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TasosFrantzolas_2016X-_你在电影里听到的都是假的_
I want to start by doing an experiment. 我想用一个实验来开始我的演讲。
I'm going to play three videos of a rainy day . 我将给你们播放三段雨天的视频。
rainy day:雨天;穷困时期;
But I've replaced the audio of one of the videos, and instead of the sound of rain, 我们称之为画外音, 实际上只是拍打一张纸,
audio:adj.声音的;录音的;
I've added the sound of bacon frying. 变成了煎培根的声音。
bacon:n.咸肉;腌肉;熏猪肉;
So I want you think carefully which one the clip with the bacon is. 我想让你们认真听,找出哪个视频里是煎培根声。
clip:v.剪辑;修剪;削减;固定;n.夹;夹子;速度;钳;
(Rain falls) （下雨声）
(Rain falls) （下雨声）
(Rain falls) （下雨声）
All right. 好的。
Actually, I lied. 其实,我撒谎了。
They're all bacon. 这些全都是煎培根的声音。
(Bacon sizzles) （培根滋油声）
(Applause) （掌声）
My point here isn't really to make you hungry every time you see a rainy scene, but it's to show that our brains are conditioned to embrace the lies. 我的目的并不是让你们每次看到下雨 都觉得肚子饿, 而是想告诉你们我们的大脑习惯于接受这些假象。
embrace:n.拥抱,怀抱;v.拥抱;乐意采纳(思想、建议等);信奉;包括;
We're not looking for accuracy . 我们关注的并不是准确度。
accuracy:n.[数]精确度,准确性;
So on the subject of deception , 在造假的这个主题里,
deception:n.欺骗;蒙骗;诡计;骗术;骗局;
I wanted to quote one of my favorite authors. 我想引用我最喜欢的一位作家的话。
quote:v.引用;报价;举例说明;开价;为(企业的股份)上市;n.引用;
In "The Decay of Lying," Oscar Wilde establishes the idea that all bad art comes from copying nature and being realistic; and all great art comes from lying and deceiving , and telling beautiful, untrue things. 在“谎言的衰变”中,奥斯卡·王尔德有这样的结论, 所有糟糕的艺术都源于刻板的复制自然和现实; 那些伟大的艺术都是依靠造假和骗术, 叙说着美丽的,不真实的东西。
Decay:v.(使)腐烂;破败;(力量、影响等)衰弱;n.腐烂;腐朽;衰退; establishes:v.创立;设立;建立;确立;使立足;(establish的第三人称单数) deceiving:v.欺骗;蒙骗;诓骗;欺骗(自己);误导(deceive的现在分词) untrue:adj.不真实的;不合标准的;不忠实的;不正当的;
So when you're watching a movie and a phone rings, it's not actually ringing. 所以,当你在观看电影时, 电话铃响了, 那不是真正的电话铃响。
It's been added later in postproduction in a studio . 都是在后期制作中加进去的。
postproduction:n.(电影或电视的)后期制作; studio:n.工作室;[广播][电视]演播室;画室;电影制片厂;
All of the sounds you hear are fake . 所有的声音都是假的。
fake:n.假货;骗子;假动作;v.捏造;假装…的样子;adj.伪造的;
Everything, apart from the dialogue, is fake. 除了那些对话,所有的声音 都是假的。
When you watch a movie and you see a bird flapping its wings — 看电影的时候你看到一只鸟在拍打着它的翅膀——
flapping:n.拍动;摇摆运动;adj.摇摆运动的;挥动的;v.拍打,轻拍(flap的现在分词);
(Wings flap) （翅膀拍打声）
They haven't really recorded the bird. 他们并没真正去给那只鸟录音。
It sounds a lot more realistic if you record a sheet or shaking kitchen gloves. 实际上只是拍打一张纸, 或抖动厨房手套的声音。
realistic:adj.现实的;现实主义的;逼真的;实在论的; sheet:n.薄板;床单;纸张;报纸;v.覆盖;展开;给…铺床单;铺开;adj.片状的;
(Flaps) （拍打声）
The burning of a cigarette up close — 近距离的香烟燃烧——
(Cigarette burns) （香烟燃烧）
It actually sounds a lot more authentic if you take a small Saran Wrap ball and release it. 其实如果你紧握着一个 团成球的保鲜膜,然后松开, 那个声音会更真实。
authentic:adj.真正的,真实的;可信的; Saran:n.合成树脂之一,耐火塑胶料; Wrap:v.缠绕;隐藏;掩护;包起来;缠绕;穿外衣;n.外套;围巾; release:v.释放;发射;让与;允许发表;n.释放;发布;让与;
