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TinaArrowood_2019S-_透过盐循环经济，保持河流干净_-
Growing up in northern Wisconsin , 我在威斯康辛北部長大,
Wisconsin:n.威斯康星州(美国州名);
I've naturally developed a connection to the Mississippi River. 很自然和密西西比河 發展出了一種連結。
naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地;
When I was little, my sister and I would have contests to see who could spell "M-i-s-s-i-s-s-i-p-p-i" the fastest. 我小時候, 我和我姐姐會比賽誰能先拼出 「M-i-s-s-i-s-s-i-p-p-i （密西西比）」。
When I was in elementary school , 我讀小學時,
elementary school:小学;
I got to learn about the early explorers and their expeditions , 我學到了早期的探險家 以及他們的探險,
explorers:n.探险者;勘探者;考察者;(explorer的复数) expeditions:n.探险(expedition的复数);远征;
Marquette and Joliet, and how they used the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River and its tributaries to discover the Midwest , and to map a trade route to the Gulf of Mexico. 馬凱特和喬利埃特,以及他們 如何透用五大湖及密西西比河 和它的支流,來發現美國中西部, 並將到墨西哥灣的 貿易路線畫成地圖。
tributaries:n.支流(tributary复数形式); Midwest:n.美国的中西部; trade route:n.(旧时的)商队路线; Gulf:n.海湾;深渊;分歧;漩涡;vt.吞没;
In graduate school , 在讀研究所時,
graduate school:研究所,研究院;
I was fortunate to have the Mississippi River outside my research laboratory window at the University of Minnesota . 我很幸運,密西西比河 就在我的研究實驗室窗外, 那是在明尼蘇達大學。
fortunate:adj.幸运的;交好运的;吉利的; laboratory:n.实验室,研究室; Minnesota:n.明尼苏达州(美国中北部洲);
During that five-year period, I got to know the Mississippi River. 在那五年期間,我有機會 認識了密西西比河。
I got to know its temperamental nature and where it would flood its banks at one moment, and then shortly thereafter , you would see its dry shorelines . 我了解了它的無常特質, 可能這一刻它會將河岸淹沒, 沒多久之後, 你又能看見乾燥的河岸線。
temperamental:adj.喜怒无常的;性情的;易兴奋的; thereafter:adv.其后;从那时以后; shorelines:n.海岸线;海岸线地带;
Today, as a physical organic chemist , 現今,身為物理有機化學家,
physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; organic:adj.有机的;不使用化肥的;绿色的;有机物的;n.分子有机体; chemist:n.化学家;药剂师;药房;化学师;
I'm committed to use my training to help protect rivers, like the Mississippi, from excessive salt that can come from human activity. 我致力於發揮我的訓練 來協助保護河流,像密西西比河, 避免因為人類活動造成 河流的鹽份過高。
committed:adj.坚信的; v.做出错事; (commit的过去分词和过去式) excessive:adj.过多的,极度的;过分的;
Because, you know, salt is something that can contaminate freshwater rivers. 因為, 鹽有可能會污染淡水河流。
contaminate:v.污染;玷污,毒害(人的思想或品德); freshwater:adj.淡水的;无经验的;n.淡水;内河;湖水;
And freshwater rivers, they have only salt levels of .05 percent. 淡水河流的鹽份含量只有 0.05%。
And at this level, it's safe to drink. 鹽份在這個範圍內的水 可以安心飲用。
But the majority of the water on our planet is housed in our oceans, and ocean water has a salinity level of more than three percent. 但地球上大部分的水在海洋裡, 海洋的鹽度超過 3%。
majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人: salinity:n.盐度;盐分;盐性;
And if you drank that, you'd be sick very quick. 如果飲用海水,你很快就會生病。
So, if we are to compare the relative volume of ocean water to that of the river water that's on our planet, and let's say we are able to put the ocean water into an Olympic-size swimming pool , then our planet's river water would fit in a one-gallon jug . 所以,若要將地球上的海洋水量 和河流水量來做相對比較, 假設我們能把海洋的水放到 奧運標準尺寸的游泳池裡, 那麼地球上的河流水量 就可以放入一加侖的罐子中。
compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较; relative:adj.相对的;有关系的;成比例的;n.亲戚;相关物;[语]关系词;亲缘植物; volume:n.体积;容积;音量;响度;一册;合订本 swimming pool:n.游泳池;游泳场;游泳馆; jug:n.[轻]水壶;监牢;vt.关押;放入壶中;vi.模仿夜莺叫;
So you can see it's a precious resource . 不難理解,河水是很珍貴的資源。
precious:adj.宝贵的;珍贵的;矫揉造作的; resource:n.资源;资料;才智;财力;v.向…提供资金(或设备);
But do we treat it like a precious resource? 但我們有把它們當作 珍貴的資源來對待嗎？
treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣;
Or rather, do we treat it like that old rug that you put in your front doorway and wipe your feet off on it? 或者,我們對待它們的方式, 就像對待舖在大門口 用來擦拭腳下塵土的老地毯？
rug:n.小地毯;垫子;(盖腿的)厚毯子;v.用厚毯包; doorway:n.门口;途径; wipe:v.擦;抹;拭;消除;n.擦;拭;揩;(湿)抹布;
Treating rivers like that old rug has severe consequences . 把河流當作老地毯來對待, 會有嚴重的後果。
Treating:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;处理;讨论;(treat的现在分词) severe:adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的;苛刻的; consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数);
Let's take a look. 咱們來看看。
Let's see what just one teaspoon of salt can do. 咱們來看看一茶匙的鹽巴 會有什麼影響。
teaspoon:n.茶匙;一茶匙的量;
If we add one teaspoon of salt to this Olympic-size swimming pool of ocean water, the ocean water stays ocean water. 如果我們在一個奧運 標準尺寸的游泳池裝滿海水, 海水還是海水。
But if we add that same one teaspoon of salt to this one-gallon jug of fresh river water, suddenly, it becomes too salty to drink. 但如果我們把同樣一茶匙的鹽巴 加到裝滿河流淡水的 一加侖罐子中, 突然,整罐水就變得 太鹹而無法飲用了。
So the point here is, because rivers, the volume is so small compared to the oceans, it is especially vulnerable to human activity, and we need to take care to protect them. 這裡的重點是,因為 相對於海洋,河流的水量太少了, 河流很容易受到人類活動影響, 我們必須要照顧、保護河流。
compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词) especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的;
So recently , I surveyed the literature to look at the river health around the world. 最近,我調查文獻以 了解全世界各地河流的健康。
recently:adv.最近;新近; surveyed:v.调查,俯视(survey的过去式和过去分词形式);考察,调研; literature:n.文学;文献;文艺;著作;
And I fully expected to see ailing river health in regions of water scarcity and heavy industrial development. 我完全預期會在水源稀少 和重度工業開發的區域 看到生病的河流。
ailing:adj.生病的,身体不舒服的;体衰的;v.生病;苦恼(ail的现在分词); regions:n.地区;地域;行政区;左近;(region的复数) scarcity:n.不足;缺乏; industrial:adj.工业的,产业的; n.工业股票;
And I saw that in northern China and in India. 我的確在中國北部和印度看到了。
But I was surprised when I read a 2018 article where there's 232 river-sampling sites sampled across the United States. 但讓我意外的是, 我讀到一篇 2018 年的文章, 文中提到,在全美國有 232 個河流抽樣站點。 在美國各地對河流抽樣。
sites:n.网站(site的复数);遗址,举办地点;v.使...位于(site的单三形式); United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
And of those sites, 37 percent had increasing salinity levels. 在那些站點中, 有 37% 發現鹽度上升。
What was more surprising is that the ones with the highest increases were found on the east part of the United States, and not the arid southwest. 更讓人驚訝的是, 鹽度增加最多的站點 是在美國東部, 而不是乾旱的西南部。
arid:adj.干旱的;不毛的,[农]荒芜的;
The authors of this paper postulate that this could be due to using salt to deice roads. 這篇文章的作者推測 原因可能是當地使用鹽 來避免道路結冰。
postulate:vt.假定;要求;视…为理所当然;n.基本条件;假定; deice:v.除冰;防止结冰;
Potentially , another source of this salt could come from salty industrial wastewaters . 這些鹽份的另一個可能來源 是含鹽的工業廢水。
Potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地; wastewaters:n.废水,污水;
