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SusanPinker_2017-_长寿的秘密可能是你的社交生活_
Here's an intriguing fact. 告诉你们一个有趣的事实。
intriguing:adj.有趣的;迷人的;v.引起…的兴趣;策划阴谋;私通;(intrigue的现在分词)
In the developed world, everywhere, women live an average of six to eight years longer than men do. 在已开发国家, 不论在哪,女性的平均寿命 都比男性高出六到八年。
Six to eight years longer. 高出六到八年。
That's, like, a huge gap . 那是个很大的落差。
gap:n.差距;间隙;缺口;间隔;v.使豁裂;豁开;
In 2015, the " Lancet " published an article showing that men in rich countries are twice as likely to die as women are at any age. 在 2015 年,「刺胳针」 刊出了一篇文章, 在富有的国家中,比起女人, 男人的死亡可能性是两倍高, 不论任何年龄。
Lancet:n.[外科]小刀,柳叶刀;尖顶窗;小枪;
But there is one place in the world where men live as long as women. 但世界上有一个地方, 那儿的男人跟女人一样长寿。
as long as:conj.只要;长达;如果;既然;
It's a remote , mountainous zone, a blue zone, where super longevity is common to both sexes. 它是个遍远、多山的地区, 一个蓝色慢活区, 对两种性别来说, 超长寿都很常见。
remote:adj.偏远的;偏僻的;遥远的;久远的; mountainous:adj.多山的;巨大的;山一般的; longevity:n.长寿,长命;寿命;
This is the blue zone in Sardinia, an Italian island in the Mediterranean , between Corsica and Tunisia , where there are six times as many centenarians as on the Italian mainland, less than 200 miles away. 这个蓝色慢活区位在萨丁尼亚, 地中海的一个义大利岛屿, 在科西嘉岛与突尼西亚之间, 在那儿的百岁人瑞数量, 是义大利本土的六倍之多。 距离只差不到 200 英哩。
Mediterranean:n.地中海;adj.地中海的; Tunisia:n.突尼斯(非洲国家); centenarians:百岁老人(centenarian的复数);
There are 10 times as many centenarians as there are in North America . 那儿的人瑞数量是 北美的十倍。
North America:n.北美洲;
It's the only place where men live as long as women. 只有在那里, 男人才与女人一样长寿。
But why? 但,为什么？
My curiosity was piqued . 我十分好奇。
curiosity:n.好奇,好奇心;珍品,古董,古玩; piqued:adj.赌气的; v.伤害…自尊心; n.愤怒;
I decided to research the sights and the habits of the place, and I started with the genetic profile . 我决定研究那个地方的 科学以及习惯, 我从基因资料开始研究。
genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; profile:n.轮廓;简介;形象;外形;v.扼要介绍;概述;写简介;
I discovered soon enough that genes account for just 25 percent of their longevity. 我很快就发现, 他们的长寿原因只有 25% 是基因。
genes:n.基因;(gene的复数) account for:对…负有责任;对…做出解释;说明…的原因;导致;(比例)占;
The other 75 percent is lifestyle. 另外 75% 是生活方式。
So what does it take to live to 100 or beyond? 所以,要做什么才能活到百岁以上？
What are they doing right? 他们做对了什么？
What you're looking at is an aerial view of Villagrande. 这张照片是从鸟瞰视角 看到的维拉格兰德。
aerial:adj.从飞机上的;空中的;空气中的;地表以上的;n.天线;
It's a village at the epicenter of the blue zone where I went to investigate this, and as you can see , architectural beauty is not its main virtue , density is: tightly spaced houses, interwoven alleys and streets. 它是蓝色慢活区中心的村子, 我到这个村子来做调查此事, 你们可以看到,建筑之美 并非它的主要强项, 密度才是: 紧密分布的房子、 交织的巷弄和街道。
epicenter:n.震中;中心; investigate:v.调查;研究;审查; as you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的; architectural:adj.建筑学的;建筑上的;符合建筑法的; virtue:n.美德;优点;贞操;功效; density:n.密度; tightly:adv.紧紧地;坚固地; interwoven:v.互相编织; alleys:n.小巷,大巷(alley的复数);大街小巷;
It means that the villagers' lives constantly intersect . 这意味着村民的生活经常有交集。
constantly:adv.不断地;时常地; intersect:v.相交,交叉;横断,横切;贯穿;
And as I walked through the village, 我走过村子时,
I could feel hundreds of pairs of eyes watching me from behind doorways and curtains, from behind shutters . 我可以感受到 有数百双眼睛正在看我, 他们躲在门后、窗帘后、 百叶窗后。
doorways:n.门廊;正门(doorway的复数形式); shutters:n.百叶门窗,[建]百叶窗(shutter的复数形式);
