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SuzanneLee_2019T-_为什么“生物制造”将是下一次工业革命_-

I started life as a fashion designer , working closely with textile designers and fabric suppliers. 刚开始我是一名时尚设计师, 和纺织品设计师与 面料供应商密切合作。
fashion designer:n.时装设计师; textile:n.纺织品;纺织业; fabric:n.织物;布料;(社会,机构等的)结构;
But today, I can no longer see or talk to my new collaborators , because they're in the soil beneath our feet, on the shelves of our supermarkets and in the beer I'm going to drink when I finish this talk. 但今天,我已看不见我的 新晋合作伙伴,也没法与它们对话, 因为它们在脚下的泥土里, 在超市的货架上, 以及这次演讲后 我将畅饮的啤酒里。
collaborators:n.[劳经]合作者;投敌者(collaborator的复数); beneath:prep.在…之下;adv.在下方;
I'm talking about microbes and designing with life. 我指的是微生物, 以及用生物进行设计。
microbes:n.细菌,[微]微生物;微生物类(microbe的复数形式);
Fifteen years ago, 十五年前,
I completely changed both what I worked with and how I worked after a revelatory collaboration with a biologist . 在和一位生物学家 启发式的合作后, 我彻底改变了工作的对象 以及工作的方式。
revelatory:adj.泄露的,启示的; collaboration:n.合作;勾结;通敌; biologist:n.生物学家;
Our project gave me a different perspective on life, introducing a whole new world of possibility around how we can design and make things. 我们的项目给了我 看待生命的不同视角, 围绕我们如何 设计与制造物品 打开了充满可能性 的全新世界。
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的;
I discovered a radical manufacturing proposition : biofabrication. 我发现了一种 变革式的制造理念: 生物制造。
radical:n.自由基;激进分子;游离基;adj.根本的;彻底的;完全的;全新的; manufacturing:n.制造业;工业;v.制造;生产(manufacture的现在分词); proposition:n.提议;待处理的问题;任务;(美国)法律修正议案;见解;命题;v.向...提议;
Literally , fabricating with biology . 如字面意义,用生物学制造。
Literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: fabricating:v.编造;捏造;制造;装配;组装;(fabricate的现在分词) biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学;
What does that mean? 这是什么意思?
Well, instead of processing plants, animals or oil to make consumer materials, we might grow materials directly with living organisms . 不通过加工植物、 动物或原油 获得消费品材料, 而是直接用生物体 培养材料。
processing:v.加工;处理;审核;数据处理;v.列队行进;缓缓前进;(process的现在分词) consumer:n.[经]消费者;[生,生态]消费者; directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就; organisms:n.[生物]生物体(organism的复数);[生物]有机体;
In what many are terming "the Fourth Industrial Revolution ," 在很多人称为“第四次 工业革命”的进程中,
Industrial Revolution:n.工业革命;
we're thinking about the new factories as being living cells. 我们在考虑将活细胞 作为新的工厂。
Bacteria , algae , fungi , yeast : our latest design tools include those of biotechnology . 细菌、藻类、真菌、酵母: 我们最新的设计工具 包括了生物科技。
Bacteria:n.[微]细菌; algae:n.[植]藻类;[植]海藻; fungi:n.真菌;菌类;蘑菇(fungus的复数); yeast:n.酵母;泡沫;酵母片;引起骚动因素; biotechnology:n.[生物]生物技术;[生物]生物工艺学;
My own journey in biofabrication started with a project called "Biocouture." 我自己的生物制造旅程 是由一个名为“Biocouture” (生物服装)的项目开始的。
journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行;
The provocation was that instead of growing a plant, like cotton, in a field over several months, we could use microbes to grow a similar cellulose material in a lab in a few days. 其发想在于,并不是 花费几个月时间 在地里栽培作物,比如棉花; 而是只用几天时间, 在实验室里用微生物 培养出类似的纤维材料。
