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TaraWinkler_2016X-_为什么我们需要终结孤儿院时代？_
These are some photos of me volunteering in a Cambodian orphanage in 2006. 这些是我在柬埔寨 孤儿院当志工的照片, 时间是 2006 年。
volunteering:v.自愿做;义务做;无偿做;当志愿兵(volunteer的现在分词) Cambodian:n.柬埔寨人(高棉人);柬埔寨语;adj.柬埔寨的;柬埔寨语的; orphanage:n.孤儿院;
When these photos were taken, 拍摄这些照片的那个时候,
I thought I was doing a really good thing and that I was really helping those kids. 我认为自己是在行善, 认为我真的在协助那些孩子。
I had a lot to learn. 我有很多要学的。
It all started for me when I was 19 years old and went backpacking through Southeast Asia. 一切的起因,是我 19 岁时, 当背包客去东南亚旅行。
backpacking:n.徒步旅行; Southeast:adj.东南的;来自东南的;n.东南;东南地区;adv.来自东南;
When I reached Cambodia, 当我抵达柬埔寨,
I felt uncomfortable being on holiday surrounded by so much poverty and wanted to do something to give back. 我觉得很不舒服,我在渡假, 身边却尽是贫困的人, 我想做点什么做为回报。
poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣;
So I visited some orphanages and donated some clothes and books and some money to help the kids that I met. 所以我造访了一些孤儿院, 捐了一些衣服、书籍、 和一些钱, 来协助我见到的那些孩子。
orphanages:n.孤儿院;(orphanage的复数) donated:v.捐赠,赠送;献(血);捐献(器官);(donate的过去分词和过去式)
But one of the orphanages I visited was desperately poor. 但我造访的其中一间 孤儿院是极度贫穷。
desperately:adv.拼命地;绝望地;不顾一切地;极度地;
I had never encountered poverty like that before in my life. 我一生中都没遇过像那样子的贫穷。
encountered:v.遭遇,遇到;偶然碰到;意外地遇见;(encounter的过去分词和过去式)
They didn't have funds for enough food, clean water or medical treatment , and the sad little faces on those kids were heartbreaking . 他们没有钱购买足够的食物、 干净的水、 或医疗服务, 那些孩子脸上悲伤的神情 让人心碎。
funds:n.[会计]资金,现金(fund的复数);基金;v.资助(fund的三单形式);提供资金; treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论; heartbreaking:adj.令人心碎的;使人悲痛的;
So I was compelled to do something more to help. 所以我不得不再 多做一点,来协助他们。
compelled:v.强迫;迫使;使必须;引起(反应);(compel的过去分词和过去式)
I fund-raised in Australia and returned to Cambodia the following year to volunteer at the orphanage for a few months. 我在澳洲募款,隔年回到柬埔寨, 在这间孤儿院当了几个月的志工。
I taught English and bought water filters and food and took all of the kids to the dentist for the first time in their lives. 我教他们英文,带来滤水器和食物, 带所有的孩子去看他们 人生中的第一次牙医。
filters:n.过滤器; v.过滤; (filter的第三人称单数和复数)
But over the course of the next year, 但在隔年的过程中,
I came to discover that this orphanage that I had been supporting was terribly corrupt . 我发现我一直在支援的这间孤儿院 非常腐败。
corrupt:v.损坏;破坏;使腐化;使堕落;adj.贪污的;受贿的;腐败的;营私舞弊的;
The director had been embezzling every cent donated to the orphanage, and in my absence , the children were suffering such gross neglect that they were forced to catch mice to feed themselves. 院长盗用了捐给孤儿院的每一分钱, 我不在时,孩子们受到恶劣的忽视, 他们甚至被迫要抓老鼠来吃。
embezzling:v.盗用,挪用,贪污,侵吞(款项);(embezzle的现在分词) absence:n.没有;缺乏;缺席;不注意; gross:adj.总共的;粗野的;恶劣的;显而易见的;v.总共收入;n.总额,总数; neglect:v.忽视;忽略;疏忽;疏于照顾;n.忽视;忽略;未被重视;
I also found out later that the director had been physically and sexually abusing the kids. 我后来还发现, 院长对孩子们施加 身体虐待和性虐待。
sexually:adv.性,性欲 abusing:v.滥用(以致危害健康);妄用;虐待;伤害;(abuse的现在分词)
I couldn't bring myself to turn my back on children who I had come to know and care about and return to my life in Australia. 我无法背弃孩子们, 我已经渐渐认识和关心他们, 不可能这样就回到澳洲过我的生活。
So I worked with a local team and the local authorities to set up a new orphanage and rescue the kids to give them a safe new home. 所以我与当地的团队与当局合作, 建立了一间新的孤儿院, 救出那些孩子, 给他们一个安全的新家。
authorities:n.权力;威权;职权;批准;(authority的复数) rescue:n.救援;抢救;营救;获救;v.抢救;营救;援救;
But this is where my story takes another unexpected turn. 但我的故事在这里发生了 另一个未预期的转折。