Because like all ancient villages, 因为和所有古老的村子一样,
Villagrande couldn't have survived without this structure , without its walls, without its cathedral , without its village square, because defense and social cohesion defined its design. 维拉格兰德若没有这个结构、 它的墙壁、它的大教堂、 它的村子广场, 就不可能存活下来的, 因为防御以及社会凝聚 定义了它的设计。
structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造; cathedral:n.大教堂; cohesion:n.凝聚;结合;[力]内聚力; defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确;
Urban priorities changed as we moved towards the industrial revolution because infectious disease became the risk of the day. 随着我们走向工業革命, 都市的优先顺序改变了, 因为感染性疾病变成了日常风险。
Urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的; priorities:n.优先事项;优先权;重点;(priority的复数) industrial revolution:n.工业革命; infectious:adj.传染的;传染性的;易传染的; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病;
But what about now? 但现在呢？
Now, social isolation is the public health risk of our time. 现在,我们时代面对的 公共健康风险是社交隔离。
Now, a third of the population says they have two or fewer people to lean on. 现在,有三分之一的人口说, 他们能依靠的人只有两个以下。
lean:v.前俯(或后仰):倾斜:adj.肉少的:难以赚钱的:贫乏的:n.瘦肉:
But let's go to Villagrande now as a contrast to meet some centenarians. 我们去看看维拉格兰德 这个对比的例子, 来见见一些百岁人瑞。
contrast:n.对比;对照;反差;明显的差异;v.对比;对照;形成对比;
Meet Giuseppe Murinu. He's 102, a supercentenarian and a lifelong resident of the village of Villagrande. 见见吉赛皮莫里诺, 102 岁,是个超级人瑞, 一生都住在维拉格兰德村里。
resident:adj.居住的;住院医师;定居的;n.居民;
He was a gregarious man. 他很爱交际,
gregarious:adj.社交的;群居的;
He loved to recount stories such as how he lived like a bird from what he could find on the forest floor during not one but two world wars, how he and his wife, who also lived past 100, raised six children in a small, homey kitchen where I interviewed him. 他很爱详细叙述故事, 比如,在不只一次世界大战, 而是在两次世界大战中,他如何能 用他在森林地上找到的东西, 像鸟儿般地生活, 他和同样也活过百岁的太太, 如何在一个小型家庭厨房中 养大六个孩子, 也就是我访问他的地方。
recount:v.叙述;重新计算;n.重算; homey:adj.舒适的;家庭似的;自在的; interviewed:v.对(某人)进行面试(或面谈); (媒体)采访(interview的过去分词和过去式)
Here he is with his sons Angelo and Domenico, both in their 70s and looking after their father, and who were quite frankly very suspicious of me and my daughter who came along with me on this research trip, because the flip side of social cohesion is a wariness of strangers and outsiders . 这是他和他的儿子: 安吉罗与多明尼柯, 他们都七十多岁了, 并照顾着他们的父亲, 他们其实非常怀疑我以及 在这趟研究之旅中陪同我的女儿, 因为社会凝聚的另一面, 就是对陌生人、外来者都小心翼翼。
suspicious:adj.可疑的;怀疑的;多疑的; the flip side:反面; wariness:n.谨慎,小心; outsiders:n.[劳经]局外人,外来者(outsider复数形式);
But Giuseppe, he wasn't suspicious at all. 但吉赛皮完全不怀疑。
He was a happy-go-lucky guy, very outgoing with a positive outlook . 他是随遇而安的人, 非常外向,看法都很正面。
happy-go-lucky:adj.随遇而安的;逍遥自在的;adv.完全偶然地; positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片; outlook:n.见解;前景;人生观;可能性;
And I wondered: so is that what it takes to live to be 100 or beyond, thinking positively ? 我很好奇:这是活过百岁的原因？ 因为正面思考？
positively:adv.肯定地;明确地;断然地;
Actually, no. 事实上,不是。
(Laughter) （笑声）
Meet Giovanni Corrias. He's 101, the grumpiest person I have ever met. 见见吉瓦尼柯里亚斯,101 岁, 我遇过最性情乖戾的人。
grumpiest:adj.脾气坏的;(grumpiest是grumpy的最高级);
(Laughter) （笑声）
And he put a lie to the notion that you have to be positive to live a long life. 如果说一定要正面才能长寿, 他就是个反例。
notion:n.观念;信念;理解;
And there is evidence for this. 这是有证据的。