(A Saran Warp ball being released) （团成球的保鲜膜被放开的声音）
Warp:v.弯曲;(使)扭曲,变形;使乖戾;n.(织布机上的)经线,经纱
Punches ? 拳打的声音？
Punches:v.用拳猛击(punch的第三人称单数形式); n.一拳(punch的复数);
(Punch) （拳打声）
Oops, let me play that again. 让我再放一遍。
(Punch) （拳打声）
That's often done by sticking a knife in vegetables, usually cabbage. 那其实是把刀插入蔬菜的声音, 一般是卷心菜。
(Cabbage stabbed with a knife) （刀插入卷心菜的声音）
stabbed:v.刺,戳,捅;(stab的过去分词和过去式)
The next one — it's breaking bones. 下一个,是骨头断裂声。
(Bones break) （骨头断裂的声音）
Well, no one was really harmed. 当然了,并没有人真的受伤。
It's actually ... 其实这是——
breaking celery or frozen lettuce. 掰芹菜或冻生菜的声音。
celery:n.[园艺]芹菜;
(Breaking frozen lettuce or celery) （掰冻芹菜或生菜的声音）（在布鲁克林他们用的是羽衣甘蓝）
(Laughter) （笑声）
Making the right sounds is not always as easy as a trip to the supermarket and going to the vegetable section. 制作真实的声音并不总是 像去超市买菜 那样简单。
But it's often a lot more complicated than that. 其实往往要比那难很多。
complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式)
So let's reverse-engineer together the creation of a sound effect . 那么,让我们一起用逆向工程体验一下 制作一个音效的过程。
creation:n.创造,创作;创作物,产物; sound effect:n.音响效果;
One of my favorite stories comes from Frank Serafine. 我最喜欢的段子之一来自于弗兰克·塞拉凡尼。
Frank:adj.坦白的,直率的;老实的;n.免费邮寄特权;v.免费邮寄;
He's a contributor to our library, and a great sound designer for "Tron" and "Star Trek " and others. 他是我们音效库的贡献者之一, 也是“创:战记”和“星际迷航”及其他作品的伟大音效设计师。
contributor:n.贡献者;投稿者;捐助者; Trek:v.长途跋涉;远足,徒步旅行;n.长途跋涉(尤指在山区);
He was part of the Paramount team that won the Oscar for best sound for "The Hunt for Red October." 他是派拉蒙公司那个赢得奥斯卡的“猎杀红色十月”的 音效团队中的一员。
Paramount:adj.最重要的,主要的;至高无上的;n.最高统治者;
In this Cold War classic , in the '90s, they were asked to produce the sound of the propeller of the submarine . 在这个九十年代的,描述冷战期的经典影片里, 他们需要制作潜水艇螺旋桨的声音。
classic:n.名著;优秀的典范;adj.最优秀的;第一流的;有代表性的;典型的; propeller:n.[航][船]螺旋桨;推进器; submarine:n.潜艇;adj.水下的;海底的v.用潜艇攻击;驾驶潜艇;
So they had a small problem: they couldn't really find a submarine in West Hollywood. 但他们遇到一个小困难, 他们当时在西好莱坞,找不到潜水艇。
So basically , what they did is, they went to a friend's swimming pool , and Frank performed a cannonball , or bomba. 因此,简单来说,他们想了这么个法子, 他们去了一个朋友的游泳池, 弗兰克表演了一次炮弹入水。
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; swimming pool:n.游泳池;游泳场;游泳馆; performed:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好)(perform的过去分词和过去式) cannonball:n.炮弹;
They placed an underwater mic and an overhead mic outside the swimming pool. 他们安装了一个水下麦克, 还有游泳池外的水上麦克。
underwater:adj.在水中的;水面下的;adv.在水下;n.水下; overhead:n.开销;经常费用;经常开支;adj.头上方的;地面以上的;adv.在头上方;在空中
So here's what the underwater mic sounds like. 这是水下麦克录下的声音。
(Underwater plunge) （水下跳水声）
Adding the overhead mic, it sounded a bit like this: 加上水上麦克的声音后, 它听起来是这样的:
(Water splashes) （水花四溅声）
So now they took the sound and pitched it one octave down, sort of like slowing down a record. 他们拿到这个声音后,把它降了一个八度, 就好像慢放一个录音。
