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StewartBrand_2013-_终止灭绝的黎明。你准备好了吗_
Now, extinction is a different kind of death. 物種滅絕是一種不一樣的死亡
extinction:n.绝种;
It's bigger. 它的規模更大
We didn't really realize that until 1914, when the last passenger pigeon , a female named Martha, died at the Cincinnati zoo. 但直到 1914 年,當最後一隻旅鴿 —— 一隻名叫瑪莎的母鳥 ——在辛辛那提動物園中去世時, 我們才瞭解到這份震撼
passenger:n.旅客;乘客;白吃饭的人;闲散人员; pigeon:n.[鸟]鸽子;(非正式)易受骗的人;(非正式)责任; female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物; Cincinnati:n.辛辛那提(美国俄亥俄州西南部城市);
This had been the most abundant bird in the world that'd been in North America for six million years. 牠們曾是世界上數量最多的鳥類 存活於北美洲六百萬年
abundant:adj.丰富的;充裕的;盛产; North America:n.北美洲;
Suddenly it wasn't here at all. 突然間就消失了
Flocks that were a mile wide and 400 miles long used to darken the sun. 旅鴿鳥群曾達 1 英里寬並綿延 400 英里 甚至可以遮蔽太陽
Flocks:n.短纤维,废毛铁;絮凝物,絮状沉淀; darken:vt.使变暗;使模糊;vi.变黑;变得模糊;
Aldo Leopold said this was a biological storm, a feathered tempest . 阿爾多．李奧帕德曾如此形容: 這是一場生物風暴、一場飛羽旋風
biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品; tempest:n.暴风雨;骚动;动乱;vt.使狂怒;扰乱,使激动;vi.小题大作;起大风暴;
And indeed it was a keystone species that enriched the entire eastern deciduous forest, from the Mississippi to the Atlantic , from Canada down to the Gulf . 牠們也確實是關鍵物種 盤踞美東的落葉林 從密西西比河到大西洋 從加拿大一路到墨西哥灣
keystone:n.主旨,基本原则;[建]楔石; species:n.[生物]物种;种类; enriched:v.使丰富;使饱含(某物);使富有;(enrich的过去分词和过去式) eastern:adj.东方的;向东的;东部的;东方国家的;n.东方人;东正教信徒; deciduous:adj.落叶性的,脱落性的;非永久性的; Atlantic:adj.大西洋的;巨人阿特拉斯的;n.大西洋; Gulf:n.海湾;深渊;分歧;漩涡;vt.吞没;
But it went from five billion birds to zero in just a couple decades. 但從五十億隻歸零卻只花了數十年的時間
What happened? 發生什麼事呢？
Well, commercial hunting happened. 嗯,發生了商業性的獵殺
commercial:adj.贸易的;商业的;赢利的;以获利为目的的;n.(电台或电视播放的)广告;
These birds were hunted for meat that was sold by the ton, and it was easy to do because when those big flocks came down to the ground, they were so dense that hundreds of hunters and netters could show up and slaughter them by the tens of thousands. 這種鳥類被獵殺並成噸地賣入肉品市場 牠們成群的飛行,讓獵殺易如反掌 當牠們接近地面時,數百名獵人 可以輕而易舉地從如此密集的鳥群中 獵殺到成千上萬的獵物
dense:adj.稠密的;浓厚的;愚钝的; slaughter:vt.屠宰,屠杀;杀戮;使惨败;n.屠宰,屠杀;杀戮;消灭;
It was the cheapest source of protein in America. 牠們曾是美國最廉價的蛋白質來源
source:n.来源;水源;原始资料; protein:n.蛋白质;
By the end of the century, there was nothing left but these beautiful skins in museum specimen drawers . 到 19 世紀末葉,牠們就從地球上消失了 只剩披蓋華羽的標本躺在博物館中
specimen:n.标本;样品;样本;(尤指动植物的)单一实例; drawers:n.抽屉;内裤;出票人;起草者;酒馆侍者;(drawer的复数)
There's an upside to the story. 但這故事仍有光明的一面
This made people realize that the same thing was about to happen to the American bison , and so these birds saved the buffalos . 這讓人類意識到同樣的狀況 也將發生在美洲水牛身上 所以這些鳥的滅絕救了水牛
was about to:眼看就要;即将;正要;行将; bison:n.北美野牛;欧洲野牛; buffalos:n.[畜牧][脊椎]水牛;[脊椎]野牛(产于北美);水陆两用坦克;
But a lot of other animals weren't saved. 但仍有許多我們保護不及的動物
The Carolina parakeet was a parrot that lit up backyards everywhere. 卡羅萊納長尾鸚鵡曾是點亮每家後院的嬌客
