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TobyKiers_2019S-_来自真菌的市场和经济课_-
So I stand before you as an evolutionary biologist , a professor of evolutionary biology , which sounds like a rather fancy title, if I may say so myself. 我作为进化生物学家 站在你们面前, 进化生物学教授, 这个头衔听起来很花哨, 如果我可以如此自称的话。
evolutionary:adj.进化的;发展的;渐进的; biologist:n.生物学家; biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学; fancy:n.幻想; adj.想象的; v.想象;
And I'm going to talk about two topics that aren't normally talked about together, and that's market economies and fungi . 我要打算讨论两个 通常不被放在一起讨论的话题, 那就是市场经济和真菌。
normally:adv.正常地;通常地,一般地; economies:n.经济;经济结构;节约;(economy的复数) fungi:n.真菌;菌类;蘑菇(fungus的复数);
Or is it fun-GUY, or, as we say in Europe now, fun-GEE? （英语发音）或叫“番菌（ fun-GUY）”, 或在欧洲的读法,“番基（fun-GEE）“？
There's still no consensus on how to say this word. 人们尚未对这个词的发音取得共识。
consensus:n.一致;舆论;合意;
So I want you to imagine a market economy that's 400 million years old, one that's so ubiquitous that it operates in almost every ecosystem of the world, 我想让你们想象 一个长达4亿年之久的 市场经济, 这种市场经济无处不在地存在 世界上的每一个生态系统中,
economy:n.经济;节约;理财; ubiquitous:adj.普遍存在的;无所不在的; ecosystem:n.生态系统;
so huge that it can connect millions of traders simultaneously , and so persistent that it survived mass extinctions . 它庞大到能够同时且持久地连接 数百万的交易方 它顽强到可从数场大灭绝中生存下来。
traders:n.交易员;贸易商(trader的复数形式); simultaneously:adv.同时地; persistent:adj.固执的,坚持的;持久稳固的; mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集; extinctions:n.[生物]灭绝(extinction的复数);消失;废除;
It's here, right now, under our feet. 它就在这里,就在此刻,在我们脚下。
You just can't see it. 你只是看不见。
And unlike human economies that rely on cognition to make decisions, traders in this market, they beg, borrow, steal, cheat, all in the absence of thought. 跟人类市场经济 依靠认知来做决定不同, 这个市场中的交易员, 它们乞讨,借取,偷窃,欺骗, 全都在无思想的情况下发生。
rely:vi.依靠;信赖; cognition:n.认识;知识;认识能力; in the absence of:缺乏,不存在;无…时,缺少…时;
So hidden from our eyes, plant roots are colonized by a fungus called arbuscule mycorrhizae . 隐藏在我们的眼皮底下, 植物的根茎被一种 叫做丛枝菌根的真菌定殖。
colonized:vt.将…开拓为殖民地; vi.开拓殖民地; fungus:n.真菌,霉菌;菌类; arbuscule:n.丛枝状吸胞;灌木状生长; mycorrhizae:n.菌根(真菌和植物根的共生体);
Now the fungus forms these complex networks underground of fine filaments thinner than even threads of cotton. 现在真菌在地下形成的 这些复杂网络, 它们的这些细丝比棉线还细。
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; filaments:n.[植]花丝;细丝(filament的复数);[电子]灯丝;电加热丝; threads:n.线; v.穿(针); (thread的第三人称单数和复数)
So follow one of these fungi, and it connects multiple plants simultaneously. 所以顺着其中一种真菌, 它同时连接着多个植物。
multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数;
You can think of it as an underground subway system, where each root is a station, where resources are loaded and unloaded . 你可以把它想成地下铁系统, 每个根是一个站, 在那里资源被装载和卸载。
resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); unloaded:adj.[电]空载的;v.卸货;解除…的负担;倾销;(unload的过去式和过去分词)
And it's also very dense , so roughly the length of many meters, even a kilometer, in a single gram of dirt . 并且它非常紧密, 在一克土里,大概有几米长, 甚至一公里长。
dense:adj.稠密的;浓厚的;愚钝的; roughly:adv.粗糙地;概略地; dirt:n.污垢;尘土;下流话;
So that's the length of 10 football fields in just a thimbleful of soil. 在一丁点的土壤里, 真菌网络细丝 就有10个足球场长。
thimbleful:n.极少量;
And it's everywhere. 并且它无处不在。
So if you passed over a tree, a shrub , a vine , even a tiny weed , you passed over a mycorrhizal network. 所以如果你经过一棵树,一片灌木, 一条藤蔓,甚至是一棵小草, 你就穿越过了一个菌根网络。