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明;
When I asked him why he lived so long, he kind of looked at me under hooded eyelids and he growled , "Nobody has to know my secrets." 当我问他为什么他如此长寿, 他用有点被眼皮盖住的眼睛 看着我,然后低吼: 「没有人能知道我的秘密。」
hooded:adj.有罩盖的,戴头巾的; eyelids:n.[解剖]眼睑;[解剖]眼皮(eyelid的复数); growled:vi.咆哮着说;vt.咆哮;(雷电,炮等)轰鸣;n.咆哮声;吠声;不平;
(Laughter) （笑声）
But despite being a sourpuss , the niece who lived with him and looked after him called him "Il Tesoro," "my treasure." 尽管他是个令人扫兴的人, 与他同住并照料他的侄女 称他是「我的宝藏」。
despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; sourpuss:n.讨人嫌的家伙;牢骚满腹的人; niece:n.外甥女,侄女;
And she respected him and loved him, and she told me, when I questioned this obvious loss of her freedom, "You just don't understand, do you? 她尊敬他,爱他, 当我质疑她明显失去了 她的自由时,她告诉我: 「你就是搞不懂,对吧？
obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的;
Looking after this man is a pleasure. 照顾这个人是种乐趣。
It's a huge privilege for me. 对我来说是个榮幸。
privilege:n.特权;优待;v.给与…特权;特免;
This is my heritage ." 这是我的家庭。」
heritage:n.遗产;传统;继承物;继承权;
And indeed, wherever I went to interview these centenarians, 的确,不论我去哪儿 访问这些百岁人瑞,
I found a kitchen party. 我都会找到一个厨房派对。
Here's Giovanni with his two nieces , 这是吉瓦尼和他的两个侄女,
nieces:n.侄女;甥女;(niece的复数)
Maria above him and beside him his great-niece Sara, who came when I was there to bring fresh fruits and vegetables. 上面是玛莉亚, 旁边是侄孙女莎拉, 当时我遇到莎拉带着 新鲜水果和蔬菜过去。
Maria:n.母驴;母马;[天文学]海(指月亮,火星表面的阴暗部分); great-niece:侄孙女;甥孙女;
And I quickly discovered by being there that in the blue zone, as people age, and indeed across their lifespans , they're always surrounded by extended family , by friends, by neighbors, the priest , the barkeeper , the grocer . 身处那儿,我很快就发现, 在蓝色慢活区内,随着人们长大, 的确在他们的一生中, 他们身边总是围绕着 许多家人、友人、 邻居、牧师、酒保、杂货老板。
lifespans:n.寿命;预期生命期限;预期使用期限; extended family:n.家族; priest:n.司祭,神父;教士,祭司,僧侣;v.使成为教士;任命…为祭司; barkeeper:n.酒吧老板;酒吧招待员; grocer:n.食物杂货商;食物杂货店;
People are always there or dropping by. 人们总是会在那里,或是路过拜访。
They are never left to live solitary lives. 他们从来不用过独居生活。
solitary:adj.孤独的;独居的;n.独居者;隐士;
This is unlike the rest of the developed world, where as George Burns quipped, "Happiness is having a large, loving, caring family in another city." 这点和已开发世界很不一样, 乔治伯恩斯嘲弄它: 「幸福就是有个慈爱、关怀的 大家庭,但它在另一个城市里。」
(Laughter) （笑声）
Now, so far we've only met men, long-living men, but I met women too, and here you see Zia Teresa. 目前我们只说到男人, 长寿的男人,但我也有见到女人, 这位是吉雅泰莉莎。
She, at over 100, taught me how to make the local specialty , which is called culurgiones, which are these large pasta pockets like ravioli about this size, this size, and they're filled with high-fat ricotta and mint and drenched in tomato sauce . 她超过一百岁,还能教我 如何做当地的特色菜, 称为「culurgiones」, 是种大型的义大利面袋饼, 就像饺子,但有这么大, 这么大, 里面装满高脂的软酪及薄荷, 且泡在蕃茄酱里。
specialty:n.专业,专长;特产;特性;招牌菜;adj.特色的;专门的;独立的; pasta:n.意大利面食;面团; ravioli:n.(意)略有馅的水饺; high-fat:高脂肪的; ricotta:n.意大利乳清干酪; mint:n.薄荷;[金融]造币厂,巨款;v.铸造,铸币; drenched:adj.湿透的;充满的;v.浸湿;强使服药;覆盖(drench的过去分词); sauce:n.酱;调味汁;讨厌的话(或举动);v.给…加滋味;(俚)对…说冒昧话;
And she showed me how to make just the right crimp so they wouldn't open, and she makes them with her daughters every Sunday and distributes them by the dozens to neighbors and friends. 她教我如何做到最刚好的皱褶, 让它不会破开, 每个星期日她都会 与女儿们做这道菜, 再分给许多邻居及友人。
