返回首页

ToddKuiken_2011G-_有触觉的假肢_
So today, I would like to talk with you about bionics , which is the popular term for the science of replacing part of a living organism with a mechatronic device , or a robot. [00:12]
bionics:n.仿生学; organism:n.生物;有机体;有机组织;(尤指)微生物; device:n.装置;策略;图案;
It is essentially the stuff of life meets machine. [00:25]
essentially:adv.本质上;本来; stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
And specifically , I'd like to talk with you about how bionics is evolving for people with arm amputations . [00:30]
specifically:adv.特别地;明确地; evolving:v.(使)逐渐形成,逐渐演变;进化形成;(evolve的现在分词) amputations:n.截肢(术),切断(术);删除,削减;(amputation的复数)
This is our motivation . [00:38]
motivation:n.动机;积极性;推动;
Arm amputation causes a huge disability . [00:41]
disability:n.残疾;无能;无资格;不利条件;
I mean, the functional impairment is clear. [00:44]
functional:adj.功能的; impairment:n.损伤,损害;
Our hands are amazing instruments . [00:46]
instruments:n.器械;仪器;器具;手段(instrument的复数)
And when you lose one, far less both, it's a lot harder to do the things we physically need to do. [00:48]
There's also a huge emotional impact . [00:55]
emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
And actually, I spend as much of my time in clinic dealing with the emotional adjustment of patients as with the physical disability. [00:57]
clinic:n.诊所;临床实习;(医院的)门诊部;门诊时间; adjustment:n.调整,调节;调节器; patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数) physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查;
And finally , there's a profound social impact. [01:04]
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; profound:adj.深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的;
We talk with our hands. [01:07]
We greet with our hands. [01:09]
And we interact with the physical world with our hands. [01:11]
interact:v.互相影响;互相作用;n.幕间剧;幕间休息;
And when they're missing, it's a barrier . [01:14]
barrier:n.屏障;障碍;障碍物;关口;v.用栅围住;
Arm amputation is usually caused by trauma , with things like industrial accidents, motor vehicle collisions or, very poignantly , war. [01:18]
trauma:n.[外科]创伤(由心理创伤造成精神上的异常);外伤; industrial:adj.工业的,产业的; n.工业股票; motor vehicle:n.机动车; collisions:n.[物]碰撞;冲突;撞击(collision的复数形式); poignantly:adv.深刻地;辛辣地;令人辛酸地;
There are also some children who are born without arms, called congenital limb deficiency . [01:27]
congenital:adj.先天的,天生的;天赋的; limb:n.肢,臂;分支;枝干;v.切断…的手足;从…上截下树枝; deficiency:n.缺陷,缺点;缺乏;不足的数额;
Unfortunately , we don't do great with upper-limb prosthetics . [01:33]
Unfortunately:adv.不幸地; prosthetics:n.[外科]修复学,修补学;弥补术;
There are two general types. [01:37]
They're called body-powered prostheses , which were invented just after the Civil War, refined in World War I and World War II. [01:39]
prostheses:假体(如假肢,假眼或假牙等)(prosthesis的名词复数); Civil:adj.公民的;民间的;文职的;有礼貌的;根据民法的; refined:adj.精制的; v.精炼;
Here you see a patent for an arm in 1912. [01:46]
patent:vt.授予专利; adj.专利的; n.专利权;
It's not a lot different than the one you see on my patient. [01:50]
different than:不同于;
They work by harnessing shoulder power. [01:55]
harnessing:v.给(马等)装上挽具(harness的现在分词);治理,利用;
So when you squish your shoulders, they pull on a bicycle cable . [01:57]
squish:n.咯吱声;挤扁;vt.压扁;把...挤扁;vi.发出嘎吱声; cable:n.电缆; v.打电报; (用锚链,缆索等)系住;
And that bicycle cable can open or close a hand or a hook or bend an elbow . [02:00]
hook:n.钩;挂钩;鱼钩;钓钩;v.挂住;箍住;钓(鱼);打曲线球; elbow:n.肘;弯头;肘状物;v.用肘推;挤进;讨价还价;
And we still use them commonly, because they're very robust and relatively simple devices . [02:05]
robust:adj.强健的;健康的;粗野的;粗鲁的; relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地; devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数);
The state of the art is what we call myoelectric prostheses. [02:11]
state of the art:adj.最先进的;已经发展的;达到最高水准的; myoelectric:adj.肌电的(等于myoelectrical);