pitched:adj.倾斜的;v.用力扔;投;抛;投球;当投手;触地;(pitch的过去分词和过去式) octave:n.八度音阶; adj.八个一组的;
(Water splashes at lower octave) （低八度后的水花四溅声）
splashes:n.色斑;散点(splash的复数);v.泼溅;溅湿(splash的第三人称单数);
And then they removed a lot of the high frequencies . 然后他们把很多高频的声音去掉。
frequencies:n.频率;发生率;重复率;频繁;(frequency的复数)
(Water splashes) （水花声）
And pitched it down another octave. 然后再降一个八度。
(Water splashes at lower octave) （又降一个八度的水花声）
And then they added a little bit of the splash from the overhead microphone . 然后他们又加入了一点点 水面上录制的水花四溅声。
microphone:n.麦克风;传声器;话筒;
(Water splashes) （水花声）
And by looping and repeating that sound, they got this: 然后循环,反复播放, 他们最终得到了这种效果:
looping:v.使成环;使绕成圈;成环形运动;(loop的现在分词)
(Propeller churns) （螺旋桨声）
So, creativity and technology put together in order to create the illusion that we're inside the submarine. 看吧,创造力和技术结合后能创造 我们身在潜水艇里的假象。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; put together:..放在一起;组合;装配; illusion:n.幻觉,错觉;错误的观念或信仰;
But once you've created your sounds and you've synced them to the image, you want those sounds to live in the world of the story. 不过,当你创造了声音 并和画面同步后, 你希望这些声音可以在叙事的世界中变得鲜活。
synced:[口语][电影,电视]=synchronize;
And one the best ways to do that is to add reverb . 最好的方法之一是加一点回响。
reverb:vi.混响;余响;vt.使…余响;使…混响;n.混响机;电子回响;
So this is the first audio tool I want to talk about. 这是我要谈的第一个音效手段。
Reverberation , or reverb, is the persistence of the sound after the original sound has ended. 在原声结束后加入回响或混响 可以延续声音。
Reverberation:n.[声]混响;反射;反响;回响; persistence:n.持续;固执;存留;坚持不懈;毅力; original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的;
So it's sort of like the — all the reflections from the materials, the objects and the walls around the sound. 所以这就像是 来自环绕在声音周围的 物体和墙的全部反射。
reflections:n.映像;(声、光、热等的)反射;反映;显示;表达;(reflection的复数)
Take, for example, the sound of a gunshot . 举个例子,枪声。
gunshot:n.射击;射程;炮击;adj.射击的;枪炮射击所致的;
The original sound is less than half a second long. 原声只有不到半秒的时间。
(Gunshot) （枪声）
By adding reverb, we can make it sound like it was recorded inside a bathroom. 加上回响后, 我们可以做出好像在浴室里录制的声音。
(Gunshot reverbs in bathroom) （枪声在浴室里回响）
Or like it was recorded inside a chapel or a church. 或者像是在礼拜堂或教堂里录制的声音。
chapel:n.小礼拜堂,小教堂;礼拜;adj.非国教的;
(Gunshot reverbs church) （枪声在教堂里回响）
Or in a canyon . 或者在大峡谷。
canyon:n.(周围有悬崖峭壁的)峡谷;(
(Gunshot reverbs in canyon) （枪声在峡谷里回响）
So reverb gives us a lot of information about the space between the listener and the original sound source . 回响给了我们很多 关于听者和声音来源之间的空间的信息。
source:n.来源;水源;原始资料;
If the sound is the taste, then reverb is sort of like the smell of the sound. 如果把声音当成是味觉, 回音就像是声音的气味。
But reverb can do a lot more. 回响还有很多其他的用处。