unexpected:adj.意外的,想不到的;
As I adjusted to my new life running an orphanage in Cambodia, 当我正在适应我在柬埔寨 经营孤儿院的新生活,
adjusted:adj.调整过的,调节了的;v.调整;校正(adjust的过去分词);
(Khmer) I learned to speak Khmer fluently , which means that I learned to speak the Khmer language fluently. （用高棉语说） 我学会说流利的高棉语, 意思是,我学会说流利的高棉语。
fluently:adv.流利地;通畅地;
And when I could communicate properly with the kids, 我能够和孩子们做适当的沟通,
I began to uncover some strange things. 我开始发现一些奇怪的事。
uncover:v.揭开盖子;发现;揭露;揭发;
Most of the children we had removed from the orphanage were not, in fact, orphans at all. 大部份我们从那间 孤儿院带出来的孩子 其实根本不是孤儿。
orphans:n.孤儿(orphan的复数);v.成为孤儿(orphan的三单形式);
They had parents, and the few that were orphaned had other living relatives , like grandparents and aunties and uncles and other siblings . 他们有父母, 少数几名真正的孤儿 也有其他活着的亲人, 比如祖父母、姑姑、叔叔 及其他兄弟姐妹。
orphaned:v.使成为孤儿;(orphan的过去分词和过去式) relatives:n.亲戚;亲属;同类事物;(relative的复数) aunties:n.舅妈,伯母;阿姨; siblings:n.兄;弟;姐;妹;(sibling的复数)
So why were these children living in an orphanage when they weren't orphans? 为什么这些孩子明明不是孤儿, 却会住在孤儿院？
Since 2005, the number of orphanages in Cambodia has risen by 75 percent, and the number of children living in Cambodian orphanages has nearly doubled, despite the fact 从 2005 年起,柬埔寨的孤儿院数目 上升了 75%, 住在柬埔寨孤儿院的孩子数目 几乎变为两倍, 但事实却是,
despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱;
that the vast majority of children living in these orphanages are not orphans in the traditional sense. 住在这些孤儿院的大多数孩子, 都不是我们传统认为的孤儿。
majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人: traditional:传统的,惯例的,
They're children from poor families. 他们是来自贫穷家庭的孩子。
So if the vast majority of children living in orphanages are not orphans, then the term "orphanage" 如果住在孤儿院的大多数孩子 都不是孤儿, 那么「孤儿院」一词
is really just a euphemistic name for a residential care institution . 其实只是住宿照护机构的委婉名称。
euphemistic:adj.委婉的;婉言的; residential:adj.住宅的;与居住有关的; institution:n.制度;建立;(社会或宗教等)公共机构;习俗;
These institutions go by other names as well, like "shelters," "safe houses," "children's homes," "children's villages," 这些机构还有其他名称, 如「庇护所」、「安全屋」、 「孩童之家」、「孩童村」、
institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数)
even "boarding schools." 甚至「寄宿学校」。
And this problem is not just confined to Cambodia. 这个问题并不只在柬埔寨发生。
confined:adj.狭窄的; v.限制(confine的过去式和过去分词);
This map shows some of the countries that have seen a dramatic increase in the numbers of residential care institutions and the numbers of children being institutionalized . 这张地图标示出的国家, 住宿照护机构的数量都是剧增, 其中的孩童数量亦是剧增。
dramatic:adj.突然的;巨大的;令人吃惊的;激动人心的; institutionalized:adj.使成惯例的; v.使成为惯例(institutionalize的过去式和过去分词);
In Uganda , for example, the number of children living in institutions has increased by more than 1,600 percent since 1992. 比如,在乌干达, 住在机构中的孩童数目 从 1992 年起,增加了超过 1600%。
Uganda:n.乌干达(非洲国家);
And the problems posed by putting kids into institutions don't just pertain to the corrupt and abusive institutions like the one that I rescued the kids from. 送孩子进机构的所造成问题, 并不只是机构腐败和虐待孩童, 比如我把孩子救出来的那间。
posed:v.造成;引起;产生;提问;质询;摆好姿势;(pose的过去分词和过去式) pertain:v.存在;适用; abusive:adj.辱骂的;滥用的;虐待的; rescued:v.营救;援救;抢救;(rescue的过去分词和过去式)
The problems are with all forms of residential care. 问题与各种形式的住宿照护有关。
Over 60 years of international research has shown us that children who grow up in institutions, even the very best institutions, are at serious risk of developing mental illnesses, attachment disorders , growth and speech delays, 超过六十年的国际研究显示, 在机构中长大的孩子, 即使是在最好的机构, 都有很大的风险会产生心理疾病、 依附障碍症、 成长及言语发展迟缓,