provocation:n.挑衅;激怒;挑拨; cellulose:n.纤维素;(植物的)细胞膜质;
Using a certain species of bacteria in a nutrient-rich liquid, we fermented threads of cellulose that self-organized into a sheet of fabric. 在营养丰富的培养液里 用一特定种类的细菌, 我们将纤维素的线发酵, 它们自行编组 形成了一张布料。
species:n.[生物]物种;种类; nutrient-rich:营养的; fermented:v.(使)发酵;(ferment的过去分词和过去式) threads:n.线; v.穿(针); (thread的第三人称单数和复数) self-organized:adj.自组织的;自发的; sheet:n.薄板;床单;纸张;报纸;v.覆盖;展开;给…铺床单;铺开;adj.片状的;
I dried the fabric I had grown and cut and sewed it into a range of garments , shoes and bags. 我晾干自己培养的布料后, 把它剪开,缝制成了 各种衣物、鞋子和手袋。
sewed:v.缝;做针线活;缝制;缝补(sew的过去分词和过去式) garments:n.[服装]服装,衣着(garment的复数);
In other words, in one lab we grew materials and turned them into a range of products in a matter of days. 换句话说, 在实验室里, 我们培养材料并把它们 转换成一系列产品 只需要几天时间。
And this is in contrast to currents methods of fabric production, where a plant is grown, just the cotton part is harvested, processed into a yarn , woven into a fabric and then potentially shipped across oceans before being cut and sewn into a garment. 与之对比鲜明的是 当今的织物生产工艺: 种植作物, 仅收获棉花部分, 处理制成纱线, 纺织成面料, 可能被海运至各地, 再裁剪、缝制成衣物。
contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比; processed:v.加工,处理;审核;列队行进;(process的过去式和过去分词) yarn:纱线 woven:v.编织;交织(weave的过去分词);编造;adj.织物的;n.机织织物; potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地; sewn:v.缝纫,缝上;装订(sew的过去分词);
All of that can take months. 所有这些工序可能会 花上好几个月的时间。
So these prototypes indicated a field offering significant resource efficiencies . 因此,生物制造的原型显示了 这个领域能显着提升资源效率。
prototypes:n.原型;技术原型;雏型; indicated:v.表明;显示;象征;暗示;示意;(indicate的过去分词和过去式) significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; resource:n.资源;资料;才智;财力;v.向…提供资金(或设备); efficiencies:n.效率(efficiency的复数);
From reducing the water, energy and chemistry needed in the production of a material, through to generating zero waste, we grew fabrics to finished form -- if you like, " biological additive manufacture ." 从减少生产材料的工序 所需的水、能源和化学品, 到实现零废料, 我们培养织物,使其生成成品—— 如果想的话,可以称之为 “生物添加制造”。
generating:v.产生;引起;(generate的现在分词) fabrics:n.纤维织物(fabric的复数); biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品; additive:n.添加剂,添加物;adj.附加的;[数]加法的; manufacture:v.(用机器)大量生产; n.大量制造;
Through biofabrication, 通过生物制造,
I had replaced many intensive man-made steps with one biological step. 我可以用一个生物工序步骤 取代许多步高强度的人工工艺。
intensive:adj.加强的;集中的;透彻的;加强语气的;n.加强器; man-made:adj.人造的;人工的;合成的;
And as I engaged with this living system, it transformed my design thinking. 当我开始使用这个生物系统, 它便转变了我的设计理念。
engaged:adj.已订婚的; v.吸引住; (engage的过去分词和过去式) transformed:v.使改变形态;使改变外观(或性质);(transform的过去分词和过去式)
Here was biology, with no intervention from me other than designing initial conditions for growth, efficiently producing a useful, sustainable material. 这就是生物学, 除了设计培养的初始条件, 不需我多加干预, 就能高效地生产有用的、 可持续的材料。
