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TobyEccles_2013G-_投资社会变革_
I'm here today to talk about social change, not a new therapy or a new intervention or a new way of working with kids or something like that, but a new business model for social change, a new way of tackling the problem. 今天,我想在这里谈论一下社会变革, 这不是关于新的具体对策或干预方式, 也不是关于处理儿童问题的新方法之类的, 而是一种新的社会变革的商业运作模式, 一种解决问题的新方法。
therapy:n.治疗,疗法; intervention:n.介入;调停;妨碍; tackling:n.装备,用具;扭住;v.处理;抓住;(tackle的现在分词);
In Britain, 63 percent of all men who come out of short sentences from prison re-offend again within a year. 在英国,63% 经历过短期监禁的人 会在出狱后一年内重犯。
Now how many previous offenses do you think they have on average managed to commit ? 你们觉得, 他们平均每人 会有多少次前科？
previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前; offenses:进攻; commit:v.犯(罪等);干(坏事等);[法]提(审);判处;
Forty-three. 43次。
And how many previous times do you think they've been in prison? 然后再想想,他们平均坐做过多少次牢？
Seven. 7次。
So we went to talk to the Ministry of Justice , and we said to the Ministry of Justice , what's it worth to you if fewer of these guys re-offend? 因此,我们和司法部进行谈判, 我们对他们说, 如果重犯人数减少了, 能给司法部带来多大经济价值？
Ministry:n.(政府的)部门; Justice:n.公平;公正;司法制度;审判;
It's got to be worth something, right? 多少会有些,对不对？
I mean, there's prison costs, there's police costs, there's court costs, all these things that you're spending money on to deal with these guys. What's it worth? 这其中有监狱的支出, 有警方和法庭的开销, 还有其他的针对他们善后开支。 这里的经济价值有多少？
spending money:n.零花钱;零用钱;
Now, of course, we care about the social value. 当然,我们也在乎社会价值。
Social Finance , the organization I helped set up, cares about social stuff . “社会金融”是我协助建立的一个组织, 专门关注社会问题。
Finance:n.财政,财政学;金融;v.负担经费,供给…经费; organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体; stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
But we wanted to make the economic case, because if we could make the economic case, then the value of doing this would be completely compelling . 但我们想把这个计划做成经济项目, 因为,如果我们可以做到这一点, 这些计划就会有难以抗拒的吸引力。
economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; compelling:adj.引人入胜的; v.强迫; (compel的现在分词)
And if we can agree on both a value and a way of measuring whether we've been successful at reducing that re-offending, then we can do something we think rather interesting. 如果我们能认同这种价值 并商定一种衡量我们是否 成功降低重犯率的方式, 那么我们就可以实施一些 我们认为有趣的想法。
The idea is called the social impact bond. 这个想法叫做“社会效益债券”。
impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
Now, the social impact bond is simply saying, if we can get the government to agree, that we can create a contract where they only pay if it worked. 简而言之,“社会效益债券”是指, 如果我们使得政府相信 我们可以制订一份合同,说明 只有项目取得成效时政府才需要支付费用,
contract:v.收缩;感染;订约;n.合同;婚约;
So that means that they can try out new stuff without the embarrassment of having to pay if it didn't work, which for still quite a lot of bits of government, that's a serious issue . 那就意味着,政府可以尝试新的方法 而不必应对 破费却无果的尴尬境地。 这对于许多政府而言 是一个值得深思的问题。
embarrassment:n.窘迫,难堪;使人为难的人或事物;拮据; issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行;