mental:adj.精神的;脑力的;疯的;n.精神病患者; attachment:n.附件;依恋;连接物;扣押财产; disorders:n.无秩序,混乱; v.[电子]扰乱(disorder的单三形式);
and many will struggle with an inability to reintegrate back into society later in life and form healthy relationships as adults. 且许多孩子长大后要重新融入社会 会有很大的困难, 成年后也很难形成健康的人际关系。
inability:n.无能力;无才能; reintegrate:vt.重建;恢复;使重新完整;
These kids grow up without any model of family or of what good parenting looks like, so they then can struggle to parent their own children. 这些孩子成长过程没有家庭典范, 也不知道好怎样才是好的教养, 所以他们要养育 自己的孩子时会有困难。
So if you institutionalize large numbers of children, it will affect not only this generation, but also the generations to come. 所以如果你把大量的 孩子都送入机构中, 会影响到的不只是这一代, 还有他们的下一代。
We've learned these lessons before in Australia. 以前我们在澳洲学到过这些。
It's what happened to our "Stolen Generations," 我们的「被偷走的世代」 就是这个情况,
the indigenous children who were removed from their families with the belief that we could do a better job of raising their children. 原住民孩子被带离他们的家庭, 因为相信我们可以把他们的孩子 养育得更好。
indigenous:adj.本土的;土著的;国产的;固有的;
Just imagine for a moment what residential care would be like for a child. 试想一下, 对孩子而言,住宿照护 会是什么样子的。
Firstly , you have a constant rotation of caregivers , with somebody new coming on to the shift every eight hours. 首先,照护者会经常轮调, 每八小时就会有新的人来轮班。
Firstly:adv.首先(主要用于列举条目,论点时);第一; rotation:n.旋转;循环,轮流; caregivers:n.照顾者;看护人(caregiver的复数); shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换;
And then on top of that you have a steady stream of visitors and volunteers coming in, showering you in the love and affection you're craving and then leaving again, evoking all of those feelings of abandonment , and proving again and again that you are not worthy of being loved. 接着,很固定都会有访客 以及志工来造访, 给你大量你所渴望的爱与关怀, 接着他们又离开了, 唤起所有被抛弃的感受, 一再地证明 你不值得被爱。
steady:adj.稳定的; v.使稳定; v.稳定地; n.关系固定的情侣; volunteers:n.志愿者; v.自愿做; (volunteer的第三人称单数和复数) craving:n.渴望;热望;v.渴望;恳求;(crave的现在分词); evoking:引起; abandonment:n.抛弃;放纵; again and again:adv.再三地,反复地; worthy:adj.值得的; n.杰出人物;
We don't have orphanages in Australia, the USA, the UK anymore, and for a very good reason: one study has shown that young adults raised in institutions 在澳洲、美国、英国 都没有孤儿院了, 理由非常好: 一篇研究指出,机构 养育出来的年轻人
are 10 times more likely to fall into sex work than their peers , 40 times more likely to have a criminal record, and 500 times more likely to take their own lives. 从事性工作的可能性是同侪的十倍, 有犯罪记录的可能性则是四十倍, 以及五百倍高的自杀可能性。
peers:n.平辈,同事(peer的复数);v.凝视;比得上(peer的三单形式);
There are an estimated eight million children around the world living in institutions like orphanages, despite the fact that around 80 percent of them are not orphans. 估计全世界有八百万个孩子 住在像孤儿院的机构中, 但当中有 80% 都不是孤儿。
estimated:adj.估计的;预计的;估算的;
Most have families who could be caring for them if they had the right support. 他们大多有家人可以照顾他们, 如果有适当的支持的话。
But for me, the most shocking thing of all to realize is what's contributing to this boom in the unnecessary institutionalization of so many children: it's us -- the tourists, the volunteers and the donors . 但,对我来说, 最震惊的是,我发现 造成这么多不必被送入 机构的孩子被送入机构 且人数暴增的原因, 是我们…… 是游客、志工、 捐赠者。
contributing:v.捐献,捐赠(尤指款或物);捐助;增加;增进;(contribute的现在分词) boom:n.繁荣;吊杆;v.激增;繁荣昌盛;轰鸣;轰响;adj.(美)猛涨起来的; institutionalization:n.制度化;体制化; donors:n.捐赠人(donor的复数);[电子]施主;
It's the well-meaning support from people like me back in 2006, who visit these children and volunteer and donate, who are unwittingly fueling an industry that exploits children and tears families apart. 原因是那些善意的支持, 来自像 2006 年的我那样的人、 造访这些孩子、自愿协助、 做出捐赠的人, 这些人在不知不觉间, 支助了这个剥削孩童 并让家庭破裂的产業。