intervention:n.介入;调停;妨碍; initial:adj.最初的; n.(名字的)首字母; v.用姓名的首字母作标记(或签名)于; efficiently:adv.有效地;效率高地(efficient的副词形式); sustainable:adj.可以忍受的;足可支撑的;养得起的;可持续的;
So now I can't help but see all materials through the lens of biofabrication. 现在,我无法不透过生物制造 的镜片去审视所有材料。
lens:n.透镜,镜头;晶状体;隐形眼镜;汽车的灯玻璃;v.给…摄影;
In fact, there's a growing global community of innovators rethinking materials with biology. 事实上,已经有一个日益壮大 的全球性革新者团体, 正在用生物学重新思考材料。
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; innovators:n.创新者;发明家签证;革新消费者(innovator的复数形式); rethinking:n.反思;v.重新考虑(rethink的现在分词);
Multiple companies are now growing mushroom materials, but not literally mushrooms -- using mycelium , which is the root system of fungi, to bind together agricultural byproducts . 若干公司现在正在培养蘑菇材料, 并不是字面意义的蘑菇—— 而是使用菌类的根系统,菌丝体, 将农业副产品结合在一起。
Multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; mycelium:n.菌丝;菌丝体; bind:v.结合;装订;有约束力;过紧;n.捆绑;困境;讨厌的事情;植物的藤蔓; agricultural:adj.农业的;农艺的; byproducts:n.副产品;
It's a process that's been described as "nature's glue ." 这个过程被称为“自然胶水”。
described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) glue:n.胶;胶水;v.粘贴;
A common way to do this is to take a 3-D mold , fill it with a waste crop like corn stalks or hemp , add water, wait a few days for the mycelium to grow throughout , remove the mold , and you're left with a grown 3-D form. 常见做法是在三维模具中 填满玉米杆或亚麻籽 之类的废弃作物, 加上水, 等几天让菌丝体充分生长, 移除模具, 就得到了长成的三维形体。
mold:n.模具;模型;霉菌;类型;v.用可塑材料塑成;浇铸;发霉; stalks:n.茎秆(stalk的复数形式); v.悄悄接近; hemp:n.大麻;麻类植物;大麻烟卷;adj.大麻类植物的; throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及;
Incredibly , we can grow all kinds of structures using living organisms, from foams that can replace plastics in footwear , to leather-like materials without animals. 不可思议的是,我们可以用生物体 培养各式各样的结构, 从可以取代鞋履中塑料的泡沫, 到不需要动物的类皮革材料。
Incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式); foams:n.泡沫(foam的复数);海绵;v.起泡沫(foam的第三人称单数); footwear:n.鞋类;
Furniture , flooring -- all are currently being prototyped . 家具、地板—— 这些都在试制过程中。
Furniture:n.家具;设备;储藏物; currently:adv.当前;一般地; prototyped:n.原型; (prototype的过去分词)
Fungi are able to grow materials that are naturally fire retardant , without any chemicals . 真菌可以生成 天然耐火材料, 不需要化学添加剂。
naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地; retardant:n.[化学]阻滞剂;抑止剂;adj.延缓的; chemicals:n.化学制品;化学品;(chemical的复数)
They're naturally hydrophobic , meaning they won't absorb water. 它们天生就具疏水性, 意思是它们不会吸收水分。
hydrophobic:adj.狂犬病的;恐水病的;患恐水病的;不易被水沾湿的; absorb:v.吸收;使并入;吞并;同化;理解;吸收;耗费;承受;
They have higher melt temperatures than plastics. 它们比塑料的熔点要高。
melt:v.融化;(使)软化;
Polystyrene can take thousands of years to degrade . 聚苯乙烯要花费数千年才能降解。
Polystyrene:n.[高分子]聚苯乙烯; degrade:v.降低…身份;使受屈辱;(使)退化,降解;分解;降低;
Mushroom packaging materials can be naturally composted in your back garden in as little as 30 days. 蘑菇制包装材料 只需 30 天就能在你的后花园里 变成天然堆肥。
composted:n.堆肥;混合物;vt.堆肥;施堆肥;