crimp:n.卷发;皱褶;抑制;束缚;vt.使卷曲;使有褶; distributes:vt.分配;散布;分开;把…分类;
And that's when I discovered a low-fat , gluten-free diet is not what it takes to live to 100 in the blue zone. 那时我才发现,低脂无麸质饮食 并非让人在蓝色慢活区 活过百岁的原因。
low-fat:adj.低脂肪的; gluten-free:无谷胶;无谷蛋白;
(Applause) （掌声）
Now, these centenarians' stories along with the science that underpins them prompted me to ask myself some questions too, such as, when am I going to die and how can I put that day off? 这些百岁人瑞的故事、 以及其背后的科学, 使我也开始问我自己一些问题, 比如,当我快要死了, 我要如何延后死期？
underpins:v.加强,巩固,构成;加固(墙)基;(underpin的第三人称单数) prompted:v.促使;导致;提示;给(演员)提词;(prompt的过去分词和过去式)
And as you will see, the answer is not what we expect. 你们将会看到, 答案和我们预期的不一样。
Julianne Holt-Lunstad is a researcher at Brigham Young University and she addressed this very question in a series of studies of tens of thousands of middle aged people much like this audience here. 茱莉安霍特朗斯戴 是楊百翰大学的研究者, 她为了说明这个问题, 做了一系列的研究, 对象是数万名中年人, 很像在座各位。
addressed:v.写(收信人)姓名地址:致函:演说:演讲:向…说话; (address的过去分词和过去式) series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书;
And she looked at every aspect of their lifestyle: their diet, their exercise, their marital status , how often they went to the doctor, whether they smoked or drank, etc. 她研究了他们 生活方式中的每个面向: 他们的饮食、运动、 婚姻状况、 多常去看医生、 是否抽烟或喝酒等等。
aspect:n.方面;层面;外观;方位; marital status:n.婚姻状况;
She recorded all of this and then she and her colleagues sat tight and waited for seven years to see who would still be breathing. 她把这些全都记录下来, 她和同事耐心等待了七年, 再去看谁还活着。
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
And of the people left standing, what reduced their chances of dying the most? 还活着的人当中, 降低他们死亡的机率的主因是什么？
That was her question. 那是她想研究的问题。
So let's now look at her data in summary , going from the least powerful predictor to the strongest. 我们现在来看看她的资料的总整, 从最弱到最强的预测变数。
summary:adj.简易的;扼要的;n.概要,摘要,总结; predictor:n.[气象]预报器;预言者;
OK? 好吗？
So clean air, which is great, it doesn't predict how long you will live. 干净的空气,这很棒, 但不能预测你能活多久。
Whether you have your hypertension treated is good. 你有没有去治疗你的高血压, 很好。
hypertension:n.高血压;过度紧张; treated:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;(treat的过去分词和过去式)
Still not a strong predictor. 但仍然不是强力的预测变数。
Whether you're lean or overweight , you can stop feeling guilty about this, because it's only in third place. 你是胖还是瘦,你们可以 不用再为此有罪恶感了, 因为这只排第三。
overweight:adj.超重的;过重的;vt.使负担过重;n.超重; guilty:adj.有罪的;内疚的;
How much exercise you get is next, still only a moderate predictor. 下一位是你做了多少运动, 只是中等的预测变数。
moderate:v.缓和; adj.适度的; n.持温和观点者(尤指政见);
Whether you've had a cardiac event and you're in rehab and exercising, getting higher now. 你是否曾有心脏病发作 及你是否在做复健及运动, 预测力越来越高了。
cardiac:n.强心剂;强胃剂;adj.心脏的;心脏病的;贲门的; rehab:n.修复(等于rehabilitation);v.修复(等于rehabilitate);
Whether you've had a flu vaccine . 你是否接种过流感疫苗。
vaccine:n.疫苗;牛痘苗;adj.疫苗的;牛痘的;
Did anybody here know that having a flu vaccine protects you more than doing exercise? 这里有人知道 流感疫苗比做运动更能保护你吗？
Whether you were drinking and quit , or whether you're a moderate drinker , whether you don't smoke, or if you did, whether you quit , and getting towards the top predictors are two features of your social life. 你曾喝酒但戒了、 或你是中度饮酒者, 你不抽烟或曾抽烟是否已戒掉, 接着是最强的预测变数 是社交生活中的两项特征。