Carolina:n.卡罗莱纳州(在美国东南部); parakeet:n.[鸟]长尾小鹦鹉; backyards:n.后院;后庭;
It was hunted to death for its feathers. 卻因羽毛需求而被獵殺殆盡
There was a bird that people liked on the East Coast called the heath hen. 曾經有種叫北美松雞的鳥被東岸人喜愛
heath:n.石南,石南植物;荒野;adj.杜鹃花科木本植物的;
It was loved. They tried to protect it. It died anyway. 因為牠令人喜歡,人們試圖保護牠但牠們最終還是滅絕了
A local newspaper spelled out, "There is no survivor, there is no future, there is no life to be recreated in this form ever again." 地方報紙曾說:「沒有生還,也沒有未來, 世界再也沒辦法創造出這樣的生命。」
recreated:v.再现;再创造;(recreate的过去分词和过去式)
There's a sense of deep tragedy that goes with these things, and it happened to lots of birds that people loved. 當物種消失時,總是有種深沈的哀傷蔓延 許多受人喜愛的鳥類已遭此命運
tragedy:n.悲惨的事;不幸;灾难;悲剧作品;
It happened to lots of mammals . 同樣狀況也發生在哺乳動物身上
mammals:n.哺乳动物;(mammal的复数)
Another keystone species is a famous animal called the European aurochs. 另一個關鍵物種是有名的動物 歐洲野牛
There was sort of a movie made about it recently . 最近甚至有部關於牠們的電影
recently:adv.最近;新近;
And the aurochs was like the bison. 這些野牛很像水牛
This was an animal that basically kept the forest mixed with grasslands across the entire Europe and Asian continent , from Spain to Korea. 基本上,這種動物的生態功能 使得歐亞大陸的森林之間保有草原 牠們分佈從西班牙到韓國
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; grasslands:n.[畜牧]草原;大草原(grassland的复数形式); continent:n.大陆,洲,陆地;adj.自制的,克制的;
The documentation of this animal goes back to the Lascaux cave paintings. 而人類關於這種動物的記載 可以回溯到拉斯科岩洞畫的年代
documentation:n.文件,证明文件,史实,文件编制;
The extinctions still go on. 許多動物仍陸續滅絕
extinctions:n.[生物]灭绝(extinction的复数);消失;废除;
There's an ibex in Spain called the bucardo. 一種分佈在西班牙,名為布卡多山羊的野山羊
ibex:n.野生山羊;阿尔卑斯山的野山羊;
It went extinct in 2000. 於 2000 年滅絕
There was a marvelous animal, a marsupial wolf called the thylacine in Tasmania, south of Australia, called the Tasmanian tiger. 也有一些令人驚嘆的物種,像是袋狼 牠們在澳洲的塔斯馬尼亞州 又稱塔斯馬尼亞狼或塔斯馬尼亞虎
marvelous:adj.了不起的;非凡的;令人惊异的;不平常的; marsupial:adj.[脊椎]有袋的;袋状的;n.有袋类动物; thylacine:n.袋狼;
It was hunted until there were just a few left to die in zoos. 牠們也逃不過獵殺,最後幾隻在動物園中死去
A little bit of film was shot. 這是一小段影片
Sorrow, anger, mourning . 沈重、憤怒、悲傷
mourning:n.伤逝;哀悼;丧服;v.哀悼,忧伤;(mourn的现在分词)
Don't mourn. Organize . 但別悲傷,振作起來
Organize:v.组织;安排;处理;分配;管理;
What if you could find out that, using the DNA in museum specimens , fossils maybe up to 200,000 years old could be used to bring species back, what would you do? Where would you start? 如果你發現利用博物館標本 或是 20 萬年前化石中的 DNA 可以讓這些物種復活 你會怎麼做呢？ 你又會從何做起？
What if:如果…怎么办? specimens:n.[试验]试样,[图情]样本(specimen的复数); fossils:n.[古生]化石(fossil复数形式);
Well, you'd start by finding out if the biotech is really there. 你可能會先確定,生物技術是否達得到要求
biotech:abbr.生物技术;生物科技(biotechnology);
I started with my wife, Ryan Phelan, who ran a biotech business called DNA Direct, and through her, one of her colleagues , George Church, one of the leading genetic engineers 我則是從我太太萊恩．費倫那開始 她經營一家叫 DNA Direct 的生技公司 透過她,我認識了她同事喬治．邱奇 他也是位著迷於旅鴿的