Living organisms are transforming waste into cost-competitive , performance-matching materials that can start to replace plastics and other CO2-emitting materials. 生物体正在将废弃物 转换成成本低廉、性能相当的材料, 可以开始取代塑料 和其他排放二氧化碳的材料。
transforming:v.使改变形态;使改变外观(或性质);使改观;(transform的现在分词) cost-competitive:有成本竞争力的;
And once we start growing materials with living organisms, it starts to make previous methods of manufacture seem illogical . 而当我们开始用生物培养材料后, 它便开始让先前的制造工艺 显得不合逻辑。
previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前; illogical:adj.不合逻辑的;不合常理的;
Take the humble house brick. 比方说平凡的砖块。
humble:adj.谦逊的; vt.使谦恭;
The cement industry generates around eight percent of global CO2 emissions . 全球 8% 的二氧化碳排放 是由水泥行业产生的。
cement:n.水泥;(干燥后硬化的)水泥;胶合剂;胶接剂;v.加强;胶合; generates:[计]生成;发生; emissions:n.(光、热、气等的)发出,排放;排放物;散发物;(emission的复数)
That's more than all the planes and ships each year. 这比每年飞机和轮船排放得都多。
The cement process requires materials to be fired in a kiln at over 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit . 加工水泥需要在水泥窑里烧制材料, 达到 1100 摄氏度以上的高温。
kiln:vt.烧窑;在干燥炉干燥;n.(砖,石灰等的)窑;炉;干燥炉; Fahrenheit:adj.华氏的;华氏温度计的;n.华氏温度计;华氏温标;
Compare this to bioMASON. 与之相比的是 bioMASON (生物泥瓦匠)。
Compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较;
They use a soil microbe to transform loose aggregates , like sand or crushed stone, into a biofabricated, or biocement, brick. 他们使用一种土壤微生物, 将砂砾或碎石之类的碎颗粒 转换成生物制造的砖头, 又称生物水泥砖。
loose:adj.宽松的; v.释放; v.松散地; n.放纵; aggregates:n.总量; v.聚集; crushed:v.压坏;压伤;挤压变形;(crush的过去分词和过去式)
Their process happens at room temperature , in just a couple of days. 这个反应过程在室温进行, 只需要几天时间。
room temperature:室温;
Think: hydroponics for bricks. 想象一下:水培法制砖。
hydroponics:n.水栽培,水耕法;[植]溶液培养学;
An irrigation system feeds nutrient-rich water to trays of bricks that have been inoculated with bacteria. 一个灌溉系统把富含营养的水 喂给接种了细菌的 一盘盘砖。
irrigation:n.灌溉;[临床]冲洗;冲洗法; trays:n.[机]托盘;盘子(tray的复数); inoculated:adj.接种过的; v.给…做注射预防针;
The bacteria produce crystals that form around each grain of sand, locking together all the loose particles to form a solid brick. 细菌产生晶体 包裹住每一粒沙, 将这些碎颗粒紧紧锁住, 形成一块结实的砖。
crystals:n.[晶体]晶体(crystal的复数形式);石英晶体; grain:n.粮食; v.把…作成细粒; particles:n.微粒,粒子;粒子系统;碎木料(particle的复数形式);
We can now grow construction materials in the elegant way nature does, just like a coral reef . 我们现在能像自然那样优雅地 培养建筑材料, 就像珊瑚礁一样。
construction:n.建设;建筑物;解释;造句; elegant:adj.高雅的,优雅的;讲究的;简炼的;简洁的; coral:n.珊瑚;珊瑚虫;adj.珊瑚的;珊瑚色的; reef:礁,礁脉
And these biofabricated bricks are nearly three times stronger than a concrete block. 这些生物制造的砖块 比混凝土砖 坚固近三倍。
concrete:n.混凝土;adj.混凝土制的;确实的,具体的;vt.用混凝土覆盖
And in stark contrast to traditional cement production, they store more carbon than they make. 而与传统水泥工艺 对比鲜明的是, 它们贮存的碳比产生的碳还多。
traditional:传统的,惯例的, carbon:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的;