So as you see, human activities can convert our freshwater rivers into water that's more like our oceans. 如各位所見,人類活動 可以將淡水河流轉變成 更像是海水的水。
convert:v.转换; n.改变宗教(或信仰、观点)的人;
So we need to act and do something before it's too late. 我們必須要在太遲之前採取行動。
And I have a proposal . 我有一個提議。
proposal:n.提议,建议;求婚;
We can take a three-step river-defense mechanism , and if industrial-water users practice this defense mechanism , we can put our rivers in a much safer position. 我們可以採用一個 三步驟的河流防禦機制, 如果工業水的使用者 能採用這種防禦機制, 我們就能讓河流更安全。
river-defense:河流守城; mechanism:n.机制;原理,途径;进程;机械装置;技巧;
This involves , number one, extracting less water from our rivers by implementing water recycle and reuse operations. 這機制的內容包括,第一, 導入水回收和再利用的做法,
involves:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加,加入(involve的第三人称单数) extracting:n.提取;萃取;撷取;adj.拔出的(extract进行式); implementing:n.实施,执行;实现;v.贯彻,执行(implement的现在分词); recycle:v.回收利用;再利用;
Number two, we need to take the salt out of these salty industrial wastewaters and recover it and reuse it for other purposes. 第二, 我們必須要鹽份 從工業廢水中取出, 把取出的鹽份再利用至其他地方。
And number three, we need to convert salt consumers , who currently source our salt from mines into salt consumers that source our salt from recycled salt sources. 第三,我們得要將目前 使用礦鹽的消費者轉變成 使用回收鹽的消費者。
consumers:n.消费者;顾客;用户;(consumer的复数) currently:adv.当前;一般地;
This three-part defense mechanism is already in play. 這個三步驟的防禦機制 已經在進行中了。
This is what northern China and India are implementing to help to rehabilitate the rivers. 北中國和印度正是採用這個機制 來協助河流恢復原狀。
rehabilitate:v.使康复;使恢复正常;恢复…的名誉;恢复原状;
But the proposal here is to use this defense mechanism to protect our rivers, so we don't need to rehabilitate them. 但,我提出的提議 是要用這個防禦機制 來保護我們的河流, 讓我們根本不用將河流恢復原狀。
And the good news is, we have technology that can do this. 好消息是,我們有技術 可以做到這一點。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
It's with membranes . 這項技術是用薄膜。
membranes:n.细胞膜(membrane的复数);薄膜;膜皮;
Membranes that can separate salt and water. 可以把鹽和水分離的薄膜。
Membranes have been around for a number of years, and they're based on polymeric materials that separate based on size, or they can separate based on charge. 薄膜在很多年前就有了, 採用的是聚合材料, 依據體積來做分離, 也可以依據電荷來做分離。
have been around:见识(很)多;世故(很)深;遍布全球;世故深;遍布各地; polymeric:adj.聚合的;聚合体的;
The membranes that are used to separate salt and water typically separate based on charge. 用來將鹽和水分離的薄膜 通常是根據電荷來做分離的。
typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地;
And these membranes are negatively charged, and help to repel the negatively charged chloride ions that are in that dissolved salt. 這些薄膜本身帶有負電, 能協助排斥溶解的鹽中 帶負電的氯離子。
negatively:adv.消极地;否定地; repel:v.击退;抵制;使厌恶;使不愉快; dissolved:v.溶;使(固体)溶解;解除;终止;(dissolve的过去式和过去分词)
So, as I said , these membranes have been around for a number of years, and currently, they are purifying 25 million gallons of water every minute. 我剛才說過,這些薄膜 在幾年前就有了, 目前,它們每分鐘能淨化 兩千五百萬加侖的水。
as I said:正如我所说的 purifying:n.净化;精制;v.使纯净;精炼(purify的ing形式); gallons:n.加仑;大量(gallon的复数);一加仑的容器;
Even more than that, actually. 實際上甚至還更多。
But they can do more. 但它們能做的不只如此。
These membranes are based under the principle of reverse osmosis . 這些薄膜是以逆滲透原理為基礎。
principle:n.原理,原则;主义,道义;本质,本义;根源,源泉; reverse:n.反面; v.颠倒; adj.相反的; osmosis:n.[物]渗透;[物]渗透性;渗透作用;