quit:v.离开;放弃;停止;使…解除;n.离开;[计]退出;adj.摆脱了…的;已经了结的; drinker:n.酒徒;喝的人;酒豪; predictors:[气象]预报器;
First, your close relationships. 第一,你的亲密关系。
These are the people that you can call on for a loan if you need money suddenly, who will call the doctor if you're not feeling well or who will take you to the hospital, 这些人是如果你突然需要钱时, 可以打电话去借的对象, 如果你觉得不舒服,会叫医生 或带你去医院的人,
or who will sit with you if you're having an existential crisis , if you're in despair . 或是如果你有危机、 如果你很绝望时, 会陪在你身边的人。
existential:adj.存在主义的;有关存在的;存在判断的; crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的; despair:v.绝望;失去希望;丧失信心;n.绝望;
Those people, that little clutch of people are a strong predictor, if you have them, of how long you'll live. 那些人,那一小群人, 如果你有这些人,这因素是 你能活多久的强度预测变数。
clutch:n.离合器; v.攫; adj.没有手提带或背带的;
And then something that surprised me, something that's called social integration . 接着,出乎我意料的是, 所谓的社会整合。
integration:n.集成;综合;
This means how much you interact with people as you move through your day. 这是指你每一天和他人有多少互动。 你会跟几个人说话？
interact:v.互相影响;互相作用;n.幕间剧;幕间休息;
How many people do you talk to? 这包括你的弱连结及强连结,
And these mean both your weak and your strong bonds, so not just the people you're really close to, who mean a lot to you, but, like, do you talk to the guy who every day makes you your coffee? 不单单是指你很亲近的人、 对你很重要的人, 但也包括,你是否会和每天 幫你做咖啡的那个人说话？ 你会和邮差说话吗？
Do you talk to the postman? 你会和每天遛狗 经过你家的女人说话吗？
Do you talk to the woman who walks by your house every day with her dog? 你会玩桥牌或扑克牌、 参加读书俱乐部吗？
Do you play bridge or poker, have a book club ? 那些互动就是用来预测你能活多久的
book club:n.书友会(会员购书享受打折优惠);
Those interactions are one of the strongest predictors of how long you'll live. 重要变数之一。 这就带出了我的下一个问题:
interactions:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;(interaction复数)
Now, this leads me to the next question: if we now spend more time online than on any other activity, including sleeping, we're now up to 11 hours a day, one hour more than last year, by the way , does it make a difference ? 如果现在我们花更多时间 在上网而非其他活动, 包括睡觉, 我们现在达到一天 11 小时之多, 顺便一提,比去年成长了 1 小时, 这样会有差别吗？ 为什么要区别当面互动
by the way:顺便说一下; make a difference:有影响,有关系;
Why distinguish between interacting in person and interacting via social media ? 与透过社交媒体互动？ 比如,如果你常常透过传讯息
distinguish:vt.区分;辨别;使杰出,使表现突出;vi.区别,区分;辨别; interacting:v.交流;沟通;合作;相互影响;(interact的现在分词) via:prep.通过;经由;n.道路;[医]管道; media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉;
Is it the same thing as being there if you're in contact constantly with your kids through text, for example? 来和你的孩子联络, 这和亲自在他们身边一样吗？ 简短答案是:不一样。
contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系;
Well, the short answer to the question is no, it's not the same thing. 两者是不同的。 面对面接触会释放很多 神经传递介质,
Face-to-face contact releases a whole cascade of neurotransmitters , and like a vaccine, they protect you now in the present and well into the future. 就像疫苗,它能在当前保护你, 也能在未来保护你。 所以单单和一个人对到眼、
Face-to-face:adj.面对面的;当面的;adv.面对面地; releases:n.释放; vt.释放; cascade:n.小瀑布,瀑布状物;串联;vi.像瀑布般大量倾泻下来;vi.像瀑布般悬挂着; neurotransmitters:n.神经传导物质(neurotransmitter的复数形式);
So simply making eye contact with somebody, shaking hands, giving somebody a high-five is enough to release oxytocin , which increases your level of trust and it lowers your cortisol levels. 握个手、击个掌, 就足以释放这些催产素, 它能增加你的信赖度, 降低你的皮质醇。 所以它能降低你的压力。