These are motorized devices that are controlled by little electrical signals from your muscle . [02:15]
motorized:adj.摩托化的;机动化的;v.使…机械化(motorize的过去分词); electrical:adj.有关电的;电气科学的; muscle:n.肌肉;力量;v.加强;使劲搬动;使劲挤出;
Every time you contract a muscle, it emits a little electricity that you can record with antennae or electrodes and use that to operate the motorized prosthesis . [02:21]
contract:v.收缩;感染;订约;n.合同;婚约; emits:发出;放射;发行(emit的动词单数第三人称形式); electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪; antennae:n.[电讯]天线(等于aerial);[昆]触须;[植]蕊喙;直觉; electrodes:n.[电]电极(electrode的复数);电焊条; prosthesis:n.假体;添字首音;弥补;义体;
They work pretty well for people who have just lost their hand, because your hand muscles are still there. [02:30]
muscles:n.肌肉(muscle的复数);
You squeeze your hand, these muscles contract. [02:36]
squeeze:v.挤;紧握;勒索;压榨;n.压榨;紧握;拥挤;佣金;
You open it, these muscles contract. [02:38]
So it's intuitive , and it works pretty well. [02:40]
intuitive:adj.直觉的;凭直觉获知的;
Well how about with higher levels of amputation? [02:43]
Now you've lost your arm above the elbow. [02:45]
You're missing not only these muscles, but your hand and your elbow too. [02:47]
What do you do? [02:51]
Well our patients have to use very code-y systems of using just their arm muscles to operate robotic limbs . [02:53]
robotic:adj.机器人的,像机器人的;自动的;n.机器人学; limbs:n.[解剖]四肢(limb的复数);
We have robotic limbs. [03:03]
There are several available on the market , and here you see a few. [03:05]
on the market:上市;出售的;
They contain just a hand that will open and close, a wrist rotator and an elbow. [03:08]
wrist:n.手腕;腕关节;v.用腕力移动[送出,抛掷等]; rotator:n.旋转体;旋转的人;[解剖]回旋肌;
There's no other functions. [03:13]
If they did, how would we tell them what to do? [03:15]
We built our own arm at the Rehab Institute of Chicago where we've added some wrist flexion and shoulder joints to get up to six motors, or six degrees of freedom. [03:17]
Rehab:n.修复(等于rehabilitation);v.修复(等于rehabilitate); Institute:v.开始(调查);制定;创立;提起(诉讼);n.学会,协会;学院; flexion:n.弯曲,弯曲状态;弯曲部分; joints:n.关节; v.接合,联合; (joint的第三人称单数和复数)
And we've had the opportunity to work with some very advanced arms that were funded by the U.S. military , using these prototypes , that had up to 10 different degrees of freedom including movable hands. [03:26]
advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) funded:adj.提供资金的;v.提供资金;积存;提供资金偿付的本息;(fund的过去式); military:adj.军事的;军人的;适于战争的;n.军队;军人; prototypes:n.原型;技术原型;雏型; movable:adj.动产的;可移动的;不固定的;n.动产;可移动的东西;
But at the end of the day, how do we tell these robotic arms what to do? [03:37]
How do we control them? [03:41]
Well we need a neural interface , a way to connect to our nervous system or our thought processes so that it's intuitive, it's natural, like for you and I. [03:43]
neural:adj.神经的;神经系统的;背的;神经中枢的; interface:n.接口;人机界面;连接电路;v.连接; nervous system:n.神经系统; processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式);
Well the body works by starting a motor command in your brain, going down your spinal cord , out the nerves and to your periphery . [03:55]
spinal cord:n.脊髓; nerves:n.神经;神经紧张;勇气;v.鼓足勇气;振作精神;(nerve的第三人称单数和复数) periphery:n.外围,边缘;圆周;圆柱体表面;
And your sensation 's the exact opposite. [04:02]
sensation:n.感觉;轰动;感动;
You touch yourself, there's a stimulus that comes up those very same nerves back up to your brain. [04:04]
stimulus:n.刺激;激励;刺激物;
When you lose your arm, that nervous system still works. [04:10]
Those nerves can put out command signals. [04:13]
And if I tap the nerve ending on a World War II vet , he'll still feel his missing hand. [04:16]
vet:n.兽医;兽医诊所;v.审查;仔细检查,审查(内容、质量等);
So you might say, let's go to the brain and put something in the brain to record signals, or in the end of the peripheral nerve and record them there. [04:22]