Now osmosis is this natural process that happens in our bodies -- you know, how our cells work. 滲透是我們身體中 會發生的自然過程—— 和我們細胞的運作有關。
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
And osmosis is where you have two chambers that separate two levels of salt concentration . 滲透作用就是有兩個不同的空間, 將兩種不同鹽份濃度給區別開來。
chambers:n.内庭(chamber的复数); concentration:n.浓度;含量;集中;专心;
One with low salt concentration and one with high salt concentration. 一邊是低鹽份濃度, 另一邊是高鹽份濃度。
And separating the two chambers is the semipermeable membrane. 將兩個空間隔開的是 一片半透性的薄膜。
semipermeable:adj.半渗透的;
And under the natural osmosis process, what happens is the water naturally transports across that membrane from the area of low salt concentration to the area of high salt concentration, until an equilibrium is met. 在自然的滲透過程中, 水會很自然地通過那片薄膜, 從低鹽份濃度的地方 到高鹽份濃度的地方, 直到兩邊的濃度達到平衡。
transports:n.运输工具; v.运送; equilibrium:n.均衡;平静;保持平衡的能力;
Now reverse osmosis, it's the reverse of this natural process. 逆滲透作用則是逆轉這個自然過程。
And in order to achieve this reversal , what we do is we apply a pressure to the high-concentration side and in doing so, we drive the water the opposite direction. 為了達成逆轉, 我們要做的是施加壓力給 高鹽份濃度的那一邊, 這麼做就能讓水 往相反的方向行進。
reversal:n.逆转;[摄]反转;[法]撤销; apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求;
And so the high-concentration side becomes more salty, more concentrated , and the low-concentration side becomes your purified water . 高鹽份濃度的那一邊, 鹽份會變得更高, 濃度更高, 而低鹽份濃度的那一邊 就變成了淨化的水。
concentrated:adj.决心要做的; v.集中(注意力); (concentrate的过去式和过去分词) purified water:纯净水;
So using reverse osmosis, we can take an industrial wastewater and convert up to 95 percent of it into pure water, leaving only five percent as this concentrated salty mixture . 利用逆滲透,我們可以 只留下 5% 高鹽份濃度的混合物。
mixture:n.混合;结合体;混合物;集合体;
Now, this five percent concentrated salty mixture is not waste. 這 5% 高鹽份濃度的 混合物並不是廢物。
So scientists have also developed membranes that are modified to allow some salts to pass through and not others. 科學家也開發出一些 改造過的薄膜, 讓某些鹽可以通過, 但其他的鹽不行。
modified:adj.改进的,修改的;改良的;v.修改;缓和;(modify的过去分词); pass through:穿过;经历;经验;遭受;
Using these membranes, which are commonly referred to as nanofiltration membranes, now this five percent concentrated salty solution can be converted into a purified salt solution. 用這種薄膜, 也就是一般所謂的奈米過濾膜, 這 5% 的高鹽份濃度溶液 就能被轉換成純化的鹽溶液。
referred:v.提到;引用;认为;指示;涉及;(refer的过去式和过去分词) nanofiltration:纳滤;纳滤膜;超滤; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; converted:adj.修改的;改变信仰的;v.转变;改变信仰(convert的过去式和过去分词形式);
So, in total, using reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes, we can convert industrial wastewater into a resource of both water and salt. 所以,總的來說, 有逆滲透作用和奈米過濾膜, 我們就能把工業廢水轉換 成為水和鹽的資源。
And in doing so, achieve pillars one and two of this river-defense mechanism. 這麼做, 就能達成這個河流防禦機制的 第一和第二根支柱。
pillars:n.柱子;柱状物;台柱(pillar的复数);v.用柱支持(pillar的第三人称单数);
Now, I've introduced this to a number of industrial-water users, and the common response is, "Yeah, but who is going to use my salt?" 我曾向一些工業用水使用者 介紹過這個機制, 通常得到的反應是: 「好,但,誰會要用我的鹽？」
response:n.响应;反应;回答;
So that's why pillar number three is so important. 這就是為什麼 第三根支柱這麼重要。