Now, many of you may have noticed there's a problem at this point, and that is that it takes a long time to measure whether those outcomes have happened. 现在,大家或许已经注意到 这里有一个问题, 那就是,检验有无取得意想中的成果 需要漫长的过程。
outcomes:n.结果;成果;后果;出路;(outcome的复数)
So we have to raise some money. 因此,我们需要筹集资金。
We use the contract to raise money from socially motivated investors. 我们利用这份合同 从社会效益型投资者处筹集资金。
motivated:adj.有动机的; v.使产生动机;
Socially motivated investors: there's an interesting idea, right? 社会效益型投资者, 这是一个新颖有趣的概念,对不对？
But actually, there's a lot of people who, if they're given the chance, would love to invest in something that does social good. 但事实上,如果有机会的话 很多人 乐意投资 可以产生社会效益的项目。
invest:v.投资;(把资金)投入;投入(时间、精力等);授予;
And here's the opportunity. 而这里就提供了这么一个机会。
Do you want to also help government find whether there's a better economic model, not just leaving these guys to come out of prison and waiting till they re-offend and putting them back in again, but actually working with them to move to a different path to end up with fewer crimes and fewer victims? 你是否也想帮助政府挖掘 一个更好地商业运作模式？ 不仅仅是放任犯罪者出狱以后 再次犯罪、再次入狱, 而是要切实地帮助他们 走上一条不同的道路 以此降低犯罪率, 减少受害者。
So we find some investors, and they pay for a set of services, and if those services are successful, then they improve outcomes, and with those measured reductions in re-offending, government saves money, and with those savings , they can pay outcomes. 因此,我们要召集一些投资者, 他们为一系列的服务提供资金, 如果这些服务取得成功, 达到了改良（社会）的目的, 那政府就因为重犯率下降 而节约了资金, 而这些资金则可用于 支付这些效益的成本。
improve:v.改进;改善; measured:adj.缓慢谨慎的; v.测量; (measure的过去分词和过去式) reductions:n.减少;缩小;降低;减价;折扣;缩图;(reduction的复数) savings:n.节省物;节省;节约;储蓄金;存款;(saving的复数)
And the investors do not just get their money back, but they make a return. 这样,投资者不仅可以收回本金, 还可以取得收益。
So in March 2010, we signed the first social impact bond with the Ministry of Justice around Peterborough Prison. 在2010年3月,我们签署了 第一份“社会效益债券” （我们）与司法部合作, 在彼得伯勒监狱开展了该项目。
It was to work with 3,000 offenders split into three cohorts of 1,000 each. 我们把3000名犯罪者 分成3组,每组1000人。
offenders:n.罪犯(offender的复数);冒犯者; split:v.分离;使分离;劈开;离开;分解;n.劈开;裂缝;adj.劈开的; cohorts:n.一群人,一批人;同伙;支持者;(cohort的复数)
Now, each of those cohorts would get measured over the two years that they were coming out of prison. 每组的成员 自他们出狱时算起 有两年的评估期。
They've got to have a year to commit their crimes, six months to get through the court system, and then they would be compared to a group taken from the police national computer, as similar as possible, and we would get paid 有两年的评估期。 有6个月的时间走完司法程序, 然后我们会把他们与警方数据库中 基本情况应尽可能相似的 一组犯罪者作比较。 我们得到报酬的条件是
compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
providing we achieved a hurdle rate of 10-percent reduction, for every conviction event that didn't happen. 达到重犯率降低10%的预期值, 所有被消灭罪行都将为我们带来收益。
hurdle:n.障碍;栏;跳栏;vt.克服;vi.克服;跳过; conviction:n.判罪;定罪;坚定的看法(或信念);坚信;肯定;
So we get paid for crimes saved. 简而言之,犯罪率降低,项目有收益。
Now if we achieved that 10-percent reduction across all three cohorts, then the investors get a seven and a half percent annualized return on their investment , and if we do better than that, they can get up to 13 percent annualized return on their investment , which is okay. 如果三组犯罪者 都减少了10%的重犯率, 那投资者就可以得到7.5%的 年投资回报率; 如果项目效益比预期更好, 那他们可以得到13% 的年投资回报率。 这是一件好事。