peripheral:adj.外围的;次要的;(神经)末梢区域的;n.外部设备;
And these are very exciting research areas, but it's really, really hard. [04:32]
You have to put in hundreds of microscopic wires to record from little tiny individual neurons -- ordinary fibers that put out tiny signals that are microbolts. [04:37]
microscopic:adj.微观的;用显微镜可见的; individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; fibers:n.纤维(fiber的复数);
And it's just too hard to use now and for my patients today. [04:49]
So we developed a different approach . [04:53]
approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理;
We're using a biological amplifier to amplify these nerve signals -- muscles. [04:56]
biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品; amplifier:n.[电子]放大器,扩大器;扩音器; amplify:vt.放大,扩大;增强;详述;vi.详述;
Muscles will amplify the nerve signals about a thousand-fold , so that we can record them from on top of the skin, like you saw earlier. [05:02]
thousand-fold:adj.千倍;千重;adv.千倍;千重;
So our approach is something we call targeted reinnervation . [05:11]
reinnervation:n.神经移植术;再生;
Imagine, with somebody who's lost their whole arm, we still have four major nerves that go down your arm. [05:14]
And we take the nerve away from your chest muscle and let these nerves grow into it. [05:21]
Now you think, "Close hand," and a little section of your chest contracts . [05:27]
contracts:n.[经]合同; v.使收缩;
You think, "Bend elbow," [05:30]
a different section contracts. [05:32]
And we can use electrodes or antennae to pick that up and tell the arm to move. [05:34]
That's the idea. [05:39]
So this is the first man that we tried it on. [05:41]
His name is Jesse Sullivan. [05:44]
He's just a saint of a man -- 54-year-old lineman who touched the wrong wire and had both of his arms burnt so badly they had to be amputated at the shoulder. [05:46]
saint:n.圣人;圣徒;道德崇高的人;adj.神圣的;v.成为圣徒; lineman:n.线务员;线路工人; amputated:切断;锯掉;截(肢)(amputate的过去式和过去分词);
Jesse came to us at the RIC to be fit with these state-of-the-art devices, and here you see them. [05:55]
state-of-the-art:adj.最先进的;已经发展的;达到最高水准的;
I'm still using that old technology with a bicycle cable on his right side. [06:00]
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
And he picks which joint he wants to move with those chin switches. [06:05]
chin:n.下巴;颏;v.(口)用下巴夹住(提琴等);(单杠)引体向上使下巴高过横杠;谈话;
On the left side he's got a modern motorized prosthesis with those three joints, and he operates little pads in his shoulder that he touches to make the arm go. [06:08]
pads:n.软垫,护垫; v.填充,覆盖,保护; (pad的第三人称单数和复数)
And Jesse's a good crane operator , and he did okay by our standards . [06:18]
crane:n.吊车,起重机;鹤;vi.伸着脖子看;迟疑,踌躇;vt.用起重机起吊;伸长脖子; operator:n.算子;接线员;操作人员;骗子; standards:n.标准,水平,规格(standard的复数)
He also required a revision surgery on his chest. [06:22]
revision:n.[印刷]修正;复习;修订本; surgery:n.外科;外科手术;手术室;诊疗室;
And that gave us the opportunity to do targeted reinnervation. [06:25]
So my colleague , Dr. Greg Dumanian, did the surgery. [06:29]
colleague:n.同事,同僚;
First, we cut away the nerve to his own muscle, then we took the arm nerves and just kind of had them shift down onto his chest and closed him up. [06:32]
shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换;
And after about three months, the nerves grew in a little bit and we could get a twitch . [06:41]
twitch:n.抽搐;抽动;痉挛;阵痛;vi.抽搐;抽动;阵痛;vt.使抽动;攫取;猛拉;
And after six months, the nerves grew in well, and you could see strong contractions . [06:45]
contractions:n.收缩;缩略形式(contraction的复数);
And this is what it looks like. [06:50]
This is what happens when Jesse thinks open and close his hand, or bend or straighten your elbow. [06:52]
straighten:v.整顿;使…改正;好转;
You can see the movements on his chest, and those little hash marks are where we put our antennae, or electrodes. [06:59]