Listening to a sound with a lot less reverberation than the on-screen action is going to immediately signify to us that we're listening to a commentator , to an objective narrator that's not participating in the on-screen action. 听一个很少有回响的声音 而不看屏幕上的动作 将会立即让我们觉得 我们在听一位解说员说话, 在听一位并未参与电影动作的旁白者说话。
on-screen:屏幕上的;银幕上的;银幕上地; signify:vt.表示;意味;预示;vi.有重要性;要紧;冒充内行; commentator:n.评论员,解说员;实况播音员;时事评论者; objective:n.目标; adj.客观的; narrator:n.讲述者;(电视节目中的)幕后解说员;旁白员; participating:v.参加;参与(participate的现在分词)
Also, emotionally intimate moments in cinema are often heard with zero reverb, because that's how it would sound if someone was speaking inside our ear. 另外,在电影院中的动情时刻 通常听不到任何回响, 因为那样才会听上去像有人在我们耳朵里说话。
emotionally:adv.感情上;情绪上;令人激动地;情绪冲动地; intimate:n.知己; v.暗示; adj.亲密的;
On the completely other side, adding a lot of reverb to a voice is going to make us think that we're listening to a flashback , or perhaps that we're inside the head of a character or that we're listening to the voice of God. 在完全相反的情况下, 在语音里加入很多回响 会使我们感觉正在听回忆, 或者好像我们正在一个角色的大脑中, 或者在听上帝的声音。
flashback:n.倒叙;闪回;迷幻药效幻觉重现;
Or, even more powerful in film, 或者是在电影里更强大的
Morgan Freeman . 摩根·费里曼。
Freeman:n.自由民;享有市民权的人;荣誉市民;
(Laughter) （笑声）
(Applause) （鼓掌）
But what are some other tools or hacks that sound designers use? 还有什么其他手段或是方式 是音效师在使用的呢？
hacks:出租汽车;老马(hack的复数);
Well, here's a really big one. 这里有一个很重要的。
It's silence. 就是无声。
A few moments of silence is going to make us pay attention. 短暂的安静无声使我们集中注意力。
And in the Western world, we're not really used to verbal silences. 在西方世界里, 我们不太习惯在对话时安静下来。
verbal:adj.口头的;言语的;动词的;照字面的;n.动词的非谓语形式;
They're considered awkward or rude. 人们会觉得奇怪或无礼。
awkward:adj.尴尬的;笨拙的;棘手的;不合适的;
So silence preceding verbal communication can create a lot of tension . 因此,使一段正在进行的对话变成无声 可以制造很多紧张感。
preceding:adj.在前的;前面的;v.在…之前发生;先于;走在…前面(precede的现在分词) tension:n.张力;拉伸;矛盾;紧张局势(或关系,状况);v.绷紧;
But imagine a really big Hollywood movie, where it's full of explosions and automatic guns. 但是想象一下在好莱坞大片中 全都是爆炸和机枪声。
explosions:n.[力]爆炸;爆发(explosion的复数);怒气大作; automatic:adj.自动的;无意识的;必然的;n.自动步枪;自动换挡汽车;
Loud stops being loud anymore, after a while. 嘈杂的声音过一会儿就不觉得嘈杂了。
So in a yin-yang way, silence needs loudness and loudness needs silence for either of them to have any effect. 就像阴阳理论中说的 无声需要嘈杂,嘈杂也需要无声（静中有动,动中有静）, 两者相辅相成。
yin-yang:阴阳; loudness:n.[声]响度;吵闹;
But what does silence mean? 那么无声意味着什么呢？
Well, it depends how it's used in each film. 这取决于每个电影如何使用它。
Silence can place us inside the head of a character or provoke thought. 无声可以让我们进入角色的思绪, 或是引发思考。
provoke:vt.驱使;激怒;煽动;惹起;
We often relate silences with ... 我们通常从无声联想到——
contemplation , meditation , being deep in thought. 凝视, 冥想, 陷入深思。
contemplation:n.沉思;注视;意图; meditation:n.冥想;沉思,深思;
But apart from having one meaning, silence becomes a blank canvas upon which the viewer is invited to the paint their own thoughts. 但是,并不是只有一种意义, 无声是一块空白的画布, 让观看的人把自己的想法画上去.