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的;
who turned out to be also obsessed with passenger pigeons and a lot of confidence that methodologies he was working on might actually do the deed . 頂尖基因工程師 他對他所使用的方法深具信心 他對他所使用的方法深具信心 並認為他可以讓物種復活
obsessed:v.使痴迷;使迷恋;使着迷;(obsess的过去式和过去分词) pigeons:n.鸽子(pigeon的复数);杂波; confidence:n.信心;信任;秘密;adj.(美)诈骗的;骗得信任的; methodologies:n.[经]方法论(methodology的复数形式); deed:n.行动;功绩;证书;[法]契据;vt.立契转让;
So he and Ryan organized and hosted a meeting at the Wyss Institute in Harvard bringing together specialists on passenger pigeons, conservation ornithologists , bioethicists, 所以他和萊恩策劃並主持了一個會議 在哈佛的維斯學院招集了一批 旅鴿專家、鳥類保育學家、生物倫理學家
organized:adj.有组织的; v.组织; (organize的过去分词和过去式) hosted:v.主办,主持(活动);做东;(host的过去分词和过去式) Institute:v.开始(调查);制定;创立;提起(诉讼);n.学会,协会;学院; Harvard:n.哈佛大学;哈佛大学学生; conservation:n.保存,保持;保护; ornithologists:n.鸟类学者;
and fortunately passenger pigeon DNA had already been sequenced by a molecular biologist named Beth Shapiro. 而且很幸運的是旅鴿的 DNA 已經被 一名叫做貝絲．夏皮羅的分子生物學家完成定序
fortunately:adv.幸运地; sequenced:[数][计]序列; molecular:adj.[化学]分子的;由分子组成的; biologist:n.生物学家;
All she needed from those specimens at the Smithsonian was a little bit of toe pad tissue , because down in there is what is called ancient DNA. 而她只用了保存在史密森納研究院 標本中的一小塊腳部組織 因為裡面含有原始 DNA
Smithsonian:n.史密森尼(美国博物馆);史密森学会; toe:n.脚趾;鞋头;v.用脚趾踩;用脚尖踢; pad:n.软垫,护垫;便笺本;爪垫;肉掌;v.填充,覆盖,保护;蹑手蹑脚地走;做黑账; tissue:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;
It's DNA which is pretty badly fragmented , but with good techniques now, you can basically reassemble the whole genome . DNA 已經碎裂成片段 利用現在的技術,你可以重組成完整的基因序列
fragmented:v.(使)碎裂,破裂,分裂;(fragment的过去分词和过去式) techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数) reassemble:vi.重新集合;vt.重新装配;重新召集; genome:n.基因组;染色体组;
Then the question is, can you reassemble, with that genome, the whole bird? 問題在於你能不能利用 基因體生出隻健全的鳥？
George Church thinks you can. 喬治．邱奇認為這可以達到
So in his book, "Regenesis," which I recommend , he has a chapter on the science of bringing back extinct species, and he has a machine called the Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering machine. 在他寫的、也是我強力推薦的 ?重生? 中 有一章解釋了復活滅絕物種的技術 這個機器被他稱為: 多樣化自動基因體建構機
recommend:v.推荐;介绍;劝告;建议;使受欢迎; Multiplex:adj.多样的,多元的; vi.[通信]多路传输; vt.[通信]多路传输; n.[测]多倍仪; Automated:adj.自动化的;v.(使)自动化;(automate的过去式和过去分词) Engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词)
It's kind of like an evolution machine. 這項技術和演化的機制類似
evolution:n.演变;进化;发展;渐进;
You try combinations of genes that you write at the cell level and then in organs on a chip , and the ones that win, that you can then put into a living organism . It'll work. 你將不同組合的基因送入細胞 從細胞層級到組織層級 再把成功存活下來的組織 送入代理孕母體內,它就會成功
combinations:n.[数]组合;制品(combination的复数);合谱; genes:n.基因;(gene的复数) organs:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴(organ的复数); chip:v.削,凿;削成碎片;剥落;碎裂;n.[电子]芯片;筹码;碎片;(食物的)小片;薄片; organism:n.生物;有机体;有机组织;(尤指)微生物;