high-five:举手击掌 oxytocin:n.[药]催产素;缩宫素;脑下垂体后叶荷尔蒙之一种; cortisol:n.[生化]皮质醇;考的索;[药]氢化可的松;
So it lowers your stress. 也会产生多巴胺,能让 我们情绪稍微高涨,
And dopamine is generated , which gives us a little high and it kills pain. 且能除去痛苦。 它就像是天然吗啡。
dopamine:n.[生化]多巴胺(一种治脑神经病的药物); generated:v.产生;引起;(generate的过去式和过去分词)
It's like a naturally produced morphine . 这个都不是我们的 意识雷达能侦测到的,
naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地; morphine:n.[毒物][药]吗啡;
Now, all of this passes under our conscious radar , which is why we conflate online activity with the real thing. 这就是为什么我们会把 线上活动和真实活动混淆。 但我们现在确实有新的证据了,
conscious:adj.意识到的;故意的;神志清醒的; radar:n.雷达; conflate:vt.合并;异文合并;
But we do have evidence now, fresh evidence, that there is a difference. 能证明两者有差别。 我们来看一些神经科学。
So let's look at some of the neuroscience . 伊丽莎白瑞德凯是 马里兰大学的神经科学家,
neuroscience:n.神经系统科学(指神经病学,神经化学等);
Elizabeth Redcay, a neuroscientist at the University of Maryland , tried to map the difference between what goes on in our brains when we interact in person versus when we're watching something that's static . 她试图描绘出 当我们当面与人互动时、 及当观看静态目标时, 脑中的反应有什么差别。 她的做法是比较大脑功能差异,
neuroscientist:n.神经系统科学家; Maryland:n.马里兰(美国州名); versus:prep.对;与...相对;对抗; static:adj.静止的; n.[物]静电(干扰);
And what she did was she compared the brain function of two groups of people, those interacting live with her or with one of her research associates in a dynamic conversation, 她用了这两组人: 在动态的对话中,一组是 和她或是她其中一名同事 进行互动的人, 然后把这组人的大脑活动
compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词) associates:n.同事; v.联想; (associate的第三人称单数和复数) dynamic:n.动力; adj.充满活力的;
and she compared that to the brain activity of people who were watching her talk about the same subject but in a canned video, like on YouTube. 跟另一群只是从预录影片, 如 YouTube 影片, 观看她谈论同主题的人做比较。 顺道一提,如果你们想知道
And by the way, if you want to know how she fit two people in an MRI scanner at the same time , talk to me later. 她如何同时把两个人 放进 MRI 扫瞄机, 晚点再来找我。 所以,差异是什么？
scanner:n.[计]扫描仪;扫描器;光电子扫描装置; at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
So what's the difference? 在真实社交互动时, 你的大脑是这样的。
This is your brain on real social interaction. 你所看到的是大脑活动的差异,
What you're seeing is the difference in brain activity between interacting in person and taking in static content . 在与人当面互动跟 接收静态内容时的差异。 橘色的大脑区域在掌管注意力、
content:n.内容,目录;满足;容量;adj.满意的;vt.使满足;
In orange, you see the brain areas that are associated with attention, social intelligence -- that means anticipating what somebody else is thinking and feeling and planning -- and emotional reward . 社交智慧── 也就是预测其他人在想什么、 感受如何、有何计画── 及情绪报酬。 当我们与真实伙伴互动时,
associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式) intelligence:n.智力;智慧;才智;(尤指关于敌国的)情报; anticipating:v.预料;预期;预见;期盼;期望;(anticipate的现在分词) emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的; reward:n.[劳经]报酬;报答;酬谢;v.[劳经]奖励;奖赏;
And these areas become much more engaged when we're interacting with a live partner. 这些区域就会被大量使用。 这些较丰富的大脑特征,
engaged:adj.已订婚的; v.吸引住; (engage的过去分词和过去式)
Now, these richer brain signatures might be why recruiters from Fortune 500 companies evaluating candidates thought that the candidates were smarter when they heard their voices 可能就是为什么财富 500 强公司中 负责评估新员工候选人的招聘人员, 对同一个候选人, 在能听到他的声音时, 判定他的聪明程度, 会高于只看他写的简介、 电子邮件、信件时,