annualized:adj.[税收]按年计算的(利率等),年度化; investment:n.投资;投入;封锁;
So everyone wins here, right? 大家各取所需,对不对？
The Ministry of Justice can try out a new program and they only pay if it works. 司法部可以尝试一个新的项目, 而且是在有效的情况下才付款。
Investors get two opportunities: for the first time, they can invest in social change. 投资者则有两种好处: 首先,他们可以投资社会变革。
Also, they make a reasonable return, and they also know that first investors in these kinds of things, they're going to have to believers . 同时他们也能得到合理的收益。 他们也明白, 作为第一批参与这种项目的投资者, 他们必须是社会效益的拥护者,
reasonable:adj.合理的,公道的;通情达理的; believers:n.信徒;相信的人;(believer的复数)
They're going to have to care in the social program, but if this builds a track record over five or 10 years, then you can widen that investor community as more people have confidence in the product. 而且关注社会项目。 如果该计划在5～10年中 都有良好的收益, 那我们就可以扩大投资者的范围, 因为有更多的人对这个产品抱有信心。
track record:n.径赛成绩记录;过去的成绩或成就; widen:v.(使)变宽;拓宽;(使)扩展,程度加深,范围扩大; investor:n.投资者; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; confidence:n.信心;信任;秘密;adj.(美)诈骗的;骗得信任的;
The service providers , well, for the first time, they've got an opportunity to provide services and grow the evidence for what they're doing in a really constructive way and learn and demonstrate the value of what they're doing over five or six years, not just one or two as often happens at the moment. 这些服务的提供者有史以来 第一次有机会投资公共服务 并以一种积极的方式 来见证他们所从事的事业。 同时,他们可以在5～6年间 学习并展示这项事业的价值,而不是 在常规下短短的1～2年。
providers:n.供应者;提供者;供养人;(provider的复数) evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; constructive:adj.建设性的;推定的;构造上的;有助益的; demonstrate:vt.证明;展示;论证;vi.示威;
Society wins: fewer crimes, fewer victims. 社会也是赢家:犯罪率下降,受害者减少。
Now, the offenders, they also benefit. 而犯罪者也可以获益。
Instead of just coming out of the prison with 46 pounds in their pocket, half of them not knowing where they're spending their first night out of jail , actually, someone meets them in prison, learns about their issues , meets them at the gate, takes them through to somewhere to stay, 从前,他们出狱时 兜里只揣着46英镑, 一半人不知道出狱后的第一个晚上 该在哪里度过。 现在,有人会在犯罪者服刑期间就和他们接触, 了解他们的背景; 出狱时,有人会在监狱门口接应他们, 带他们到住宿的地方,
jail:n.监狱;监牢;拘留所;v.监禁;下狱; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数)
connects them to benefits, connects them to employment , drug rehabilitation , mental health, whatever's needed. 帮助他们办理社会保险和就业, 联系戒毒中心、心理治疗 以及其他他们需要的东西。
employment:n.使用;职业;雇用; rehabilitation:n.康复;恢复;善后;平反;复权; mental:adj.精神的;脑力的;疯的;n.精神病患者;
So let's think of another example: working with children in care. 我们再来考虑另一个例子: 帮助福利院中的儿童。
Social impact bonds work great for any area where there is at the moment very expensive provision that produces poor outcomes for people. 社会效益债券取得了很好的成果, 尤其是在那些 花费高昂 却没有成效的领域。
provision:n.规定;条款;准备;[经]供应品;vt.供给…食物及必需品;
So children in the state care tend to do very badly. 就福利院中的儿童而言 他们的表现十分糟糕。
Only 13 percent achieve a reasonable level of five GCSEs at 16, against 58 percent of the wider population. 只有13%的福利院孩子可以在16岁的时候 达到普遍的学业水平, （即完成五门普通中等教育证书考试） 而在全英国的同龄人中,这个比例是58%。
More troublingly, 27 percent of offenders in prison have spent some time in care. 让人忧心的是,监狱中27%的犯罪者 曾经生活在福利院中。