The precision of this, one of George's famous unreadable slides, nevertheless points out that there's a level of precision here right down to the individual base pair. 從喬治難以辨識的紀錄中 我們可以知道這項技術的精確度 達到鹼基對的層級
precision:n.精度,[数]精密度;精确;adj.精密的,精确的; unreadable:adj.不值一读的;难以辨认的;难以理解的; nevertheless:adv.然而,不过;虽然如此;conj.然而,不过; individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
The passenger pigeon has 1.3 billion base pairs in its genome. 候鴿基因體包含 13 億對鹼基
So what you're getting is the capability now of replacing one gene with another variation of that gene. 所以你現在能做的是 把一個基因用它的對偶基因取代
capability:n.才能,能力;性能,容量; variation:n.变异;变体;变奏;变种;
It's called an allele . （譯注:這是用來解決原始基因序列上破碎、缺失的問題）
allele:n.[遗]等位基因;
Well that's what happens in normal hybridization anyway. 這在正常的精卵結合過程中也會發生
hybridization:n.杂交;配种;[化学]杂化;杂种培殖;
So this is a form of synthetic hybridization of the genome of an extinct species with the genome of its closest living relative . 所以,我們可用和滅絕物種 最接近的物種 組合並修復滅絕物種的基因體
synthetic:adj.综合的;合成的,人造的;n.合成物; relative:adj.相对的;有关系的;成比例的;n.亲戚;相关物;[语]关系词;亲缘植物;
Now along the way, George points out that his lack">< b> technology , the technology of synthetic biology, is currently lack">< b> ac lack">< b> celeratin g at four times the rate of Moore's Law. 在此過程中,喬治指出 他所使用的合成生物學技術 現在成長速度是莫爾定律的四倍
It's been doing that since 2005, and it's likely to continue. 這從 2005 開始,也很有可能一直延續下去
Okay, the closest living relative of the passenger pigeon is the band-tailed pigeon. They're abundant. There's some around here. 最接近旅鴿的存活物種是帶尾鴿 他們數量龐大,在這附近也有
Genetically , the band-tailed pigeon already is mostly living passenger pigeon. 從基因層面來說,帶尾鴿幾乎是活著的旅鴿 牠們的基因體中只有一些是帶尾鴿特有的序列
Genetically:adv.从遗传学角度;从基因方面;
There's just some bits that are band-tailed pigeon. 牠們的基因體中只有一些是帶尾鴿特有的序列
If you replace those bits with passenger pigeon bits, you've got the extinct bird back, cooing at you. 如果你將這些序列以旅鴿特有的序列取代 你就有一隻已經滅絕旅鴿對你咕咕叫
cooing:n.喔啊声;轻柔低语;鸽子咕咕叫;v.鸽子咕咕叫;温声细语(coo的ing形式);
Now, there's work to do. 現在需要著手進行的是:
You have to figure out exactly what genes matter. 你必須分辨出哪些基因是重要的
So there's genes for the short tail in the band-tailed pigeon, genes for the long tail in the passenger pigeon, and so on with the red eye, peach-colored breast, flocking , and so on. 像是帶尾鴿擁有短尾的基因 而旅鴿則是表現長尾的基因 還有紅眼、桃紅色的胸部和群集行為等基因
peach-colored:adj.桃色的; flocking:v.群集;聚集;蜂拥;(flock的现在分词)
Add them all up and the result won't be perfect. 將這些都加在一起,結果不會是完美的
But it should be be perfect enough, because nature doesn't do perfect either. 但應該就近乎完美了 自然界中也沒有「完美」的作品
So this meeting in Boston led to three things. 所以,在波士頓的會議中決定了三件事
Boston:n.波士顿(美国城市);
First off, Ryan and I decided to create a nonprofit called Revive and Restore that would push de-extinction generally and try to have it go in a responsible way, and we would push ahead with the passenger pigeon. 首先,我和萊恩創立了個非營利組織 這個名為「復活與保存」的組織致力 以付責任的方式推動「反滅絕」 而我們將先從旅鴿做起
