversity of everyone's individual points of view, so that's a really different outcome from what usually happens in meetings, isn't it? 这样一来着出现了一个统一的模型 将每个人不同的观点统一起来, 这样就会和我们之前通常看到的结果 大不一样,对不对？
emerges:vi.浮现;摆脱;暴露; unified:adj.统一的;一致标准的;v.统一;使一致(unify的过去分词); integrates:v.(使)结合;(使)一体化;(使)合并(integrate的第三人称单数形式); diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化: individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; outcome:n.结果,结局;成果;
So these drawings can contain 20 or more nodes, but participants don't feel map shock because they participate in the building of their models themselves. 所以,这些画作会包含 20或更多的节点, 但是,参与者并不会感到混乱 因为他们自己参与了模型的建造。
participants:n.参与者(participant的复数形式); participate:v.参加;参与;
Now, what's also really interesting, that the groups spontaneously mix and add additional layers of organization to it. 更有趣的是,将参与组们即兴地混合 和添加组织层次。
spontaneously:adv.自发地;自然地;不由自主地; additional:adj.附加的,额外的; layers:n.层;表层;层次;阶层;v.把…分层堆放;(layer的第三人称单数和复数) organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体;
To deal with contradictions , for example, they add branching patterns and parallel patterns. 为了解决矛盾,比如说, 他们将格局横竖分类。
contradictions:n.不一致,矛盾,对立;反驳;驳斥;(contradiction的复数) parallel:adj.平行的; v.与…相似; n.极其相似的人(或情况、事件等);
Oh, and by the way , if they do it in complete silence, they do it much better and much more quickly. 哦,顺便说一句,如果他们完全安静的工作, 他们的效率更高,成果也更好。
by the way:顺便说一下;
Really interesting -- talking gets in the way . 非常有趣的是——讨论会降低效率。
in the way:妨碍;挡道;
So here's some key lessons that can emerge from this. 这个练习带来了一些关键的启发。
First, drawing helps us understand the situations as systems with nodes and their relationships. 首先,绘图帮助我们 用节点的方式理解不同情况和它们之间的关系。
Movable cards produce better systems models, because we iterate much more fluidly . 可移动的卡片生产出更好的模型, 因为我们可以更流畅的重新表述。
Movable:adj.动产的;可移动的;不固定的;n.动产;可移动的东西; iterate:vt.迭代;重复;反复说;重做; fluidly:流动地;不定地;液体地;流畅地;
And then the group notes produce the most comprehensive models because we synthesize several points of view. 其次群体的绘图生产出更加全面的模型 因为我们将各个观点合成。
comprehensive:adj.综合的;广泛的;有理解力的;n.综合学校;专业综合测验; synthesize:vt.合成;综合;vi.合成;综合;
So that's interesting. 这很有趣。
When people work together under the right circumstances , group models are much better than individual models. 当人们在正确的环境下一起工作, 团队模型要比个人模型好很多。
circumstances:n.情况;环境;情形;(circumstance的复数)
So this approach works really great for drawing how to make toast, but what if you wanted to draw something more relevant or pressing, like your organizational vision , or customer experience, or long-term sustainability ? 所以这个方法对于画烤面包非常有效, 但是如果你要画些更加严肃的话题呢？ 比如组织远景,或是客户体验, 或是长期的可持续发展。
approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理; what if:如果…怎么办? relevant:adj.相关的;切题的;中肯的;有重大关系的;有意义的,目的明确的; organizational:adj.组织的;编制的; vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见; long-term:adj.长期的;从长远来看; sustainability:n.持续性;永续性;能维持性;
There's a visual revolution that's taking place as more organizations are addressing their wicked problems by collaboratively drawing them out. 这个视觉上的革命正随着 更多的组织通过集体绘画的方式 来解决那些复杂困难的问题。
revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环; organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构; wicked:adj.邪恶的;缺德的;调皮的;n.恶人;邪恶的人; collaboratively:adv.合作地;协作地;
And I'm convinced that those who see their world as movable nodes and links really have an edge. 我相信那些可以将他们的世界看作可移动节点和链接的人 会有很大的优势。
convinced:adj.坚信; v.使确信; (convince的过去分词和过去式)
And the practice is really pretty simple. 这个的实践真的非常简单。