shrub:n.灌木;灌木丛; vine:n.藤;葡萄树;藤本植物;攀缘植物;vi.长成藤蔓;爬藤; weed:v.除草;铲除;n.杂草,野草;菸草; mycorrhizal:菌根;
Roughly 80 percent of all plant species are associated with these mycorrhizal fungi. 大概 80% 的植物品种 与这些菌根真菌连接。
species:n.[生物]物种;种类; associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式)
So what does a root covered in fungi have to do with our global economy? 那么被真菌覆盖的根茎 和我们全球经济有什么关系？
have to do with:与…有关; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的;
And why as an evolutionary biologist have I spent the last 10 years of my life learning economic jargon ? 我这个进化生物学家 为什么要花过去 10 年 来研究经济学术语？
economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; jargon:n.行话,术语;黄锆石;
Well, the first thing you need to understand is that trade deals made by plant and fungal partners are surprisingly similar to those made by us, but perhaps even more strategic . 你需要理解的第一件事是 植物和真菌合作伙伴 达成的贸易协议 和我们人类制定的贸易协定 非常相似, 但或许更具策略性。
fungal:adj.真菌的(等于fungous); surprisingly:adv.令人惊讶地;出乎意料地 strategic:adj.战略上的,战略的;
You see, plant and fungal partners, they're not exchanging stocks and bonds, they're exchanging essential resources, and for the fungus, that's sugars and fats. 你看,植物和真菌合作伙伴, 它们不交易股票和证券, 它们交换重要的资源。 对于真菌而言,那是糖和脂肪。
stocks:n.[金融]股票; v.采购; essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的;
It gets all of its carbon directly from the plant partner. 它所有的碳源都是直接从 植物伙伴那里获得的。
carbon:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的; directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就;
So much carbon, so every year, roughly five billion tons of carbon from plants go into this network underground. 如此大量的碳, 以至于每年,有大约 50 亿吨的碳 从植物进入到这个地下网络。
For the root, what they need is phosphorus and nitrogen , so by exchanging their carbon they get access to all of the nutrients collected by that fungal network. 对根茎而言,它们需要的是磷和氮, 因此,通过交换它们的碳, 它们能够获得真菌网络 收集的所有营养。
phosphorus:n.磷; nitrogen:n.氮;氮气; nutrients:营养盐;[食品]营养素;
So to make the trade, the fungus penetrates into the root cell of the host and forms a tiny structure called an arbuscule, which is Latin for "little tree." 所以为了达成交易, 真菌渗透到宿主的根细胞中 形成一个叫做丛枝的微小结构, 在拉丁语中是“小树”的意思。
penetrates:穿透;进入;打入; structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造; Latin:adj.拉丁语的;用拉丁语写成的;n.拉丁语;
Now, you can think of this as the physical stock exchange of the trade market. 现在,你可以把这个想成 贸易市场中的实体的 证券交易所。
physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; stock exchange:n.证券交易(所);股票交易(所);
So up until now, it seems very harmonious . 所以到目前为止,一切看似都很和谐。
harmonious:adj.和谐的,和睦的;协调的;悦耳的;
Right? I scratch your back, you scratch mine, both partners get what they need. 对吧？我给你挠挠背, 你也给我挠挠, 双方都各得所需。
scratch:n.擦伤; adj.打草稿用的; v.抓;
But here is where we need to pause and understand the power of evolution and natural selection . 但这里我们需要暂停一下, 来了解进化和自然选择的力量。
natural selection:n.自然选择;物竞天择;
You see, there's no room for amateur traders on this market. 在这个市场可没有 业余交易员的位置。
amateur:n.爱好者;业余爱好者;外行;adj.业余的;外行的;
Making the right trade strategy determines who lives and who dies. 正确交易策略的制定 决定着谁活谁死。
strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略; determines:v.查明;测定;准确算出;决定;裁决;安排;(determine的第三人称单数)