We need to transform folks that are using mine salt into consumers of recycled salt. 我們必須要將使用 礦鹽的消費者轉型 成為使用回收鹽的消費者。
transform:v.使改变;使改观;使转换;n.[数]变换式;[化]反式;
So who are these salt consumers? 所以,誰是這些鹽的消費者？
Well, in 2018 in the United States, 2018 年,在美國,
I learned that 43 percent of the salt consumed in the US was used for road salt deicing purposes. 我發現美國消費的鹽當中有 43% 是用在防止道路結冰的用途上。
consumed:adj.沉迷…的; v.消耗,耗费; (consume的过去分词和过去式) deicing:n.除冰;碎冰装置;v.除冰;防冰(deice的ing形式);
Thirty-nine percent was used by the chemical industry. 39% 是化學業在使用。
chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的;
So let's take a look at these two applications. 所以,咱們來談談這兩種應用。
take a look at:看一看;检查;
So, I was shocked. 我很震驚。
In the 2018-2019 winter season, one million tons of salt was applied to the roads in the state of Pennsylvania . 2018 年到 2019 年的冬季, 一百萬噸的鹽 被用在賓州的道路上。
applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式) Pennsylvania:n.宾夕法尼亚州(美国州名);
One million tons of salt is enough to fill two-thirds of an Empire State Building. 一百萬噸的鹽足以 裝滿帝國大廈的三分之二。
two-thirds:n.三分之二;三分之二的;三分之二地;
That's one million tons of salt mined from the earth, applied to our roads, and then it washes off into the environment and into our rivers. 也就是從地球開採出了 一百萬噸的鹽, 用在我們的道路上, 接著這些鹽就被沖刷掉, 進入我們的環境和河流。
So the proposal here is that we could at least source that salt from a salty industrial wastewater, and prevent that from going into our rivers, and rather use that to apply to our roads. 所以我的提議是,我們至少可以 從含鹽的工業廢水中取得那些鹽, 避免這些鹽進入我們的河流, 把它們用在我們的道路上。
So at least when the melt happens in the springtime and you have this high-salinity runoff , the rivers are at least in a better position to defend themselves against that. 至少,在春季開始融冰時, 出現高鹽度逕流時, 至少河流的狀況還會 比較有抵禦的能力。
melt:v.融化;(使)软化; springtime:n.春天;春季;初期; runoff:n.[水文]径流;决赛;流走的东西;adj.决胜的;
Now, as a chemist, the opportunity though that I'm more psyched about is the concept of introducing circular salt into the chemical industry. 身為化學家, 比較會讓我興奮的機會, 是把循環鹽導入 化學產業的這個概念。
psyched:adj.兴奋;殷切期待;v.用精神分析治疗(psych的过去分词和过去式) circular:adj.圆形的; n.(同时送达很多人的)印刷信函(或通知、广告);
And the chlor-alkali industry is perfect. 氯鹼業是個完美的對象。
chlor-alkali:氯-碱;氯硷;氯碱工艺;
Chlor-alkali industry is the source of epoxies , it's the source of urethanes and solvents and a lot of useful products that we use in our everyday lives. 氯鹼業是環氧樹脂的來源, 也是氨基鉀酸酯、溶劑, 以及我們日常生活中 許多實用產品的來源。
epoxies:n.环氧树脂(epoxy的复数); urethanes:n.[化]尿烷;聚氨酯树酯;(urethanes是urethane的复数) solvents:n.[化学]溶剂;解决方法(solvent的复数形式);
And it uses sodium chloride salt as its key feed stack . 該產業使用氯化鈉鹽 當作它的主要進料。
sodium chloride:n.氯化钠;食盐; stack:n.堆栈;一摞;大量;许多;v.(使)放成整齐的一叠(或一摞,一堆);
So the idea here is, well, first of all , let's look at linear economy . 所以,這裡的想法是, 首先,咱們先來談談線性經濟。
first of all:adv.首先; linear:adj.线的,线型的;直线的,线状的;长度的; economy:n.经济;节约;理财;
So in a linear economy, they're sourcing that salt from a mine, it goes through this chlor-alkali process, made into a basic chemical, which then can get converted into another new product, or a more functional product. 在線性經濟中,鹽的來源是鹽礦, 它們會經過氯鹼過程, 被製成基本的化學製品, 這些化學製品能被 轉換成其他新產品, 或者更有功能性的產品。
sourcing:v.(从…)获得;(source的现在分词) functional:adj.功能的;
But during that conversion process, oftentimes salt is regenerated as the by-product , and it ends up in the industrial wastewater. 但在轉換的過程中, 通常,都會重新生成鹽, 可算是副產品, 這些鹽最後會進入工業廢水中。