And even more worryingly , and this is a Home Office statistic , 70 percent of prostitutes have spent some time in care. 更有甚者, 更有甚者, 70%的妓女 曾经生活于福利院。
worryingly:adv.焦虑地;烦恼地; Home Office:n.(英国)内政部; statistic:n.统计学;统计数字;统计资料;(一项)统计数据;adj.统计(上)的; prostitutes:n.卖淫者;妓女v.滥用才能;出卖肉体(prostitute的第三人称单数和复数)
The state is not a great parent. （可见）国家并不是一位合适的家长。
But there are great programs for adolescents who are on the edge of care, and 30 percent of kids going into care are adolescents. 不过,现在有很好的项目 服务于很可能要前往福利院的青少年, 而福利院中30%的孩子 是青少年。
adolescents:n.[人类]青少年(adolescent复数); on the edge of:adv.几乎;濒于;在…边缘;
So we set up a program with Essex County Council to test out intensive family therapeutic support for those families with adolescents on the edge of the care system. 因此我们与艾萨克斯县议会合作开展了一个项目, 来找出全面的家庭治疗方法 以服务于那些可能有孩子要 前往福利院的家庭。
Essex:n.艾塞克斯(英国英格兰东南部的郡); County Council:n.郡议会; intensive:adj.加强的;集中的;透彻的;加强语气的;n.加强器; therapeutic:adj.治疗的;治疗学的;有益于健康的;n.治疗剂;治疗学家;
Essex only pays in the event that it's saving them care costs. 而艾克萨斯县政府只用为 那些削减了开支的项目埋单。
Investors have put in 3.1 million pounds. 投资者共投入了310万英镑。
That program started last month. 这个项目于上个月开始运营。
Others, around homelessness in London, around youth and employment and education elsewhere in the country. 还有其他一些项目,关注伦敦的流浪人群, 关注全国各地年轻人的 就业和教育
homelessness:n.无家可归; elsewhere:adv.在别处;到别处;
There are now 13 social impact bonds in Britain, and amazing levels of interest in this idea all over the world. 现在,英国有13份社会效益债券。 而社会对其的热情持续高涨, 延展到全世界。
So David Cameron's put 20 million pounds into a social outcomes fund to support this idea. 卡梅伦（英国首相）已经为支持此想法 向社会效益基金会支付了两千万英镑。
fund:n.基金;资金;存款;v.投资;资助;
Obama has suggested 300 million dollars in the U.S. budget for these kinds of ideas and structures to move it forward, and a lot of other countries are demonstrating considerable interest. 奥巴马提议,从美国的预算中 抽出3亿美元来推进这些想法 和组织。 还有很多国家 表现出极大地兴趣。
budget:n.预算,预算费;v.安排,预定;把…编入预算;adj.廉价的; structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式); demonstrating:n.演示;v.证明;示威;显示;(demonstrate的现在分词) considerable:adj.相当大的;重要的,值得考虑的;
So what's caused this excitement ? 是什么让他们如此兴奋？
excitement:n.兴奋;刺激;令人兴奋的事物;
Why is this so different for people? 这对于人们而言有什么特别的？
Well, the first piece, which we've talked about, is innovation . 首先,我们已经谈到过了, 是创新。
innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法;
It enables testing of new ideas in a way that's less difficult for everybody. 它给尝试新想法提供了机会, 且这种方式不会给人们制造麻烦。
enables:v.使得; (enable的第三人称单数)
The second piece it brings is rigor . 第二点是严密。
rigor:n.严厉;精确;苛刻;僵硬;
By working to outcomes, people really have to test and bring data into the situation that one's dealing with. 为了取得效益,人们必须反复试验 并把数据信息应用于正在解决的问题上。
So taking Peterborough as an example, we add case management across all of the different organizations that we're working with so they know what actually has been done with different prisoners, and at the same time they learn from the Ministry of Justice, and we learn, because we pushed for the data, what actually happens, whether they get re-arrested or not. 以彼得伯勒（监狱）为例, 我们把个案管理 添加到所有与我们合作的组织之中; 因此他们能够知晓 我们是如何对待不同类型的犯罪者, 同时,我们会主动从司法部 索要信息,因此他们（监狱）和我们 都可以了解到 犯罪者的近况,有没有被再次逮捕。