hash:n.剁碎的食物;混杂,拼凑;重新表述;v.搞糟,把…弄乱;切细;推敲;
And I challenge anybody in the room to make their chest go like this. [07:05]
His brain is thinking about his arm. [07:09]
He has not learned how to do this with the chest. [07:11]
There is not a learning process. [07:14]
That's why it's intuitive. [07:16]
So here's Jesse in our first little test with him. [07:18]
On the left-hand side, you see his original prosthesis, and he's using those switches to move little blocks from one box to the other. [07:21]
left-hand:adj.左手的;左侧的; original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的;
He's had that arm for about 20 months, so he's pretty good with it. [07:28]
On the right side, two months after we fit him with his targeted reinnervation prosthesis -- which, by the way , is the same physical arm, just programmed a little different -- you can see that he's much faster and much smoother as he moves these little blocks. [07:31]
by the way:顺便说一下;
And we're only able to use three of the signals at this time. [07:46]
Then we had one of those little surprises in science. [07:49]
So we're all motivated to get motor commands to drive robotic arms. [07:54]
motivated:adj.有动机的; v.使产生动机;
And after a few months, you touch Jesse on his chest, and he felt his missing hand. [07:58]
His hand sensation grew into his chest again probably because we had also taken away a lot of fat, so the skin was right down to the muscle and deinnervated, if you would, his skin. [08:05]
So you touch Jesse here, he feels his thumb; you touch it here, he feels his pinky . [08:14]
pinky:adj.带淡红色的;比较激进的;n.小指(=pinkie);
He feels light touch down to one gram of force. [08:18]
He feels hot, cold, sharp , dull , all in his missing hand, or both his hand and his chest, but he can attend to either. [08:22]
sharp:锋利的,尖的 dull:v.减轻; adj.枯燥无味的;
So this is really exciting for us, because now we have a portal , a portal , or a way to potentially give back sensation, so that he might feel what he touches with his prosthetic hand. [08:31]
portal:n.大门,入口; potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地;
Imagine sensors in the hand coming up and pressing on this new hand scan. [08:43]
sensors:n.[自]传感器,感应器;感测器(sensor的复数);
So it was very exciting. [08:48]
We've also gone on with what was initially our primary population of people with above-the-elbow amputations. [08:50]
initially:adv.最初,首先;开头;
And here we deinnervate, or cut the nerve away, just from little segments of muscle and leave others alone that give us our up-down signals and two others that will give us a hand open and close signal. [08:56]
segments:n.片段; v.把…分割成段;
This was one of our first patients, Chris. [09:08]
You see him with his original device on the left there after eight months of use, and on the right, it is two months. [09:10]
He's about four or five times as fast with this simple little performance metric . [09:16]
performance:n.性能;表现;业绩;表演; metric:adj.米制的;公制的;按公制制作的;用公制测量的;
All right. [09:22]
So one of the best parts of my job is working with really great patients who are also our research collaborators . [09:24]
collaborators:n.[劳经]合作者;投敌者(collaborator的复数);
And we're fortunate today to have Amanda Kitts come and join us. [09:31]
Please welcome Amanda Kitts. [09:35]
(Applause) [09:37]
So Amanda, would you please tell us how you lost your arm? [09:44]
Amanda Kitts: Sure. In 2006, I had a car accident. [09:47]
And I was driving home from work, and a truck was coming the opposite direction, came over into my lane , ran over the top of my car and his axle tore my arm off. [09:50]
lane:n.车道;小巷;泳道;胡同; over the top:adj.过多的;言过其实的;夸大其词的; axle:n.车轴;[车辆]轮轴;
Todd Kuiken: Okay, so after your amputation, you healed up. [10:01]
Todd:n.托德(姓氏,英国化学家,曾获1957年诺贝尔化学奖); healed:v.(使)康复,复原;治愈(病人);(使)结束;(heal的过去分词和过去式)