nonprofit:adj.非赢利的;不以赢利为目的的; Revive:vi.复兴;复活;苏醒;恢复精神;vt.使复兴;使苏醒;回想起;重演,重播; Restore:v.恢复;修复;恢复(某种情况或感受);使复原; generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地; responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的; push ahead:向前推进;
Another direct result was a young grad student named Ben Novak, who had been obsessed with passenger pigeons since he was 14 and had also learned how to work with ancient DNA, himself sequenced the passenger pigeon, using money from his family and friends. 另一項結果是本．諾瓦克,一位年輕研究生 他從 14 歲起就被旅鴿所深深著迷 而且在學會如何操作原始 DNA 後 他利用家人和朋友的金援 完成了旅鴿基因體定序
grad:n.毕业生;校友;
We hired him full-time . 我們雇用了他
full-time:adj.专职的;全日制的;全部时间的;
Now, this photograph I took of him last year at the Smithsonian, he's looking down at Martha, the last passenger pigeon alive. 這是一張去年在史密森納我幫他照的照片 照片中他低頭看著瑪莎 —— 世界上最後一隻旅鴿
So if he's successful, she won't be the last. 如果他成功的話,她就不會是最後一隻
The third result of the Boston meeting was the realization that there are scientists all over the world working on various forms of de-extinction, but they'd never met each other. 波士頓會議的第三項結果是 讓我們瞭解到世界上有許多科學家 在進行不同型式的反滅絕 但他們素未謀面
realization:n.实现;领悟;
And National Geographic got interested because National Geographic has the theory that the last century, discovery was basically finding things, and in this century, discovery is basically making things. 而國家地理頻道對此感到興趣 因為他們有個想法 就是上世紀的發現是為了尋找未知 而這個世紀是在創造發明
Geographic:adj.地理的;地理学的;
De-extinction falls in that category . 而反滅絕符合此條件
category:n.种类,分类;[数]范畴;
So they hosted and funded this meeting. And 35 scientists, they were conservation biologists and molecular biologists, basically meeting to see if they had work to do together. 所以他們資助並主辦了這場會議 讓 35 位保育生物學家和分子生物學家 見面並討論合作機會
funded:adj.提供资金的;v.提供资金;积存;提供资金偿付的本息;(fund的过去式); biologists:n.生物学家(biologist的复数);
Some of these conservation biologists are pretty radical . 其中一些保育生物學家非常激進
radical:n.自由基;激进分子;游离基;adj.根本的;彻底的;完全的;全新的;
There's three of them who are not just re-creating ancient species, they're recreating extinct ecosystems in northern Siberia , in the Netherlands, and in Hawaii. 其中三人不只要讓古生物復活 他們更希望在北西伯利亞、荷蘭和夏威夷 恢復已經消失的生態系統
re-creating:vt.重新创作;改造;改制; recreating:v.再现;再创造;(recreate的现在分词) ecosystems:n.生态系统(ecosystem的复数); Siberia:n.西伯利亚;
Henri, from the Netherlands, with a Dutch last name I won't try to pronounce , is working on the aurochs. 來自荷蘭的亨利 嗯,我不會試著說他的荷文姓氏 在做歐洲野牛
Dutch:adj.荷兰的; n.荷兰人; v.费用平摊地; last name:n.姓;姓氏; pronounce:v.发音;读(音);正式宣布(或公布,授予等);
The aurochs is the ancestor of all domestic cattle, and so basically its genome is alive, it's just unevenly distributed . 歐洲野牛是所有被馴養牛種的祖先 所以牠的基因體還存在,只是不平均的散佈在不同品種裡
domestic:n.佣人;家佣;家庭纠纷;家庭矛盾;adj.本国的;国内的;家用的;家庭的; unevenly:adv.不均衡地;不平坦地;不平行地; distributed:adj.分布的;分散的;v.分发;分配;使分布(distribute的过去分词和过去式)