So if we could replace the 1.2 trillion fired bricks that are made each year with biofabricated bricks, we could reduce CO2 emissions by 800 million tons every year. 如果我们能用生物制造的砖头 取代每年烧制的 1.2 万亿块炉砖, 那么我们每年就能减少 8 亿吨二氧化碳排放。
trillion:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿;
(Applause) (掌声)
Beyond growing materials with living organisms, we're even starting to design products that encourage their growth. 除了用生物培养材料, 我们甚至开始设计 鼓励它们生长的产品。
And this comes from the realization that the very thing we've been trying to marginalize -- life -- might actually be our greatest collaborator. 这是由于意识到了 我们试图边缘化的事物,即生物, 恰恰可能是我们最有力的合作者。
realization:n.实现;领悟; marginalize:vt.排斥;忽视;使处于社会边缘;使脱离社会发展进程;
To that end, we've been exploring all the ways that we can grow healthy microbes in our own ecosystems . 为此,我们在探索 能在我们自己的生态系统中 培养健康微生物的各种办法。
exploring:v.探索:考察:探查;(explore的现在分词) ecosystems:n.生态系统(ecosystem的复数);
A great example of this is architects who are imagining the skin of a building to function like the bark of a tree. 一个很好的例子是,建筑师们 在设想让建筑的表皮 像树皮一样运作。
architects:n.建筑师;设计师;创造者;(architect的复数); bark:n.树皮; v.(狗)吠叫;
But not as a cosmetic green layer . 但并不是作为美观的绿化层。
cosmetic:adj.美容的;化妆用的;n.化妆品;装饰品; layer:n.层,层次; vt.把…分层堆放; vi.形成或分成层次;
They're designing architectural barks as hosts for evolving ecologies. 他们在设计建筑用树皮 作为演变生态的宿主。
architectural:adj.建筑学的;建筑上的;符合建筑法的; barks:n.[林]树皮;狗吠(bark的复数);v.剥(树皮);狗吠(bark的三单形式); hosts:n.主人; v.主办,主持(活动); (host的第三人称单数和复数) evolving:v.(使)逐渐形成,逐渐演变;进化形成;(evolve的现在分词)
These surface structures are designed to invite life in. 这些表层结构的设计 欢迎生物入住。
And if we applied the same energy we currently do suppressing forms of life towards cultivating life, we'd turn the negative image of the urban jungle into one that literally embodies a thriving , living ecosystem. 如果我们将现在用于 抑制生物的能量 用在培育生命上, 我们就能把都市森林的负面形象 转换成承载了生机盎然 的生态系统的图景。
applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式) suppressing:adj.制止的;v.镇压;禁止(suppress的现在分词); cultivating:v.培养(cultivate的现在分词); negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝; urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的; jungle:n.密林;尔虞我诈的环境;危险地带; embodies:vt.体现,使具体化;具体表达; thriving:v.兴旺发达;繁荣;旺盛;茁壮成长;(thrive的现在分词)
By actively encouraging surface interactions with healthy microbes, we could improve passive climate control, stormwater management and even reduce CO2 emissions by lowering the energy used to heat or cool our buildings. 通过积极地鼓励与健康微生物 在表层的互动, 我们可以改善被动气候调控, 雨水管理, 甚至能通过减少为 建筑物制冷或制热的能源,降低二氧化碳排放。
interactions:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;(interaction复数) improve:v.改进;改善; passive:adj.被动的,消极的;被动语态的;n.被动语态; stormwater:un.暴雨水;暴雨蓄积; management:n.管理;管理人员;管理部门;操纵;经营手段;
We're just beginning to realize the potential of nature-based technologies . 我们才刚刚开始意识到 基于自然的科技的潜力。
technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
I'm excited that we're starting to design and biofabricate a new material world. 我们正开始设计并用生物制造 一个崭新的材料世界, 对此我感到十分激动。