And you've got one of these conventional arms. [10:04]
conventional:adj.符合习俗的,传统的;常见的;惯例的;
Can you tell us how it worked? [10:06]
AK: Well, it was a little difficult, because all I had to work with was a bicep and a tricep . [10:09]
bicep:n.袖肥;袖髀宽; tricep:n.肱三头肌;
So for the simple little things like picking something up, [10:13]
I would have to bend my elbow, and then I would have to cocontract to get it to change modes . [10:16]
modes:n.模式(mode的复数形式);方法;分辨率;
When I did that, [10:23]
I had to use my bicep to get the hand to close, use my tricep to get it to open, cocontract again to get the elbow to work again. [10:25]
TK: So it was a little slow? [10:36]
AK: A little slow, and it was just hard to work. [10:38]
You had to concentrate a whole lot. [10:41]
concentrate:n.浓缩物;v.聚精会神;集中(注意力);使…集中(或集合、聚集);(使)浓缩;
TK: Okay, so I think about nine months later that you had the targeted reinnervation surgery, took a couple months to have all the reinnervation. [10:43]
Then we fit her with a prosthesis. [10:51]
And how did that work for you? [10:54]
AK: It works good. [10:56]
I was able to use my elbow and my hand simultaneously . [10:59]
simultaneously:adv.同时地;
I could work them just by my thoughts. [11:06]
So I didn't have to do any of the cocontracting and all that. [11:08]
TK: A little faster? [11:11]
AK: A little faster. And much more easy, much more natural. [11:13]
TK: Okay, this was my goal. [11:17]
For 20 years, my goal was to let somebody [11:20]
[be] able to use their elbow and hand in an intuitive way and at the same time . [11:23]
at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
And we now have over 50 patients around the world who have had this surgery, including over a dozen of our wounded warriors in the U.S. armed services. [11:28]
wounded:adj.受伤的; n.伤员; v.使受伤; (wound的过去分词和过去式) warriors:n.(尤指旧时的)武士,勇士,斗士(warrior的复数)
The success rate of the nerve transfers is very high. [11:35]
transfers:n.[电子][计]传输(tansfer的复数); v.[计]转移;
It's like 96 percent. [11:38]
Because we're putting a big fat nerve onto a little piece of muscle. [11:40]
And it provides intuitive control. [11:43]
Our functional testing, those little tests, all show that they're a lot quicker and a lot easier. [11:47]
And the most important thing is our patients have appreciated it. [11:51]
appreciated:v.欣赏;感激;理解;(appreciate的过去分词和过去式)
So that was all very exciting. [11:55]
But we want to do better. [11:57]
There's a lot of information in those nerve signals, and we wanted to get more. [12:00]
You can move each finger. You can move your thumb , your wrist. [12:06]
thumb:v.翻阅;以拇指拨弄;作搭车手势;笨拙地摆弄;n.拇指;
Can we get more out of it? [12:09]
So we did some experiments where we saturated our poor patients with zillions of electrodes and then had them try to do two dozen different tasks -- from wiggling a finger to moving a whole arm to reaching for something -- and recorded this data. [12:11]
saturated:adj.饱和的;渗透的;深颜色的;v.使渗透,使饱和(saturate的过去式); zillions:n.庞大的数字;无法计算的大数字;adj.无限数的; wiggling:v.(使)扭动,摆动,起伏;(wiggle的现在分词)
And then we used some algorithms that are a lot like speech recognition algorithms, called pattern recognition. [12:26]
recognition:n.识别;认识;承认;认可;
See. [12:32]
(Laughter) [12:34]
And here you can see, on Jesse's chest, when he just tried to do three different things, you can see three different patterns. [12:36]
But I can't put in an electrode and say, "Go there." [12:42]
So we collaborated with our colleagues in University of New Brunswick, came up with this algorithm control, which Amanda can now demonstrate . [12:46]
collaborated:v.合作;协作;通敌;勾结敌人;(collaborate的过去分词和过去式) colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); demonstrate:vt.证明;展示;论证;vi.示威;
AK: So I have the elbow that goes up and down. [12:53]