well-meaning:adj.善意的;好心的; unwittingly:adv.不知不觉地;不知情地;不经意地; exploits:n.功绩,业绩;壮举(exploit的复数);v.利用;开发(exploit的第三人称单数);
It's really no coincidence that these institutions are largely set up in areas where tourists can most easily be lured in to visit and volunteer in exchange for donations . 这些机构大多座落在最容易吸引 游客去造访并志愿协助、 并做出捐赠的地区,不是巧合。
coincidence:n.巧合,巧事;同时存在;并存;相同; largely:adv.主要地;大部分;大量地; lured:v.劝诱;引诱;诱惑;(lure的过去分词和过去式) in exchange for:作为…的交换; donations:n.捐赠物;捐赠;赠送;(donation的复数)
Of the 600 so-called orphanages in Nepal, over 90 percent of them are located in the most popular tourist hotspots . 在尼泊尔的 600 间 所谓的孤儿院中, 至少 90% 是位在 最热门的观光地点。
so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的; located:adj.位于; v.确定…的准确地点; (locate的过去分词和过去式) hotspots:n.热点(hotspot的复数);麻烦地点,热点地区;
The cold, hard truth is, the more money that floods in in support of these institutions, the more institutions open and the more children are removed from their families to fill their beds. 残酷且难接受的事实是, 有越多钱流入来支持这些机构, 就会有越多机构开张, 有更多孩子被从家庭中带走, 来填满那些床位。
It's just the laws of supply and demand . 这只是供给与需求的法则。
supply and demand:n.供求关系;
I had to learn all of these lessons the hard way, after I had already set up an orphanage in Cambodia. 我得用很艰苦的方式学到这些, 在我已经在柬埔寨 设立了孤儿院之后,
I had to eat a big piece of humble pie to admit that I had made a mistake and inadvertently become a part of the problem. 我得要很屈辱才能承认 我犯了一个错误, 我在不经意间, 也变成了问题的一部份。
humble:adj.谦逊的; vt.使谦恭; inadvertently:adj.非故意地,无心地;
I had been an orphanage tourist, a voluntourist. 我曾经是参访孤儿院的游客, 曾经是志工,
I then set up my own orphanage and facilitated orphanage tourism in order to generate funds for my orphanage, before I knew better. 接着我建立了自己的孤儿院 来促进孤儿院观光, 目的是想要为我的孤儿院募集资金, 这些都是在我知道更多之前。
facilitated:v.促进;促使;使便利;(facilitate的过去分词和过去式) generate:v.产生;引起;
What I came to learn is that no matter how good my orphanage was, it was never going to give those kids what they really needed: their families. 我后来学到的是, 不论我的孤儿院有多好, 它永远不可能给予 那些孩子真正所需要的: 他们的家人。
I know that it can feel incredibly depressing to learn that helping vulnerable children and overcoming poverty is not as simple as we've all been led to believe it should be. 我知道这可能会让人感到非常沮丧, 发现协助脆弱的孩子以及克服贫困 并没有我们被引导认定的那么简单。
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; depressing:adj.令人抑郁的; v.使沮丧; (depress的现在分词) vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的; overcoming:v.克服;解决;战胜;(overcome的现在分词)
But thankfully , there is a solution . 但,谢天谢地,这是有解决方案的。
thankfully:adv.感谢地;感激地; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答;
These problems are reversible and preventable , and when we know better, we can do better. 这些问题是可逆的、可预防的, 当我们知道更多, 我们就可以做得更好。
reversible:adj.可逆的;可撤消的;可反转的;n.双面布料; preventable:adj.可预防的;可阻止的;可防止的;
The organization that I run today, the Cambodian Children's Trust, is no longer an orphanage. 我现在经营的组织, 叫做柬埔寨儿童托管（CCT）, 它不再是间孤儿院。
organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体;
In 2012, we changed the model in favor of family-based care. 在 2012 年,我们改变经营模型, 来支持以家庭为基础的照顾。
I now lead an amazing team of Cambodian social workers, nurses and teachers. 现在我旗下有一个很棒的 柬埔寨团队,成员有社工、 护士、及老师。
Together, we work within communities to untangle a complex web of social issues and help Cambodian families escape poverty. 我们共同在社区内努力, 解开纠结在一起的复杂社会议题网, 协助柬埔寨家庭脱离贫困。
communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) untangle:vt.清理;整顿;解开…纠结; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数)
Our primary focus is on preventing some of the most vulnerable families in our community from being separated in the first place . 我们的主要焦点是在一开始就要预防 我们社区内 最脆弱的家庭被拆散。
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; in the first place:首先;起初;
But in cases where it's not possible for a child to live with its biological family, we support them in foster care. 但若遇到做不到的情况, 无法让孩子与血亲家庭住在一起, 我们支助他们被寄养。
biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品; foster:vt.培养;养育,抚育;抱(希望等);adj.收养的,养育的;
Family-based care is always better than placing a child in an institution. 家庭本身的照顾总是会比 将孩子送到机构中要好。
Do you remember that first photo that I showed you before? 你们还记得我一开始 展示的那张照片吗？
See that girl who is just about to catch the ball? 看到那个即将要接到球的女孩了吗？
Her name is Torn 她的名字叫托恩。
She's a strong, brave and fiercely intelligent girl. 她是个坚强、勇敢、 且非常聪明的女孩。
fiercely:adv.猛烈地;厉害地; intelligent:adj.有才智的;悟性强的;聪明的;有智力的
But in 2006, when I first met her living in that corrupt and abusive orphanage, she had never been to school. 但在 2006 年,我初次遇见她时, 她住在那腐败且滥权的孤儿院中, 她从来没有上过学。
She was suffering terrible neglect, and she yearned desperately for the warmth and love of her mother. 她受到严重的忽视, 且她极度渴望 得到母亲的温暖与爱。
yearned:vi.渴望,向往;思念,想念;怀念;同情,怜悯;
But this is a photo of Torn today with her family. 这是托恩现在的照片, 与她的家人在一起。
Her mother now has a secure job, her siblings are doing well in high school and she is just about to finish her nursing degree at university. 她的母亲现在有个稳定的工作, 她的手足们在高中学习有成, 她即将要拿到大学的护理学位。
For Torn's family -- 对托恩的家庭而言……
(Applause) （掌声）
for Torn's family, the cycle of poverty has been broken. 对托恩的家庭而言, 贫穷的循环被打破了。
The family-based care model that we have developed at CCT has been so successful, that it's now being put forward by UNICEF Cambodia and the Cambodian government as a national solution to keep children in families. 我们在 CCT 所发展出来的 以家庭为基础之照顾模型 非常成功, 现在连柬埔寨联合国儿童基金会及 及柬埔寨政府都提议 将它用做国家解决方案, 来让孩子能待在家庭中。
put forward:v.提出;拿出;放出;推举出;
And one of the best -- 最好的方法之一……
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And one of the best ways that you can help to solve this problem is by giving these eight million children a voice and become an advocate for family-based care. 若要协助解决这个问题, 最好的方法之一, 是让这八百万孩童能够发声, 并成为以家庭为基础 之照顾的提倡者。
advocate:v.拥护;支持;提倡;n.支持者;提倡者;辩护律师;出庭辩护人;
If we work together to raise awareness , we can make sure the world knows that we need to put an end to the unnecessary institutionalization of vulnerable children. 如果我们共同努力来提高 人们对此事的意识, 我们就能确保世界能知道 我们需要终结脆弱的孩童 在不必要的情况下 被送到机构收容。
awareness:n.意识,认识;明白,知道; put an end to:结束;终止;
How do we achieve that? 我们要如何做呢？
By redirecting our support and our donations away from orphanages and residential care institutions towards organizations that are committed to keeping children in families. 将我们的支援和捐助转向, 不再提供给孤儿院和住宿照护机构, 改提供给承诺能 让孩子留在家中的组织。
redirecting:重新定向; organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构; committed:adj.坚信的; v.做出错事; (commit的过去分词和过去式)
I believe we can make this happen in our lifetime, and as a result , we will see developing communities thrive and ensure that vulnerable children everywhere have what all children need and deserve : a family. 我相信,我们能在 有生之年做到这一点, 而结果将会是,我们能看到 发展中的社区更加茁壮, 并确保各地的脆弱孩童 能拥有所有孩童都需要且应得的: 一个家庭。
as a result:结果; thrive:v.繁荣;茁壮成长;蓬勃发展;兴旺发达; ensure:vt.保证,确保;使安全; deserve:vi.应受,应得;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）