Now, I use the word strategy, but of course plant and fungi, they don't have brains. 现在,我使用“策略”这个词, 但当然植物和真菌, 它们没有大脑。
They're making these exchanges in the absence of anything that we would consider as thought. 它们的这些策略 是在我们认为的认知缺失 的情况下制定出的。
But, as scientists, we use behavioral terms such as strategy to describe behaviors to certain conditions, actions and reactions that are actually programmed into the DNA of the organism . 但,作为科学家, 我们使用行为术语, 诸如“策略” 来描述特定情况下 被编入生物体 DNA 的 行为,动作和反应。
behavioral:adj.行为的; describe:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形; reactions:n.反应;回应;抗拒;生理反应;副作用(reaction的复数) organism:n.生物;有机体;有机组织;(尤指)微生物;
So I started studying these trade strategies when I was 19 years old and I was living in the tropical rainforests of Panama. 我是在 19 岁的时候 开始研究这些交易策略的, 我当时住在巴拿马的热带雨林。
strategies:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;(strategy的复数) tropical:adj.热带的;热情的;酷热的; rainforests:n.(热带)雨林;
Now, everybody at the time was interested in this incredible diversity aboveground . 在当时,每个人都对地面上的这种 令人惊诧的多样性而感兴趣。
incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的; diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化: aboveground:v.在地面上; adj.未葬的; n.合法天地;
And it was hyperdiversity. These are tropical rainforests. 它确实极其多样。这些可是热带雨林。
But I was interested in the complexity belowground . 但我的兴趣, 却在于地下的复杂性。
complexity:n.复杂性;难以理解的局势 belowground:adj.地下的;
We knew that the networks existed, and we knew they were important, and I'm going to say it again, by important I mean important, so the basis of all plant nutrition for all the diversity that you do see aboveground. 我们知道这些网络的存在, 我们知道它们很重要, 并且我要再说一次, “重要”我的意思是重要, 是你在地面上看到的 所有多样植物的营养基础。
nutrition:n.营养,营养学;营养品;
But at the time, we didn't know how these networks worked. 但那时,我们不知道 这些网络是如何运作的。
We didn't know how they functioned. 我们不知道它们是如何起作用的。
Why did only certain plants interact with certain fungi? 为什么只有特定的植物 会和特定的真菌交互。
interact:v.互相影响;互相作用;n.幕间剧;幕间休息;
So fast-forward to when I started my own group, and we really began to play with this trade market. 所以快进到我成立小组的时候, 于是我们真正开始涉足 这个交易网络。
fast-forward:n.快进功能;adj.进展迅速的;vi.快进;vt.使快进;
You see, we would manipulate conditions. 你看,我们会操纵条件。
manipulate:vt.操纵;操作;巧妙地处理;篡改;
We would create a good trading partner by growing a plant in the sun and a poor trading partner by growing it in the shade . 我们会把植物种在阳光下 来创建一位良好的交易伙伴, 也会在阴暗环境中种植植物, 以创建一位糟糕的交易伙伴。
shade:n.阴凉处;色度;灯罩;背阴;v.给…遮挡(光线);加灯罩;把…涂暗;画阴影;
We would then connect these with a fungal network. 我们然后将这些植物跟 一个真菌网络连接。
And we found that the fungi were consistently good at discriminating among good and bad trading partners. 我们发现:真菌一直很擅长 识别贸易伙伴的好坏。
consistently:adv.一贯地;一致地;坚实地; discriminating:adj.有识别力的; v.区别;
They would allocate more resources to the host plant giving them more carbon. 它们会分配更多的资源给 能回馈自己更多碳的寄主植物。
allocate:vt.分配;拨出;使坐落于;vi.分配;指定;
Now, we would run the reciprocal experiments where we would inoculate a host plant with good and bad fungi, and they were also good at discriminating between these trade partners. 如今,我们也进行了交互实验, 让宿主植物接种有益菌和有害菌, 我们发现:它们也非常擅长 区分交易伙伴。
reciprocal:adj.互惠的;相互的;倒数的,彼此相反的;n.[数]倒数;互相起作用的事物; inoculate:vt.[医]接种;嫁接;灌输;
So what you have there is the perfect conditions for a market to emerge . 这里有着市场出现的完美条件。
emerge:v.浮现;显现;暴露;露出真相;