canvas:n.帆布;(帆布)画布;油画;vt.用帆布覆盖;
But I want to make it clear: there is no such thing as silence. 我要说清楚的是,并不存在一种叫做无声的东西。
And I know this sounds like the most pretentious TED Talk statement ever. 我知道这说法听起来差不多是TED里最自负的。
pretentious:adj.自命不凡的;炫耀的;做作的; statement:n.声明;陈述,叙述;报表,清单;
But even if you were to enter a room with zero reverberation and zero external sounds, you would still be able to hear the pumping of your own blood. 但是,即使你进入一个没有任何回响的房间, 也完全没有外部声音, 你仍然可以听到自己血液流动的声音。
external:n.外部;外观;形式;外部情况;adj.外部的;外面的;外界的;外来的; pumping:v.用泵输送;涌出;奔流;快速摇动;(pump的现在分词)
And in cinema, traditionally , there was never a silent moment because of the sound of the projector . 历史上,电影院里从来没有无声的时刻, 因为放映机会发出声音。
traditionally:adv.传统上;习惯上;传说上; projector:n.[仪]投影仪;放映机;探照灯;设计者;
And even in today's Dolby world, there's not really any moment of silence if you listen around you. 即使是在如今的杜比音响世界, 如果你倾听四周,没有一刻是无声的。
There's always some sort of noise. 总会有某种噪音存在。
Now, since there's no such thing as silence, what do filmmakers and sound designers use? 现在,既然说没有真正的无声, 电影制作者和音效设计师用什么呢？
filmmakers:n.制片人(filmmaker的复数);
Well, as a synonym , they often use ambiences . 他们通常用氛围声,跟“无声”差不多。
synonym:n.同义词;同义字; ambiences:周围环境;
Ambiences are the unique background sounds that are specific to each location . 氛围声是独特的背景音, 具体到每一个地点的背景音。
unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物; specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; location:n.地方;地点;位置;定位
Each location has a unique sound, and each room has a unique sound, which is called room tone . 每个地点都有独特的声音, 每个空间也有独特的声音, 这叫做环境声。
tone:n.语气:风格:特色:声音信号:v.使更结实:与…协调:
So here's a recording of a market in Morocco. 这是在摩洛哥的一家市场里的录音。
(Voices, music) （说话声,音乐）
And here's a recording of Times Square in New York. 这是在纽约时代广场的录音。
(Traffic sounds, car horns , voices) （交通声,车喇叭声,说话声）
horns:n.喇叭; v.截锯…的角;
Room tone is the addition of all the noises inside the room: the ventilation , the heating, the fridge. 环境声是房间里所有噪音的叠加: 通风设备,供暖设备,冰箱。
addition:n.添加;[数]加法;增加物; ventilation:n.通风设备;空气流通;
Here's a recording of my apartment in Brooklyn. 这是我布鲁克林区公寓的录音。
(You can hear the ventilation, the boiler , the fridge and street traffic) （你能听到排风,热水器,冰箱,街上的交通）
boiler:n.锅炉;烧水壶,热水器;盛热水器;
Ambiences work in a most primal way. 环境声以最原始的方式起着作用。
primal:adj.原始的; n.被压抑童年情绪的释放; vt.释放(被压抑的童年情绪);
They can speak directly to our brain subconsciously . 它们可以在潜意识里直接对我们的大脑说话。
directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就; subconsciously:adv.潜意识地;