So what they're doing is working with seven breeds of primitive , hardy-looking cattle like that Maremmana primitivo on the top there to rebuild, over time, with selective back-breeding, the aurochs. 所以他們利用七個原始、強韌 和上圖原牛相似的品種 利用篩選性的繁殖 希望可以讓歐洲野牛重現
breeds:n.[生物]品种; v.繁殖; primitive:adj.原始的,远古的;简单的,粗糙的;n.原始人; selective:adj.选择性的;有选择的;认真挑选的;严格筛选的;
Now, re-wilding is moving faster in Korea than it is in America, and so the plan is, with these re-wilded areas all over Europe, they will introduce the aurochs to do its old job, its old ecological role, 現在野放在韓國推展得 比美國更為快速 所以我們計畫將野牛引進歐洲的野放區 讓牠們扮演原有的生態功能 牠們原本在生態系中扮演的角色
ecological:adj.生态的,生态学的;
of clearing the somewhat barren , closed-canopy forest so that it has these biodiverse meadows in it. 讓原本茂密森林下的貧脊土壤 重現多樣化的草原植被
somewhat:n.几分;某物;adv.有点;多少;几分;稍微; barren:n.不毛之地;adj.贫瘠的;不毛的;不结果实的;不育的; biodiverse:生物多类状态的;生物多样的; meadows:n.[畜牧]草地;[地理]草甸(meadow的复数);
Alberto worked with the bucardo in Spain. 阿貝圖在西班牙研究布卡多山羊
The last bucardo was a female named Celia who was still alive, but then they captured her, they got a little bit of tissue from her ear, they cryopreserved it in liquid nitrogen , released her back into the wild, but a few months later, she was found dead under a fallen tree. 最後一隻是名叫西麗亞的母羊 當研究員捕捉牠時牠還健在 當時他們從牠耳朵取得一小塊組織 並冷凍保存於液態氮中後 將牠野放 但數個月後發現牠被樹木壓死
captured:adj.捕获的;被俘的;v.捕获;占领;引起;(capture的过去式和过去分词) cryopreserved:冷藏保存的; nitrogen:n.氮;氮气; released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式)
They took the DNA from that ear, they planted it as a cloned egg in a goat, the pregnancy came to term, and a live baby bucardo was born. 他們利用牠耳朵中的 DNA 恢復成受精卵的形式並殖入山羊 當孕期結束 活生生的布卡多山羊就出生了
cloned:v.以无性繁殖技术复制;克隆;非法复制;(clone的过去分词和过去式) pregnancy:n.怀孕;丰富,多产;意义深长;
It was the first de-extinction in history. 這是歷史上第一個反滅絕的實例
(Applause) （掌聲）
It was short-lived . 但牠活的不久
short-lived:adj.短暂的,短期的;短命的;无常的;
Sometimes interspecies clones have respiration problems. 有時候跨種的複製會造成呼吸系統的問題
interspecies:n.种间(杂种); clones:n.无性繁殖系个体; v.复制(clone的单三形式); respiration:n.呼吸;呼吸作用;
This one had a malformed lung and died after 10 minutes, but Alberto was confident that cloning has moved along well since then, and this will move ahead, and eventually there will be a population of bucardos back in the mountains in northern Spain. 這隻肺臟發育不全的羊只存活了 10 分鐘 但阿貝圖對此深具信心 因為動物複製技術已有長足進步 未來終究會更加發達 他相信未來會有成群的布卡多山羊 重返西班牙北部的山區
malformed:adj.畸形的,难看的; confident:adj.自信的;确信的; cloning:n.克隆;v.无性繁殖(clone的现在分词); eventually:adv.最后,终于;
Cryopreservation pioneer of great depth is Oliver Ryder. 冷凍保存的先驅奧利弗．雷德
Cryopreservation:n.凝冰保藏;
At the San Diego zoo, his frozen zoo has collected the tissues from over 1,000 species over the last 35 years. 在聖地牙哥動物園中 他的冰凍園區在過去 35 年內 蒐集了超過 1 千種物種的組織
tissues:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;(tissue的复数)
Now, when it's frozen that deep, minus 196 degrees Celsius , the cells are intact and the DNA is intact. 當冰封在低溫 —— 攝氏 -196 度 細胞和其中的 DNA 都可以完整保存