It's a simple market, but it's a market nonetheless , where the better trading partner is consistently favored. 这是个简单的市场, 但它仍然是个市场, 在这个市场中, 更好的交易伙伴总是受到偏爱。
nonetheless:adv.尽管如此,但是;
But is it a fair market? 但这是个公平的市场吗？
Now this is where you need to understand that, like humans, plants and fungi are incredibly opportunistic . 现在这是你需要理解的, 跟人类类似, 植物和真菌都是不可思议的 机会主义者。
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; opportunistic:adj.机会主义的;投机取巧的;
There's evidence that the fungus, once it penetrates into the plant cell, it can actually hijack the plant's own nutrient uptake system. 有证据表明,真菌一旦 它渗透进植物细胞中, 它其实会劫持植物自己 的营养摄取系统。
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; hijack:v.抢劫;揩油;拦路抢劫;n.劫持;威逼;敲诈; uptake:n.摄取;领会;举起;
It does this by suppressing the plant's own ability to take up nutrients from the soil. 它通过抑制植物自身 从土壤中吸收养分的能力 来做到这一点。
suppressing:adj.制止的;v.镇压;禁止(suppress的现在分词);
So this creates a dependency of the plant on the fungus. 于是这造成了植物对真菌的依赖。
dependency:n.属国;从属;从属物;
It's a false addiction , of sorts, whereby the plant has to feed the fungus just to get access to the resources right around its own root. 这有点是那种虚假的上瘾, 也就是说,植物必须为真菌提供养料, 才能获得自己根茎周围的营养资源。
addiction:n.瘾;嗜好;入迷; whereby:adv.凭借;通过…;借以;与…一致;
There's also evidence that the fungi are good at inflating the price of nutrients. 也有证据表明,真菌很擅长 抬高营养物质的价格。
inflating:n.充气;加压;v.膨胀;充气(inflate的ing形式);adj.膨胀的;充气的;
They do this by extracting the nutrients from the soil, but then rather than trading them with the host, they hoard them in their network, so this makes them unavailable to the plant and other competing fungi. 通过吸收土壤中的养分, 它们并不选择与其跟宿主交换, 而是将养分存储在自己的网络中, 这就使植物和其他竞争真菌 没法获得这些养分。
extracting:n.提取;萃取;撷取;adj.拔出的(extract进行式); hoard:v.积聚钱财;贮藏;n.贮藏物; unavailable:adj.难以获得的;不能利用的;不近便的; competing:adj.相互冲突的;相互矛盾的;v.竞争;对抗;参加比赛;(compete的现在分词)
So basic economics, as resource availability goes down, the value goes up. 这是基本的经济学, 随着资源获取的难度上升, 其价值上升。
availability:n.可用性;有效性;实用性;
The plant is forced to pay more for the same amount of resources. 植物被迫为同样数量的资源 支付更多。
But it's not all in favor of the fungus. 但这并非全有益于真菌。
Plants can be extremely cunning as well. 植物也可以非常狡猾。
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; cunning:adj.狡猾的;巧妙的;可爱的;n.狡猾;
There are some orchids -- and I always think orchids somehow seem like the most devious of the plant species in the world -- and there are some orchids that just tap directly into the network and steal all their carbon. 有一些兰花—— 我总觉得兰花像是地球上 最阴险狡猾的物种 —— 有一些兰花 它们直接进入真菌网络, 并偷走所有的碳。
orchids:n.[园艺]兰花,淡紫色;称赞(orchid的复数); somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地; devious:adj.偏僻的;弯曲的;不光明正大的;
So these orchids, they don't even make green leaves to photosynthesize . 这些兰花,它们甚至 不生长绿叶来进行光合作用。
photosynthesize:vi.起光合作用;光能合成;vt.通过光合作用产生;
They're just white. 它们就是纯白的。
So rather than photosynthesizing , tap into the network, steal the carbon and give nothing in return. 所以它不是通过光合作用, 而是进入网络, 偷走碳 并从不回报。
photosynthesizing:vi.起光合作用;光能合成;vt.通过光合作用产生;
Now I think it's fair to say that these types of parasites also flourish in our human markets. 现在我觉得以公平来讲, 这样的寄生生物 在人类市场中也不少。
parasites:n.[基医]寄生虫;[生物]寄生生物(parasite的复数); flourish:n.兴旺; vt.夸耀; vi.繁荣,兴旺;
So as we began to decode these strategies, we learned some lessons. 随着我们对这些策略的解码, 我们也学到了一些东西。