So, birds chirping outside your window may indicate normality , perhaps because, as a species , we've been used to that sound every morning for millions of years. 所以,你窗户外面的鸟叫可以代表常态。 或许因为,我们作为一个物种, 数百万年来,已经习惯每天早上听到它。
chirping:v.吱喳叫;唧唧叫;轻松愉快地讲(话);(chirp的现在分词) indicate:v.表明;显示;象征;暗示; normality:n.常态;[化学]当量浓度;[化学]规定浓度; species:n.[生物]物种;种类;
(Birds chirp) （鸟叫声）
On the other hand , industrial sounds have been introduced to us a little more recently . 另一方面,近些年来我们听到越来越多 工业的声音。
On the other hand:另一方面; industrial:adj.工业的,产业的; n.工业股票; recently:adv.最近;新近;
Even though I really like them personally — they've been used by one of my heroes, David Lynch, and his sound designer, Alan Splet — industrial sounds often carry negative connotations . 虽然我个人很喜欢工业的声音—— 和他的音效师艾林·斯普莱特所采用—— 但工业的声音常常有负面的意义。
personally:adv.个人;亲自;本人;就本人而言; negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝; connotations:内涵;含蓄;隐含意义(connotation的复数);
(Machine noises) （机器噪音）
Now, sound effects can tap into our emotional memory. 音效还可以进入我们的情感记忆。
Occasionally , they can be so significant that they become a character in a movie. 有时候,它们会特别重要, 以至于变成一部电影的角色。
Occasionally:adv.偶尔;有时候;偶然; significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物;
The sound of thunder may indicate divine intervention or anger. 雷声可以代表上天的干预或愤怒。
thunder:n.雷;雷声;轰隆声;v.打雷;发出雷鸣般响声; divine:adj.神圣的;非凡的;天赐的;极好的;v.占卜;预言;用占卜勘探;n.牧师;神学家; intervention:n.介入;调停;妨碍;
(Thunder) （打雷声）
Church bells can remind us of the passing of time, or perhaps our own mortality . 教堂钟声可以提醒我们时光流逝, 或者也许提醒我们自己的死亡。
remind:v.提醒;使想起; mortality:n.死亡数,死亡率;必死性,必死的命运;
(Bells ring) （钟声）
And breaking of glass can indicate the end of a relationship or a friendship. 玻璃破碎的声音可以表示一段爱情 或友谊的结束。
(Glass breaks) （玻璃破碎声）
Scientists believe that dissonant sounds, for example, brass or wind instruments played very loud, may remind us of animal howls in nature and therefore create a sense of irritation or fear. 科学家相信,刺耳的声音, 例如铜管乐器声或管乐器演奏的巨大声响, 会让我们想到大自然中动物的叫声, 因此可以制造刺激或恐惧的感觉。
dissonant:adj.刺耳的;不谐和的;不调和的; brass:n.黄铜;黄铜制品;铜管乐器;厚脸皮; instruments:n.器械;仪器;器具;手段(instrument的复数) irritation:n.刺激;激怒,恼怒,生气;兴奋;令人恼火的事;
(Brass and wind instruments play) （铜管乐器演奏声）
So now we've spoken about on-screen sounds. 那么,我们已经谈到了屏幕上的声音。
But occasionally, the source of a sound cannot be seen. 但有时候,声源是看不到的。
That's what we call offscreen sounds, 我们称之为画外音,
offscreen:adv.幕后;私生活方面;adj.画面以外的;私生活方面的;