You start with a question, you collect the nodes, you refine the nodes, you do it over again, you refine and refine and refine, and the patterns emerge, and the group gets clarity and you answer the question. 你以一个问题开始,收集节点, 优化节点,反复优化, 不断的优化,便有规律会出现, 组群便明晰起来,然后你得到了问题的答案。
So this simple act of visualizing and doing over and over again produces some really remarkable outcomes . 所以这简单的视觉化行为和不断地优化 产生出一些非常显着的结果。
over and over again:adv.一再地;反复不断地; remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的; outcomes:n.结果;成果;后果;出路;(outcome的复数)
What's really important to know is that it's the conversations that are the important aspects, not just the models themselves. 需要注意的一点是 交流是很重要的, 而不仅仅是模型本身。
And these visual frames of reference can grow to several hundreds or even thousands of nodes. 这些可视的参考框架 可以有数百甚至上千的节点。
frames:n.[计][电子][通信]帧,[电影]画面;[建][计]框架;眼镜架(frame的复数); reference:n.参考,提及;参考书目;证明书;v.引用;
So, one example is from an organization called Rodale. 举一个来自罗达尔组织的例子。
Big publishing company. 那是一个很大的出版公司。
They lost a bunch of money one year, and their executive team for three days visualized their entire practice. 有一年他们损失了很多钱, 他们的执行队伍花了三天将他们的全部经历可视化。
a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆; executive:n.管理人员; adj.经营管理的; visualized:adj.直观的;直视的;v.使形象化;想像(visualize的过去式和过去分词);
And what's interesting is that after visualizing the entire business, systems upon systems, they reclaimed 50 million dollars of revenue , and they also moved from a D rating to an A rating from their customers. 有趣的是,在他们将他们的全部公司可视化之后, 系统叠加系统, 他们重新声明取回了 5 亿美元的财政收入, 他们客户那里的评价也从 D 变成了 A 。
reclaimed:adj.回收的,再生的;翻造的;v.回收利用;改造(reclaim的过去分词);开垦土地; revenue:n.收益;营业额;税务署;
Why? Because there's alignment from the executive team. 为什么呢？那是因为执行队伍的齐心合作。
alignment:n.队列,成直线;校准;结盟;
So I'm now on a mission to help organizations solve their wicked problems by using collaborative visualization , 所以我现在的任务就是帮助组织们 通过合作可视化的方法解决困难的问题,
mission:n.使命,任务;代表团;布道;v.派遣;向…传教; visualization:n.形象化;清楚地呈现在心;
I've collected a bunch of best practices. 我收集了一些最棒的实践练习,
and so you can learn how to run a workshop here, you can learn more about the visual language and the structure of links and nodes that you can apply to general problem-solving , and download examples of various templates for unpacking the thorny problems that we all face in our organizations. 你们可以学习怎么运行一个研讨会, 你们可以学习更多视觉语言, 以及你可以运用到综合问题、解决方法上的节点和链接的结构, 并且可以下载不同的范例模板 去解决我们组织的困难问题。
workshop:n.车间;研讨会;讲习班;工场;v.学习; structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造; apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; problem-solving:adj.问题解决的;n.解决问题;找出问题的答案; templates:n.模板;范本(template的复数);属性单元; unpacking:v.从(箱、包等中)取出;分析;剖析;(unpack的现在分词) thorny:adj.多刺的;痛苦的;令人苦恼的;
So the seemingly trivial design exercise of drawing toast helps us get clear, engaged and aligned . 所以这些看似琐碎的画烤面包的练习, 使我们更加明确,积极,和团结。
seemingly:adv.看来似乎;表面上看来; engaged:adj.已订婚的; v.吸引住; (engage的过去分词和过去式) aligned:adj.对齐的;均衡的;v.结盟(align的过去式);使成一直线;
So next time you're confronted with an interesting challenge, remember what design has to teach us. 所以,下一次你遇到一个有趣的挑战, 记住设计所教会我们的。
confronted:v.使…无法回避;降临于;处理;面对;对抗;(confront的过去分词和过去式)
Make your ideas visible, tangible, and consequential . 让你的主意可视,可触摸,有结果。
consequential:adj.间接的;结果的;重要的;随之发生的;自傲的;
It's simple, it's fun, it's powerful, and I believe it's an idea worth celebrating. 这很简单,有趣,强大, 我相信这是一个值得庆祝的主意。
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）