decode:vt.[计][通信]译码,解码;vi.从事破译工作;
And the first one was that there's no altruism in this system. 第一点是这个系统 没有利他主义,
altruism:n.利他;利他主义;
There's no trade favors. 没有贸易优惠。
We don't see strong evidence of the fungus helping dying or struggling plants unless it directly benefits the fungus itself. 我们没有看到显着的的证据表明 真菌会帮助将死 或处于困境的植物, 除非这跟真菌的直接利益相关。
Now I'm not saying if this is good or bad. 我不评论这个好还是坏。
Unlike humans, a fungus, of course, cannot judge its own morality . 与人类不同, 真菌自然无法评判自己的道德。
morality:n.道德;品行,美德;
And as a biologist, 而且作为一个生物学家,
I'm not advocating for these types of ruthless neoliberal market dynamics enacted by the fungi. 我也不倡议真菌所执行的这种无情的 新自由主义市场动态。
advocating:v.拥护;支持;提倡;(advocate的现在分词) ruthless:adj.无情的,残忍的; neoliberal:adj.新自由主义的(主张不受政府调控的全球自由市场,工商企业由私有者经营以获利); dynamics:n.动力学,力学; enacted:n.制定,颁布;
But the trade system, it provides us with a benchmark to study what an economy looks like when it's been shaped by natural selection for hundreds of millions of years in the absence of morality, when strategies are just based on the gathering and processing of information, uncontaminated by cognition: no jealousy , no spite , but no hope, no joy. 但交易系统, 它为我们提供了一个 研究市场经济模样的基准, 当它在道德缺失的环境下 被几亿年的自然选择 所塑造时, 当策略仅仅基于 收集和处理信息, 不受认知影响: 没有妒忌,没有怨恨, 但没有希望,也没有快乐。
benchmark:n.基准;标准检查程序;vt.用基准问题测试(计算机系统等); processing:v.加工;处理;审核;数据处理;v.列队行进;缓缓前进;(process的现在分词) uncontaminated:adj.未被损害的;未受污染的; jealousy:n.嫉妒;猜忌;戒备; spite:n.不顾;恶意;怨恨;v.刁难;使恼怒;
So we've made progress in decoding the most basic trade principles at this point, but as scientists we always want to take it one step further, and we're interested in more complex economic dilemmas . 所以我们此刻已经 解码了最基本的交易原则, 但作为科学家, 我们总是想要再进一步, 我们感兴趣的是更复杂的 经济两难的窘境。
decoding:v.解码;破译(尤指密码);译解,理解(外文);(decode的现在分词) principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数) dilemmas:n.困境(dilemma的复数);
And specifically we're interested in the effects of inequality. 我们尤其感兴趣不平等的影响。
specifically:adv.特别地;明确地;
So inequality has really become a defining feature of today's economic landscape . 不平等真的成为了 今天经济图景中 一个决定性特征。
defining:v.解释(词语)的含义;给(词语)下定义;阐明;界定;(define的现在分词) landscape:n.景观;乡村风景画;(文件的)横向打印格式;v.对…做景观美化;美化…的环境;
But the challenges of inequality are not unique to the human world. 但不平等的挑战 不是人类社会所特有的。
unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
I think as humans we tend to think that everything's unique to us, but organisms in nature must face relentless variation in their access to resources. 作为人类,我们倾向于 认为我们一切都是独一无二的, 但是自然界的生物 必须要面对不断变化以获取资源。
organisms:n.[生物]生物体(organism的复数);[生物]有机体; relentless:adj.无情的;残酷的;不间断的; variation:n.变异;变体;变奏;变种;
How does a fungus that can again be meters long change its trade strategy when it's exposed simultaneously to a rich patch and a poor patch? 当一种真菌同时暴露在 一块肥沃的和一块贫瘠的土地上时, 它是如何改变自己的交易策略的呢？
exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式) patch:n.补丁;小片;眼罩;色斑;v.修补;打补丁;缝补;
And, more generally , how do organisms in nature use trade to their advantage when they're faced with uncertainty in terms of their access to resources? 并且,更普遍的, 自然界中的有机体在面对 获取资源的不确定性时, 是如何利用交易来为自己牟取资源？
generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地; advantage:n.有利条件:优势:优点: uncertainty:n.不确定,不可靠;
Here's where I have to let you in on a secret: studying trade underground is incredibly difficult. 这里我要告诉你们一个秘密: 研究地下交换网络非常困难。