I have the wrist rotation that goes -- and it can go all the way around. [12:58]
rotation:n.旋转;循环,轮流;
And I have the wrist flexion and extension . [13:03]
extension:n.延长;延期;扩大;伸展;电话分机;
And I also have the hand closed and open. [13:07]
TK: Thank you, Amanda. [13:10]
Now this is a research arm, but it's made out of commercial components from here down and a few that I've borrowed from around the world. [13:12]
commercial:adj.贸易的;商业的;赢利的;以获利为目的的;n.(电台或电视播放的)广告; components:n.部件;组件;成份(component复数);
It's about seven pounds, which is probably about what my arm would weigh if I lost it right here. [13:20]
Obviously, that's heavy for Amanda. [13:27]
And in fact, it feels even heavier, because it's not glued on the same. [13:30]
glued:v.(用胶水)粘合,粘牢,粘贴(glue的过去分词和过去式)
She's carrying all the weight through harnesses . [13:34]
harnesses:n.吊带; v.给…上挽具;
So the exciting part isn't so much the mechatronics , but the control. [13:36]
mechatronics:n.机械电子学;
So we've developed a small microcomputer that is blinking somewhere behind her back and is operating this all by the way she trains it to use her individual muscle signals. [13:41]
microcomputer:n.微电脑;[计]微型计算机; blinking:adv.讨厌,可恶;v.眨眼睛;闪烁;(blink的现在分词)
So Amanda, when you first started using this arm, how long did it take to use it? [13:53]
AK: It took just about probably three to four hours to get it to train. [13:58]
I had to hook it up to a computer, so I couldn't just train it anywhere. [14:02]
So if it stopped working, I just had to take it off. [14:06]
So now it's able to train with just this little piece on the back. [14:09]
I can wear it around. [14:13]
If it stops working for some reason, I can retrain it. [14:15]
retrain:vt.重新教育;再教育;vi.再训练;再教育;
Takes about a minute. [14:18]
TK: So we're really excited, because now we're getting to a clinically practical device. [14:20]
clinically:adv.临床地;门诊部地;不偏不倚;通过临床诊断; practical:adj.实际的;真实的;客观存在的;n.实习课;实践课;
And that's where our goal is -- to have something clinically pragmatic to wear. [14:25]
pragmatic:adj.实际的;实用主义的;国事的;
We've also had Amanda able to use some of our more advanced arms that I showed you earlier. [14:31]
Here's Amanda using an arm made by DEKA Research Corporation . [14:38]
Corporation:n.法人;(大)公司;法人团体;市政委员会;
And I believe Dean Kamen presented it at TED a few years ago. [14:41]
Dean:n.院长;系主任;教务长;主持牧师;
So Amanda, you can see, has really good control. [14:45]
It's all the pattern recognition. [14:49]
And it now has a hand that can do different grasps . [14:51]
grasps:n.抓住;理解;控制;vt.抓住;领会;vi.抓;
What we do is have the patient go all the way open and think, "What hand grasp pattern do I want?" [14:54]
It goes into that mode, and then you can do up to five or six different hand grasps with this hand. [15:00]
Amanda, how many were you able to do with the DEKA arm? [15:04]
AK: I was able to get four. [15:07]
I had the key grip , I had a chuck grip , [15:09]
grip:n.紧握;柄;支配;握拍方式;拍柄绷带;vt.紧握;夹紧;vi.抓住; chuck:n.卡盘;夹头;辞退;(牛等的)颈肉;v.放弃;[机]用卡盘夹紧;(口语)抛出,逐出;
I had a power grasp and I had a fine pinch . [15:12]
pinch:v.拧;捏;掐;捏住;夹紧;偷摸;逮捕;n.捏;掐;拧;一撮;
But my favorite one was just when the hand was open, because I work with kids, and so all the time you're clapping and singing, so I was able to do that again, which was really good. [15:16]
clapping:v.鼓掌,拍手;击掌;(clap的现在分词)
TK: That hand's not so good for clapping. [15:26]
AK: Can't clap with this one. [15:28]
TK: All right. So that's exciting on where we may go with the better mechatronics, if we make them good enough to put out on the market and use in a field trial. [15:30]
I want you to watch closely. [15:39]
(Video) Claudia: Oooooh! [15:41]
TK: That's Claudia, and that was the first time she got to feel sensation through her prosthetic. [15:43]