minus:prep.减,减去;n.负号,减号;不足;负数;adj.减的;负的; Celsius:adj.摄氏的;n.摄氏度; intact:adj.完整的;原封不动的;未受损伤的;
They're basically viable cells, so someone like Bob Lanza at Advanced Cell Technology took some of that tissue from an endangered animal called the Javan banteng, put it in a cow, the cow went to term, and what was born was a live, healthy baby Javan banteng, who thrived and is still alive. 它們基本上都是能培養的細胞 先進細胞科技公司的鮑勃．蘭扎 從瀕臨絕種的爪哇野牛的冷凍組織中 取了一些殖入母乳牛 當母牛孕期屆滿 一隻健康的爪哇野牛寶寶就誕生了 牠仍健在,也在持續成長中
viable:adj.可行的;能养活的;能生育的; Advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) endangered:v.使遭危险;危及;危害;(endanger的过去分词和过去式) thrived:v.兴盛,繁荣(thrive的过去式和过去分词形式);
The most exciting thing for Bob Lanza is the ability now to take any kind of cell with induced pluripotent stem cells and turn it into germ cells, like sperm and eggs. 最讓鮑博興奮的是 現在可將任何細胞誘導成全能幹細胞 並將其分化成如精子、卵子 這類生殖細胞的技術
induced:adj.感应的;诱发型;v.引诱;说服(induce的过去分词); pluripotent:adj.多能(性)的; germ:n.[植]胚芽,萌芽;细菌;vi.萌芽; sperm:n.精子;精液;鲸蜡油;
So now we go to Mike McGrew who is a scientist at Roslin Institute in Scotland, and Mike's doing miracles with birds. 現在我們來介紹麥克．麥格羅 他是一位在蘇格蘭羅斯林研究所的科學家 麥克在鳥類上展現奇蹟
miracles:n.奇迹;奇人;不平凡的事;(miracle的复数)
So he'll take, say, falcon skin cells, fibroblast, turn it into induced pluripotent stem cells. 他會拿獵鷹的皮膚細胞,例如纖維母細胞 讓它恢復成全能幹細胞
falcon:n.[鸟]猎鹰;[鸟]隼;
Since it's so pluripotent, it can become germ plasm . 因為它具有全能性,所以也可分化成種質
plasm:n.血浆,乳浆;等离子体;
He then has a way to put the germ plasm into the embryo of a chicken egg so that that chicken will have, basically, the gonads of a falcon. 讓後他有種方法可以將種質 送入雞蛋的胚胎中 所以這隻雞將會長出 獵鷹的生殖腺
embryo:n.[胚]胚胎;胚芽;初期;adj.胚胎的;初期的; gonads:n.[解剖]生殖腺;内性器(gonad的复数);
You get a male and a female each of those, and out of them comes falcons . 當你把牠們湊成對後 就可以生出獵鷹了
falcons:n.[鸟]猎鹰;隼鹰队;猎鹰导弹(falcon的复数形式);
(Laughter) （笑聲）
Real falcons out of slightly doctored chickens. 從改造的雞生出獵鷹
slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地;
Ben Novak was the youngest scientist at the meeting. 本．諾瓦克是會議中最年輕的科學家
He showed how all of this can be put together . 他預見如何讓這些技術銜接在一起
put together:..放在一起;组合;装配;
The sequence of events: he'll put together the genomes of the band-tailed pigeon and the passenger pigeon, he'll take the techniques of George Church and get passenger pigeon DNA, the techniques of Robert Lanza and Michael McGrew, get that DNA into chicken gonads, 流程如下:他會先利用帶尾鴿 和旅鴿的基因體放在一起 再利用喬治．邱奇的技術 修復旅鴿的 DNA 羅伯特．蘭扎和麥克．麥格羅的技術 則可以將 DNA 送入雞的生殖腺
genomes:n.[遗]基因组(genome复数);
and out of the chicken gonads get passenger pigeon eggs, squabs , and now you're getting a population of passenger pigeons. 並生出旅鴿蛋、孵化成雛鴿 你就可得到旅鴿族群
squabs:n.雏鸟;矮胖子;adj.矮胖的;刚孵出的,羽毛未丰的;adv.沉重地;
It does raise the question of, they're not going to have passenger pigeon parents to teach them how to be a passenger pigeon. 這可能會有個問題: 沒有旅鴿親鳥 如何教導乳鴿成為一隻真正的旅鴿?