It's one that moves away from the exploitation of nonrenewable resources to working with the original , renewable life. 这种科技远离 对不可再生资源的滥用, 转而与原始的、可再生的生命合作。
exploitation:n.开发,开采;利用;广告推销; nonrenewable:adj.不可再生的;不可更新的; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的;
Instead of designing out life, we're designing with it and for it. 我们不是将生物排除于设计外, 而是与生物一起设计, 为生物进行设计。
Packaging, fashion, footwear, furniture, construction -- biofabricated products can be grown close to centers of demand, with local resources, less land, energy, and even harnessing industrial waste streams. 包装、时尚、鞋履、家具、建筑—— 生物制造的产品可以在 接近需求中心的地方进行培养, 使用当地资源,占地与耗能更少, 甚至能利用工业废料流。
harnessing:v.给(马等)装上挽具(harness的现在分词);治理,利用;
It used to be that the tools of biotechnology were the preserve of powerful, multinational chemical and biotech companies. 曾经,生物科技的工具 只是强大的跨国化学与 生物科技公司的专属品。
preserve:vt.保存;保护;维持;腌;禁猎;n.保护区;禁猎地;加工成的食品; multinational:adj.跨国公司的;多国的;n.跨国公司;
In the last century, we expected material innovation to come from the likes of DuPont , Dow, BASF. 在上个世纪, 我们期待的是 由陶氏杜邦、陶氏化学、 巴斯夫集团带来的材料革新。
innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法; DuPont:n.杜邦,杜邦公司;
But this 21st-century material revolution is being led by start-ups with small teams and limited capital. 但这次 21 世纪的材料革命, 其发起者是 团队小、资金有限的创业公司。
start-ups:起动;新兴公司(start-up的名词复数); limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式)
And by the way , not all their founders have science degrees. 顺便提一下,它们的创始人 并不全是理科出身。
by the way:顺便说一下; founders:n.创办人;造物者(founder的复数);
They include artists, architects and designers. 其中包括了艺术家、 建筑师、设计师。
Over a billion dollars has already been invested in start-ups biofabricating consumer products. 生物制造消费者产品 的创业公司已经吸纳了 超过十亿美元的投资。
invested:v.投资;投入;(invest的过去分词和过去式)
I don't think we have a choice but to biofabricate our future. 我觉得,我们没有比生物制造 的未来更好的选择。
From the jacket you're wearing to the chair you're sitting in to the home you live in, your designed material world shouldn't compromise your health or that of our planet. 从你穿着的夹克, 到你坐着的椅子, 到你居住的房屋, 设计出的材料世界 不应损害你的健康, 或者地球的健康。
compromise:n.妥协;折中;互让;和解;v.妥协;违背(原则);达不到(标准);使陷入危险;
If materials can't be recycled or naturally composted at home, we should reject them. 如果材料无法回收利用 或在家里自然降解, 我们应当拒绝它们。
recycled:n.再生纸;回收站;adj.[环境]回收利用的;可循环再造的; reject:v.排斥;拒收;拒绝接受;不予考虑;n.废品;次品;不合格者;被剔除者;
I'm committed to making this future a reality by shining a light on all the amazing work being done today and by facilitating more interactions between designers, scientists, investors and brands . 我将致力于实现这样的未来, 为此我会关注今天正在进行的 所有令人叹服的工作, 并促进设计师、科学家、 投资者与品牌 之间的更多互动。
committed:adj.坚信的; v.做出错事; (commit的过去分词和过去式) facilitating:v.促进;促使;使便利;(facilitate的现在分词) brands:n.品牌;烙印(brand的复数);v.加商标于;铭刻于(brand的第三人称单数);
Because we need a material revolution, and we need it now. 因为我们需要一次材料革命, 就在当下。
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) (掌声)