management:n.管理;管理人员;管理部门;操纵;经营手段; organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构; at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
And we learn and adapt the program accordingly . 我们会研究并根据实际情况调整项目。
adapt:vt.使适应;改编;vi.适应; accordingly:adv.因此,于是;相应地;照著;
And this leads to the third element , which is new, and that's flexibility . 这就带来了第三个,也是一个新的好处, 灵活性。
element:n.元素;要素;原理;成分;自然环境; flexibility:n.灵活性;弹性;适应性;
Because normal contracting for things, when you're spending government money, you're spending our money, tax money, and the people who are in charge of that are very aware of it so the temptation is to control exactly how you spend it. 一般的合同 都是要政府付钱的, 也就是说,要花我们纳税人的钱, 负责项目的人很清楚这一点。 因此,关键是要控制花钱的方式。
contracting:adj.缔约的;承包的;收缩的; temptation:n.诱惑;引诱;煽诱人的事物;
Now any entrepreneur in the room knows that version 1.0, the business plan, is not the one that generally works. 在座的每一位企业家都明白, 这是商业计划的1.0版本 而且通常是行不通的。
entrepreneur:n.企业家;承包人;主办者; generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地;
So when you're trying to do something like this, you need the flexibility to adapt the program. 当你尝试开展这样的计划时, 就需要灵活性来调整这个计划。
And again, in Peterborough, we started off with a program, but we also collected data, and over the period of time, we nuanced and changed that program to add a range of other elements , so that the service adapts and we meet the needs of the long term as well as the short term: greater engagement from the prisoners, longer-term engagement as well. 再回到彼得伯勒（监狱）的项目, 我们在运营的同时也收集信息; 过一段时间之后, 我们就根据现实与设想的差别来调整计划 并加入了一系列新的元素, 使得这些服务既能 满足长期效益 也能契合短期需求:即 更多的犯罪者 可以参与到期限更长的项目中。
nuanced:adj.微妙的; v.精确细腻地表演; elements:n.要素;基本部分;少量;一群;(element的复数) adapts:abbr.模拟-数字-模拟处理与测试系统(Analogue-Digital-AnalogueProcessandTestSystem); as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且; engagement:n.婚约;约会;交战;诺言;n.参与度;
The last element is partnership . 最后一种好处是合作。
partnership:n.合伙;[经管]合伙企业;合作关系;合伙契约;
There is, at the moment, a stale debate going on very often: state's better, public sector 's better, private sector's better, social sector's better, for a lot of these programs. 这其实是老生常谈: 国家变好,公众受惠, 个人获益,社会多赢。 这是类似项目的普遍规律。
stale:v.走味; adj.不新鲜的; n.囮子; debate:n.辩论;争论;考虑;v.辩论;争论;考虑; public sector:n.公营部门;公共部门;
Actually, for creating social change, we need to bring in the expertise from all of those parties in order to make this work. 事实上,如果想推动社会变革, 我们需要充分利用 社会各界的专业知识 才能使这成为可能。
expertise:n.专门知识;专门技术;专家的意见;
And this creates a structure through which they can combine. 而这些项目创造了一种机制 来融合各方的力量。
So where does this leave us? 这一切都说明了什么？
This leaves us with a way that people can invest in social change. 它们提供了一种方法, 让人们有机会投资社会变革。
We've met thousands, possibly millions of people, who want the opportunity to invest in social change. 我们遇到成千甚至上百万的人 希望有机会投资社会变革。
We've met champions all over the public sector keen to make these kinds of differences. 我们知道很多公共部门中的精英 都很热衷于创造不同。
keen:adj.敏锐的,敏捷的;渴望的;强烈的;热心的;锐利的;n.痛哭,挽歌;
With this kind of model, we can help bring them together. 利用这种商业模式 我们可以把他们团结在一起。
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）