You can't see where or when important trade deals take place . 你不知道在何处与何时 重要的交易会发生。
take place:发生;举行;
So our group helped pioneer a method, a technology , whereby we could tag nutrients with nanoparticles , fluorescing nanoparticles called quantum dots. 于是我们团队帮助开拓了 一种方法,一种技术, 用纳米颗粒标记营养物质, 荧光纳米颗粒叫做量子点。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; nanoparticles:n.纳米粒子(nanoparticle的复数形式); fluorescing:vi.发荧光;
What the quantum dots allow us to do is actually light up the nutrients so we can visually track their movements across the fungal network and into the host root. 这些量子点可以让我们 点亮营养物质, 这样我们就能视觉监测 它们在真菌网络 到宿主根茎的运动。
visually:adv.形象化地;外表上;看得见地; track:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪;
So this allows us finally to see the unseen , so we can study how fungi bargain at a small scale with their plant hosts . 这让我们终于能够看到 原本看不到的东西, 于是我们能够研究真菌 在微观上是如何跟它们的植物宿主议价的。
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; unseen:adj.看不见的,未看见的;未经预习的;n.(事前未看过原文的)即席翻译; bargain:n.交易;便宜货;契约;v.讨价还价;议价;(谈价钱后)卖; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; hosts:n.主人; v.主办,主持(活动); (host的第三人称单数和复数)
So to study inequality, we exposed a fungal network to these varying concentrations of fluorescing phosphorus, mimicking patches of abundance and scarcity across this artificial landscape. 所以为了研究不平等, 我们将一个真菌网络 暴露在这些不同浓度的荧光磷中, 在这片人工景观中模拟 肥沃与贫瘠的小块土地。
varying:adj.不同的;变化的;v.变化,改变(vary的现在分词); concentrations:n.关注点;[土壤]浓聚物(concentration的复数); mimicking:v.模仿人的言行举止;做滑稽模仿;像,似;(mimic的现在分词) patches:n.斑点;小块;补丁;眼罩;v.打补丁;缝补;修补;(patch的第三人称单数和复数) abundance:n.丰度;丰富;大量;富足; scarcity:n.不足;缺乏; artificial:adj.人造的;仿造的;虚伪的;非原产地的;武断的;
We then carefully quantified fungal trade. 然后我们仔细地量化真菌的交易。
quantified:adj.量化的,定量;v.被量化(quantify的过去分词);
And we found two things. 我们发现了两件事情。
The first thing we found was that inequality encouraged the fungus to trade more. 我们发现的第一件事是 不平等会鼓励真菌交易更多。
So I can use the word "encouraged" or " stimulated " or "forced," 所以我可以使用 “鼓励”、“刺激”或“迫使”这样的词。
stimulated:adj.受激的;v.刺激(stimulate的过去式和过去分词);
but the bottom line is that compared to control conditions, inequality was associated with higher levels of trade. 但基本结论是 与控制条件相比, 不平等与更高水平的交换有关。
the bottom line:底线;本质内容;最底线; compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
This is important, because it suggests that evolving a trade partnership in nature can help organisms cope with the uncertainty of accessing resources. 这很重要, 因为这说明 在自然中积极发展交易伙伴 可以帮助生物体 应对资源获取的不确定性。
evolving:v.(使)逐渐形成,逐渐演变;进化形成;(evolve的现在分词) partnership:n.合伙;[经管]合伙企业;合作关系;合伙契约; cope:v.处理;n.大圆衣;
Second, we found that, exposed to inequality, the fungus would move resources from the rich patch of the network, actively transport them to the poor side of the network. 第二,我们发现, 在不平等条件下, 真菌会将资源从网络的肥沃部分 积极地传输到网络的贫瘠部分。
transport:n.运输;输送;运送;运输机;v.输送;传播;使产生身临其境的感觉;(旧时)流放;
Now, of course, we could see this because the patches were fluorescing in different colors. 当然,我们能够看到这个 是因为这两块土地 呈现不同颜色。
So at first, this result was incredibly puzzling . 所以起初, 这个结果真的非常令人费解。
puzzling:adj.使为难的;费解的;v.迷惑;使困惑;(puzzle的现在分词)
Was it to help the poor side of the network? 真菌是在帮助网络中的贫瘠部分吗？
No. We found that the fungus gained more by first moving the resources to where demand was higher. 不是,我们发现 真菌通过将资源转送到需求更高的地方 可以赚取更多。
