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TalDanino_2015U-_我们可以使用病毒侦测_或者治疗_癌症_
You may not realize this, but there are more bacteria in your body than stars in our entire galaxy . 你可能没有意识到 : 身体里细菌的数量,其实比整个银河系的星星还要多。
bacteria:n.[微]细菌; galaxy:n.银河;[天]星系;银河系;一群显赫的人;
This fascinating universe of bacteria inside of us is an integral part of our health, and our technology is evolving so rapidly that today we can program these bacteria like we program computers. 这个迷人的细菌宇宙,在我们的身体里, 构成我们健康的一部分。 随着科技快速地进步, 今日,我们可以像在电脑里写程式一样设定这些细菌。
fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词) integral:adj.积分的;完整的,整体的;必须的;n.积分;部分;完整; technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; evolving:v.(使)逐渐形成,逐渐演变;进化形成;(evolve的现在分词)
Now, the diagram that you see here, 现在,来看这张图表:
I know it looks like some kind of sports play, but it is actually a blueprint of the first bacterial program I developed. 我知道这看起来有点像某种体育比赛, 实际上,是我研发的第一支细菌程式的蓝图。
blueprint:vt.计划;制成蓝图;n.蓝图,设计图;计划; bacterial:adj.[微]细菌的;
And like writing software, we can print and write DNA into different algorithms and programs inside of bacteria. 就像写软体一样,可以将DNA列印、撰写成 细菌内不同的演算法或程式。
What this program does is produces fluorescent proteins in a rhythmic fashion and generates a small molecule that allows bacteria to communicate and synchronize , as you're seeing in this movie. 这个程序用富有节奏的方式, 产生萤光蛋白质 以及一个小分子, 让细菌可以沟通、同步, 就像你在影片里看到的那样。
fluorescent:adj.荧光的;萤光的;发亮的;n.荧光;日光灯; proteins:n.[生化]蛋白质(protein复数); rhythmic:adj.[生物]有节奏的(等于rhythmical); n.韵律论(等于rhythmics); generates:[计]生成;发生; molecule:n.[化学]分子;微小颗粒,微粒; synchronize:vt.使…合拍;使…同步;vi.同步;同时发生;
The growing colony of bacteria that you see here is about the width of a human hair. 这个成长中菌落的宽度 大概和人类头发差不多。
colony:n.殖民地;移民队; width:n.宽度;广度;某一宽度的材料;(游泳池两长边之间的)池宽;
Now, what you can't see is that our genetic program instructs these bacteria to each produce small molecules , and these molecules travel between the thousands of individual bacteria telling them when to turn on and off. 现在,你没有办法看到我们的基因程式 命令这些细菌产生小分子, 这些分子在数千个独立的细菌之间游走, 告诉它们什么时候要开、关。
genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; molecules:n.[化学]分子,微粒;[化学]摩尔(molecule的复数); individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
And the bacteria synchronize quite well at this scale , but because the molecule that synchronizes them together can only travel so fast, in larger colonies of bacteria, this results in traveling waves 细菌的同步在这个尺度下表现很好, 但因这些让细菌同步的分子传导地很快, 在比较大的菌落里,将导致细菌间产生传导波,
scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; synchronizes:v.同时化; (synchronize的第三人称单数);
between bacteria that are far away from each other, and you can see these waves going from right to left across the screen. 让细菌之间彼此远离, 你可以看到这些轨迹从萤幕的右边一直传到左边。
Now, our genetic program relies on a natural phenomenon called quorum sensing, in which bacteria trigger coordinated and sometimes virulent behaviors once they reach a critical density . 我们的遗传程序仰赖于一种称作 「群聚感应」的自然现像, 一但菌落达到临界密度,细菌之间就会开始相互协调, 甚至会产生致命的反应。
relies:信任; phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物); quorum:n.法定人数; trigger:n.触发器; v.触发; coordinated:v.使协调;使相配合;搭配,协调;(coordinate的过去分词和过去式) virulent:adj.剧毒的;恶性的;有恶意的; critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; density:n.密度;
You can observe quorum sensing in action in this movie, where a growing colony of bacteria only begins to glow once it reaches a high or critical density. 你可以观察「群聚感应」在这部影片中正在起作用, 成长中的菌落在达到高密度或临界密度后 才会开始发光。
observe:v.观察;看到;庆祝;监视; glow:n.喜悦; v.发热;
Our genetic program continues producing these rhythmic patterns of fluorescent proteins as the colony grows outwards . 我们的基因程序 在菌落向外成长时,用这种富有节奏的样式 持续制造萤光蛋白质。
outwards:adv.向外地;
This particular movie and experiment we call The Supernova , because it looks like an exploding star. 我们称这个特别的影片和实验作「超新星」, 因为这看起来很像星星爆炸。
Supernova:n.超新星; exploding:v.爆炸;爆裂;勃然(大怒);突然发生(危险);(explode的现在分词)
Now, besides programming these beautiful patterns, 除了编译这些美丽的样式外,
besides:adv.此外;而且;prep.除…之外;
I wondered, what else can we get these bacteria to do? 我开始想:这些细菌还能做什么?