signatures:n.签名;鲜明特征(signature的复数); recruiters:n.招聘人员,征兵人员; Fortune:n.财富;命运;运气;v.给予财富,偶然发生 evaluating:v.估计;评价;评估;(evaluate的现在分词)
compared to when they just read their pitches in a text, for example, or an email or a letter. 所判定的聪明度。 我们的声音和肢体语言 能传递很丰富的讯息,
pitches:pitch的变形;
Now, our voices and body language convey a rich signal. 展现出我们是会思考、有感觉、
body language:n.身势语; convey:vt.传达;运输;让与;
It shows that we're thinking, feeling, sentient human beings who are much more than an algorithm. 有感情的人类, 绝对不只是一个演算法。 芝加哥大学商学院的
sentient:adj.有感情的;有感觉力的;意识到的;n.有知觉的人;
Now, this research by Nicholas Epley at the University of Chicago Business School is quite amazing because it tells us a simple thing. 尼可拉斯艾普利做了一项研究, 很惊人的是这研究 告诉我们的事很简单: 如果有人听到你的声音,
Business School:n.(大学里针对毕业生的)工商学院;
If somebody hears your voice, they think you're smarter. 他们就会觉得你比较聪明。 那是很简单的一件事。
I mean, that's quite a simple thing. 现在,回到最开头,
Now, to return to the beginning, why do women live longer than men? 为什么女性的寿命比男性长？ 一个主要原因是,女人比较有可能
And one major reason is that women are more likely to prioritize and groom their face-to-face relationships over their lifespans. 在她们的人生中 把面对面的关系排为优先, 并好好照料这些关系。 新的证据显示,
prioritize:v.按重要性排列;划分优先顺序;优先处理; groom:n.新郎;马夫;马倌;马匹饲养员;v.培养;擦洗;理毛;使作好准备;训练;引诱;
Fresh evidence shows that these in-person friendships create a biological force field against disease and decline . 这些亲自参与的友谊, 能创造出生物力场, 来对抗疾病和衰退。 不只对人类是如此,
in-person:亲自;外貌上; biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品; decline:v.下降;衰退;减少;谢绝;n.下降;
And it's not just true of humans but their primate relations, our primate relations as well. 灵长类的关系都是如此。 人类学家琼安西尔克的研究指出,
primate:n.大主教;灵长类的动物;首领;adj.灵长目动物的;首要的;
Anthropologist Joan Silk's work shows that female baboons who have a core of female friends show lower levels of stress via their cortisol levels, they live longer and they have more surviving offspring . 有一群雌性朋友的母狒狒, 从皮质醇量可以显示 牠们的压力比较低, 牠们寿命较长, 且孩子比较有机会存活。 至少要有三个稳定的关系,
Anthropologist:n.人类学家;人类学者; female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物; core:n.核心;要点;果心;[计]磁心;vt.挖...的核; offspring:n.后代,子孙;产物;
At least three stable relationships. 这就是魔术数字。
stable:n.马厩;牛棚;adj.稳定的;牢固的;坚定的;vi.被关在马厩;赶入马房;
That was the magic number. 好好想想。
Think about it. 我希望你们有三个。
I hope you guys have three. 这种面对面接触的力量,
The power of such face-to-face contact is really why there are the lowest rates of dementia among people who are socially engaged. 就是为什么社交参与度高的人 会痴呆的比例比较低。 它也是为何有乳癌的女人
dementia:n.[内科]痴呆;
It's why women who have breast cancer are four times more likely to survive their disease than loners are. 存活率还比独来独往者高四倍。 也就是为什么曾中风过的男人, 如果常与人见面玩牌、
cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤; loners:n.孤独者(loner的复数);
Why men who've had a stroke who meet regularly to play poker or to have coffee or to play old-timer's hockey -- 或喝咖啡、 或打老人曲棍── 毕竟我是加拿大人──
stroke:n.中风;笔画;钟声;抚摩;v.抚摩(动物的毛皮);轻抚;轻挪;轻触; regularly:adv.经常地;有规律地;定期的
I'm Canadian, after all -- （笑声）
(Laughter) 他们受到社交接触的保护,
are better protected by that social contact than they are by medication . 高于受到药物的保护。 也是为什么曾中风过的男人,
medication:n.药;药物;
Why men who've had a stroke who meet regularly -- this is something very powerful they can do. 如果常见面── 这是他们能做的一件非常强大的事。