She had a little sensor at the end of her prosthesis that then she rubbed over different surfaces, and she could feel different textures of sandpaper , different grits , ribbon cable, as it pushed on her reinnervated hand scan. [15:50]
rubbed:v.(使)相互摩擦;摩擦(尤指引起疼痛或损害);(rub的过去分词和过去式) textures:n.纹理;材质(texture的复数);v.使具有某种结构(texture的三单形式); sandpaper:n.砂纸;vt.用砂纸擦光; grits:n.粗磨粉;粗燕麦粉;(美)粗玉米粉; ribbon:n.丝带; v.用丝带装饰;
She said that when she just ran it across the table, it felt like her finger was rocking. [16:04]
So that's an exciting laboratory experiment on how to give back, potentially, some skin sensation. [16:09]
laboratory:n.实验室,研究室;
But here's another video that shows some of our challenges. [16:14]
This is Jesse, and he's squeezing a foam toy. [16:17]
squeezing:v.挤压;捏;榨出,挤出,拧出;(squeeze的现在分词) foam:n.泡沫;水沫;灭火泡沫;v.起泡沫;吐白沫;起着泡沫流动;
And the harder he squeezes -- you see a little black thing in the middle that's pushing on his skin proportional to how hard he squeezes. [16:20]
squeezes:v.挤; n.压榨; (squeeze的第三人称单数和复数) proportional to:与…相称,与…成比例;
But look at all the electrodes around it. [16:26]
I've got a real estate problem. [16:28]
real estate:n.房地产;不动产;
You're supposed to put a bunch of these things on there, but our little motor's making all kinds of noise right next to my electrodes. [16:30]
supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式) a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆;
So we're really challenged on what we're doing there. [16:37]
The future is bright. [16:40]
We're excited about where we are and a lot of things we want to do. [16:42]
So for example, one is to get rid of my real estate problem and get better signals. [16:45]
We want to develop these little tiny capsules about the size of a piece of risotto that we can put into the muscles and telemeter out the EMG signals, so that it's not worrying about electrode contact . [16:52]
capsules:n.[药]胶囊(capsule的复数); v.压缩; risotto:n.意大利调味饭(一种米,洋葱,鸡肉等制作的米饭); telemeter:n.测距仪,遥测计;遥测发射器;vt.用遥测发射器传送;vi.遥测并传送数据; contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系;
And we can have the real estate open to try more sensation feedback . [17:05]
feedback:n.反馈;反馈意见;回授;[电子]反馈;
We want to build a better arm. [17:09]
This arm -- they're always made for the 50th percentile male -- which means they're too big for five-eighths of the world. [17:11]
percentile:adj.百分率的;按百等分排列的;n.百分位;
So rather than a super strong or super fast arm, we're making an arm that is -- we're starting with, the 25th percentile female -- that will have a hand that wraps around, opens all the way, two degrees of freedom in the wrist and an elbow. [17:19]
female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物; wraps:n.外衣; v.包裹;
So it'll be the smallest and lightest and the smartest arm ever made. [17:36]
Once we can do it that small, it's a lot easier making them bigger. [17:40]
So those are just some of our goals. [17:44]
And we really appreciate you all being here today. [17:47]
I'd like to tell you a little bit about the dark side, with yesterday's theme. [17:51]
So Amanda came jet-lagged , she's using the arm, and everything goes wrong. [17:55]
jet-lagged:adj.有时差现象的;飞机晚点的;
There was a computer spook , a broken wire, a converter that sparked . [18:01]
spook:n.鬼;幽灵;vt.惊吓;鬼怪般地出没;vi.受惊; converter:n.[电]变流器,整流器;转化器; sparked:v.点燃,发动(spark的过去式,过去分词);鼓舞;
We took out a whole circuit in the hotel and just about put on the fire alarm . [18:07]
circuit:n.环行路线;电路;线路;巡回赛;v.巡回;周游; fire alarm:n.火警钟;火警报警器;
And none of those problems could I have dealt with, but I have a really bright research team. [18:11]
And thankfully Dr. Annie Simon was with us and worked really hard yesterday to fix it. [18:16]
thankfully:adv.感谢地;感激地;
That's science. [18:21]
And fortunately, it worked today. [18:23]
So thank you very much. [18:25]
(Applause) [18:27]