conversion:n.转换;变换;[金融]兑换;改变信仰; oftentimes:adv.时常地; regenerated:adj.再生的;v.再生;革新(regenerate的过去式和过去分词); by-product:n.副产品;附带产生的结果;意外收获;
So, the idea is that we can introduce circularity , and we can recycle the water and salt from those industrial wastewater streams, from the factories, and we can send it to the front end of the chlor-alkali process. 所以,我的想法是導入循環, 我們可以從工業廢水當中、 從工廠回收水和鹽, 再把它們送到氯鹼過程的前端。
circularity:n.圆;[数]环状;圈状;
Circular salt. 循環鹽。
So how impactful is this? 這會有多大的影響？
impactful:adj.有效的;有力的;
Well, let's just take one example. 咱們用一個例子來說明。
Fifty percent of the world's production of propylene oxide is made through the chlor-alkali process. 全世界生產出的環氧丙烷,有 50% 是透過氯鹼過程製造出來的。
propylene:n.[有化]丙烯(等于propene); oxide:n.[化学]氧化物;
And that's a total of about five million tons of propylene oxide on an annual basis, made globally. 也就是全球每年總共 約五百萬噸的環氧丙烷。
annual:n.年报;年鉴;年刊;adj.每年的;年度的;一年的;
So that's five million tons of salt mined from the earth converted through the chlor-alkali process into propylene oxide, and then during that process, five million tons of salt that ends up in wastewater streams. 也就是從地球開採出 五百萬噸的鹽, 透過氯鹼過程轉換成環氧丙烷, 接著,在那過程中, 五百萬噸的鹽最後 會進入到廢水中。
So five million tons is enough salt to fill three Empire State Buildings. 五百萬噸的鹽可以 裝滿三棟帝國大廈。
And that's on an annual basis. 那還只是一年的量。
So you can see how circular salt can provide a barrier to our rivers from this excessive salty discharge . 這樣大家就可以了解, 為什麼循環鹽 可以協助我們的河流 抵禦過多的鹽排放。
barrier:n.屏障;障碍;障碍物;关口;v.用栅围住; discharge:v.履行;释放;排出;流出;n.出院;执行;退伍;排出(物);
So you might wonder, "Well, gosh, these membranes have been around for a number of years, so why aren't people implementing wastewater reuse? 各位可能會納悶: 「啊,很多年前就有這些薄膜了, 為什麼大家不去做廢水再利用？
Well, the bottom line is, it costs money to implement wastewater reuse. 嗯,基本上, 做廢水再利用是要花錢的。
the bottom line:底线;本质内容;最底线;
And second, water in these regions is undervalued . 第二, 在這些區域,水的價值被低估了。
undervalued:adj.贬值的; v.低估…的价值; (undervalue的过去式和过去分词)
Until it's too late. 直到太遲了。
You know, if we don't plan for freshwater sustainability , there are some severe consequences. 如果我們不規劃淡水永續性, 將會有一些嚴重的後果。
sustainability:n.持续性;永续性;能维持性;
You can just ask one of the world's largest chemical manufacturers who last year took a 280-million dollar hit due to low river levels of the Rhine River in Germany. 你可以問世界上最大的化學製造商, 去年,他們因為德國 萊茵河水位過低, 受到了兩億八千萬美金的衝擊。
manufacturers:n.生产者;制造者;生产商;(manufacturer的复数) Rhine:n.莱茵河(位于欧洲西部);
You can ask the residents of Cape Town, South Africa, who experienced a year-over-year drought drying up their water reserves , and then being asked not to flush their toilets. 你可以問南非開普敦的居民, 他們遇到一年比一年嚴重的乾旱, 讓儲存的水被用盡, 接著被要求不可以沖馬桶。
residents:n.居民;住院医生;房客;(resident的复数) Cape:n.披肩;披风;短斗篷;地角; year-over-year:n.年度同期成长率; drought:n.干旱;缺乏; reserves:n.[油气]储量; v.储备; flush:n.激动,洋溢; v.使齐平; adj.大量的;
So you can see, we have solutions here, with membranes, where we can provide pure water, we can provide pure salt, using these membranes, both of these, to help to protect our rivers for future generations. 所以,各位能了解, 我們有使用薄膜的解決方案, 用這個方案可以提供純水, 可以提供純鹽, 用這些薄膜,兩者都能提供, 為未來的世代保護我們的河流。
Thank you. 謝謝。
(Applause) （掌聲）