This face-to-face contact provides stunning benefits, yet now almost a quarter of the population says they have no one to talk to. 这种面对面接触提供了惊人的益处, 但几乎有四分之一的人口, 说他们没有人可以谈话。
stunning:adj.惊人的; v.使昏迷; (stun的现在分词)
We can do something about this. 对此,我们可以做点什么,
Like Sardinian villagers, it's a biological imperative to know we belong, and not just the women among us. 像萨丁尼亚的村民, 知道我们属于团体, 是一种生物需求, 不只是我们当中的女性独有。
imperative:adj.重要紧急的; n.重要紧急的事;
Building in-person interaction into our cities, into our workplaces , into our agendas bolsters the immune system , sends feel-good hormones surging through the bloodstream and brain and helps us live longer. 将当面的互动建立到我们的 城市中、我们的工作地点中、 我们的议程中, 能强化免疫系统, 透过血液和大脑来传送 感觉很好的荷尔蒙, 协助我们更长寿。
workplaces:n.[管理]工作场所(workplace的复数); agendas:n.会议议程(agenda的复数); bolsters:v.改善;加强;n.靠垫;垫枕(长而厚);(bolster的第三人称单数和复数) immune system:n.免疫系统; feel-good:感觉舒服,感觉良好; hormones:n.[生理]激素;荷尔蒙;性激素;荷尔蒙制剂(hormone的复数); surging:v.汹涌;使强烈地感到;急剧上升;激增;(surge的现在分词) bloodstream:n.[生理]血流,血液的流动;
I call this building your village, and building it and sustaining it is a matter of life and death. 我称这个叫做建立你的村子, 建立它、维护它,它悠关生死。
sustaining:adj.持续的;支持的;v.维持(sustain的现在分词);支持;承受;
Thank you. 谢谢大家。
(Applause) （掌声）
Helen Walters: Susan, come back. I have a question for you. 海伦华特斯:苏珊,请回来。 我有个问题想请教你。
I'm wondering if there's a middle path. 我很好奇是否有条中道？
So you talk about the neurotransmitters connecting when in face-to-face, but what about digital technology ? 你谈到在面对面时会有 神经传递介质在做连结, 但数位科技呢？
digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键; technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
We've seen enormous improvements in digital technology like FaceTime , things like that. 我们已经在数位科技上 看到巨大的改善, 就像 FaceTime 之类的。 （注:视讯通话应用程式）
enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的; improvements:n.改善;改进;改善的事物;(improvement的复数) FaceTime:视频聊天;视频通话;露面时间;会面时间;
Does that work too? 那也有用吗？
I mean, I see my nephew. 我看我的侄儿,
He plays Minecraft and he's yelling at his friends. 他会玩 Minecraft （创世神）, 他会对他的朋友吼叫。
It seems like he's connecting pretty well. 他的连结似乎挺好的。
Is that useful? Is that helpful? 那有用吗？那有幫助吗？
Susan Pinker: Some of the data are just emerging . 苏珊平克:有些 这类的资料正在产生中。
emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词)
The data are so fresh that the digital revolution happened and the health data trailed behind. 资料还很新,数位革命发生了, 而健康资料还落在后面。
trailed:adj.被牵引的;v.拖,尾随,追踪(trail的过去分词形式);
So we're just learning, but I would say there are some improvements that we could make in the technology. 所以我们还在学习, 但我会说,对于科技, 我们可以做些改善。
For example, the camera on your laptop is at the top of the screen, so for example, when you're looking into the screen, you're not actually making eye contact. 比如,笔记型电脑的摄影机 是在萤幕的上方, 所以如果,当你看着萤幕的时候, 你无法与对方真的对到眼。
laptop:n.便携式电脑;笔记本电脑;
So something as simple as even just looking into the camera can increase those neurotransmitters, or maybe changing the position of the camera. 就像看着摄影机这么简单的事, 也能增加那些神经传递介质, 也许能改变摄影机的位置也可行。
So it's not identical , but I think we are getting closer with the technology. 不完全一样,但我想科技 的确有越来越接近真实。
identical:adj.同一的;完全相同的;n.完全相同的事物;
HW: Great. Thank you so much. 海伦:非常谢谢你。
SP: Thank you. 苏珊:谢谢你。
(Applause) （掌声）