And I decided to explore how we can program bacteria to detect and treat diseases in our bodies like cancer . 我决定探索如何编译细菌 去侦测和治疗身体的疾病,像是癌症。
explore:v.探索:探测:探险: detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测; treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤;
One of the surprising facts about bacteria is that they can naturally grow inside of tumors . 关于细菌的其中一个惊人事实是 细菌可以在肿瘤里自然地生长。
naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地; tumors:n.肿瘤(tumor的复数);
This happens because typically tumors are areas where the immune system has no access, and so bacteria find these tumors and use them as a safe haven to grow and thrive . 这现像会发生是因为基本上肿瘤 是免疫系统鞭长莫及的区域, 所以当细菌发现这些肿瘤时, 细菌会将肿瘤当作避风港,并在此茁壮、成长。
typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地; immune system:n.免疫系统; safe haven:n.安全的地方;避难所; thrive:v.繁荣;茁壮成长;蓬勃发展;兴旺发达;
We started using probiotic bacteria which are safe bacteria that have a health benefit, and found that when orally delivered to mice, these probiotics would selectively grow inside of liver tumors. 我们开始使用一种益生菌, 一种安全且对身体有益的细菌。 我们发现,当老鼠口服时, 这些益生菌会选择生长在肝脏的肿瘤里。
orally:adv.口头上地;口述地; probiotics:n.益生菌,原生菌;促生素或益菌; selectively:adv.有选择地; liver:n.肝;(动物供食用的)肝;
We realized that the most convenient way to highlight the presence of the probiotics, and hence , the presence of the tumors, was to get these bacteria to produce a signal that would be detectable in the urine , and so we specifically programmed these probiotics 我们了解到,最方便 标出益生菌, 也就是,让肿瘤现形的方法 是让这些细菌产生 可以在尿液中被侦测到的讯号, 所以我们特别编译了这些益生菌,
convenient:adj.实用的;便利的;方便的; highlight:vt.突出;强调;使显著;加亮;n.最精彩的部分;最重要的事情;加亮区; presence:n.存在;出席;参加;风度;仪态; hence:adv.因此;今后; detectable:adj.可检测的;可发觉的; urine:n.尿; specifically:adv.特别地;明确地;
to make a molecule that would change the color of your urine to indicate the presence of cancer. 让分子可以改变你尿液的颜色 以檢验是否患有癌症。
indicate:v.表明;显示;象征;暗示;
We went on to show that this technology could sensitively and specifically detect liver cancer, one that is challenging to detect otherwise. 我们接着证明这项技术 可以敏感地侦测出肝癌, 如果用传统方法檢测,并不容易侦测到。
sensitively:adv.敏感地;易感知地;
Now, since these bacteria specifically localize to tumors, we've been programming them to not only detect cancer but also to treat cancer by producing therapeutic molecules from within the tumor environment that shrink the existing tumors, 既然这些细菌能专门定位癌症位置, 我们将它们编译成不只侦测癌症, 也能治疗癌症。 藉由从肿瘤内部环境产生治疗性分子, 让现有的肿瘤萎缩,
localize:vt.使地方化;使局部化;停留在一地方;vi.局部化;集中; therapeutic:adj.治疗的;治疗学的;有益于健康的;n.治疗剂;治疗学家; shrink:v.收缩;减少;退缩;畏缩;n.精神病学家;心理学家;
and we've been doing this using quorum sensing programs like you saw in the previous movies. 而我们我们已经在用群聚感应程序实作了, 就像之前影片中看到的一样。
previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前;
Altogether, imagine in the future taking a programmed probiotic that could detect and treat cancer, or even other diseases. 想像一下,未来可以服用这些编译过的细菌 来侦测、治疗癌症, 甚至其他的疾病。
Our ability to program bacteria and program life opens up new horizons in cancer research, and to share this vision , I worked with artist Vik Muniz to create the symbol of the universe, made entirely out of bacteria or cancer cells. 我们这编译细菌 以及编译生命的能力 在癌症研究上开辟了新的视野。 为了分享这个愿景,我和艺术家维克穆尼兹, 共同创造了这个完全由细菌和癌症细胞 所组成的宇宙符号。
horizons:n.地平线;范围,眼界;(horizon的复数) vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见; symbol:n.象征;符号;标志;
Ultimately , my hope is that the beauty and purpose of this microscopic universe can inspire new and creative approaches for the future of cancer research. 最终,我希望这个美丽的微观宇宙, 能够在未来的癌症研究中启发新颖和创意的方法。
Ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究; microscopic:adj.微观的;用显微镜可见的; inspire:v.激发;鼓舞;启示;产生;使生灵感; creative:adj.创造性的; approaches:v.靠近,接近; n.方式,方法,态度;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) (掌声)