Simply by changing where across the network the fungus was trading, it could manipulate the value of those resources. 只需要改变 真菌进行交易资源的位置, 它就可以操纵这些资源的价值。
Now this stimulated us to really dig deeper into how information is shared. 这激发我们去更深层次地挖掘 信息是如何共享的。
It suggests a high level of sophistication , or at least a medium level of sophistication in an organism with no cognition. 这现象暗示了 在一个不具备认知能力的生物体中 具有的高度的复杂性, 或者至少中等程度的复杂性。
sophistication:n.复杂;诡辩;老于世故;有教养; medium:n.(传播信息的)媒介;手段;工具;方法;adj.中等的;中号的;
How is it that a fungus can sense market conditions across its network and then make calculations of where and when to trade? 这个真菌是如何能够感知到 自己网络中的市场状况 并且计算得出何时何地交易的？
So we wanted to look about information and how it's shared across this network, how the fungus integrates cues . 我们想要研究信息、 信息是如何在这整个网络中共享的, 以及真菌是如何整合这些线索的。
integrates:v.(使)结合;(使)一体化;(使)合并(integrate的第三人称单数形式); cues:n.开端,线索;提示,关键;球杆;诱因(cue的复数形式);
So to do that, what you need to do is dive deep in and get a higher resolution into the network itself. 为找寻这些问题的答案, 你需要做的是钻的更深 并拿到该网络更高清晰度的成像。
resolution:n.解决;分辨;解析;决议;
We began to study complex flows inside the hyphal network. 我们开始研究 菌丝网络内部的复杂流动。
hyphal:adj.菌丝的;
So what you're looking at right now is a living fungal network with the cellular contents moving across it. 所以你现在看到的 是活的真菌网络, 有细胞内容在流动。
cellular:adj.细胞的;多孔的;由细胞组成的;n.移动电话;单元; contents:n.内容; v.知足; (content的第三人称单数和复数)
This is happening in real time , so you can see the time stamp up there. 这是实时发生的, 你可以看到上面的时间标记。
real time:adj.实时的;接到指示立即执行的;
So this is happening right now. This video isn't sped up. 所以这是现在正在发生的, 视频没有被加速处理过。
This is what is happening under our feet right now. 这是我们脚下正在发生的。
And there's a couple of things that I want you to notice. 有几件事我想让你们注意。
It speeds up, it slows down, it switches directions. 它会加速,它会慢下来, 它会改变方向。
So we're working now with biophysicists to try to dissect this complexity. 我们现在和生物物理学家一起 在尝试剖析这种复杂性。
dissect:vt.切细;仔细分析;vi.进行解剖;进行详细分析;
How is the fungus using these complex flow patterns to share and process information and make these trade decisions? 真菌是如何利用这种 复杂的流动模式 来分享和处理信息 从而去做这些交易决定的？
Are fungi better at making trade calculations than us? 真菌的交易计算的能力 比我们的强吗？
Now here's where we can potentially borrow models from nature. 这是我们可能可以 从自然中借用的模型。
potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地;
We're increasingly reliant on computer algorithms to make us profitable trades in split-second time scales . 我们日益依赖于 能让我们在即刻盈利的 电脑算法。
increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; reliant:adj.依赖的;可靠的;信赖的; profitable:adj.有利可图的;赚钱的;有益的; split-second:adj.霎那间发生的,瞬间发生的; scales:n.规模范围; v.攀登; (scale的第三人称单数和复数)
But computer algorithms and fungi, they both operate in similar, uncognitive ways. 但电脑算法和真菌, 它们同样都以, 无认知的方式运行着。
The fungi just happens to be a living machine. 真菌只是碰巧是个活体。
What would happen if we compare and compete the trading strategies of these two? 如果我们让这两种交易策略 进行对比和竞争
compete:v.竞争;对抗;参加比赛(或竞赛);
Who would win? 谁会获胜？
The tiny capitalist that's been around since before and the fall of the dinosaurs? 这个在恐龙时代之前 就存在的小资本家？
capitalist:n.资本家;资本主义者;adj.资本主义的;资本家的;
My money is on the fungus. 我会给真菌下赌注。
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）