So what do you do about that? 你會怎麼解決這個問題？
Well birds are pretty hard-wired , as it happens, so most of that is already in their DNA, but to supplement it, part of Ben's idea is to use homing pigeons 還好大部份鳥類行為 都包還含在牠們的 DNA 裡 但為了保險起見,他提出一個想法: 利用信鴿
hard-wired:adj.[计]硬连线的,硬接线的; supplement:v.补充;增补;n.补遗;增补(物);补充(物);添加物;
to help train the young passenger pigeons how to flock and how to find their way to their old nesting grounds and feeding grounds. 教導年輕的旅鴿如何結隊飛行 並且找到原本築巢、 育幼的地方
There were some conservationists , really famous conservationists like Stanley Temple, who is one of the founders of conservation biology, an d Kate J ones from the IUCN, which does the Red List. 有一些保育學家 包含創立保育生物學 的著名科學家史坦利．鄧波 和 IUCN 負責編篡紅名單的凱特．瓊斯（IUCN:國際自然保護聯盟）
conservationists:n.自然资源保护论者;
They're excited about all this, but they're also concerned that it might be competitive with the extremely important efforts to protect endangered species that are still alive, that haven't gone extinct yet. 他們對此都非常振奮 但他們也擔心這會和 保護還存活的瀕臨絕種動物 這項重要工作 競爭資源
concerned:adj.有关的;关心的;v.关心;与…有关;(concern的过去时和过去分词) competitive:adj.竞争的;比赛的;求胜心切的; extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地;
You see, you want to work on protecting the animals out there. 你必須保護還存活著的動物
You want to work on getting the market for ivory in Asia down so you're not using 25,000 elephants a year. 為了避免每年 2.5 萬頭被獵殺的大象 你必須停止亞州的象牙交易
But at the same time , conservation biologists are realizing that bad news bums people out. 但同時保育生物學家也發現 壞消息使人喪氣
at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; bums:n.烧伤;游荡者(bum的复数);vt.勒索;索求;(bum的第三人称单数)
And so the Red List is really important, keep track of what's endangered and critically endangered, and so on. 所以即使負責追蹤 危險和瀕臨絕種動物的紅名單很重要
keep track of:记录;与…保持联系; critically:adv.精密地;危急地;批评性地;用钻研眼光地;
But they're about to create what they call a Green List, and the Green List will have species that are doing fine, thank you, species that were endangered, like the bald eagle , 但是他們也準備編纂綠名單 而綠名單會告訴你哪些物種現在過的很好 曾經瀕臨絕種的白頭鷹
bald eagle:(美)秃鹰(美国的国鸟);比喻秃头的政治家;
but they're much better off now, thanks to everybody's good work, and protected areas around the world that are very, very well managed. 因為大家的努力,現在牠們的狀況已經轉好 而各地的保育區 也都經營完善
So basically, they're learning how to build on good news. 所以他們現在也試著散佈好消息
And they see reviving extinct species as the kind of good news you might be able to build on. 而讓絕種生物復活 就是一個你會想得到的好消息
reviving:v.(使)苏醒,复活;使重做;重新上演;(revive的现在分词)
Here's a couple related examples. 這裡有幾個相關的例子:
Captive breeding will be a major part of bringing back these species. 人工繁殖培育是復育生物的重要環節
Captive:adj.被俘虏的;被迷住的;n.俘虏;迷恋者; breeding:n.繁殖;饲养;教养;再生;v.生产;培育;使…繁殖;(breed的现在分词)
The California condor was down to 22 birds in 1987. 加州神鷲在 1987 年僅剩 22 隻
condor:n.秃鹫,秃鹰;
Everybody thought is was finished. 大家都覺得牠們要消失了
Thanks to captive breeding at the San Diego Zoo, there's 405 of them now, 226 are out in the wild. 因為聖地牙哥動物園的人工繁殖培育 現在已有 405 隻,其中 226 隻已經野放
That technology will be used on de-extincted animals. 這項技術會被用在反滅絕復育的物種
Another success story is the mountain gorilla in Central Africa. 另外一個成功的故事是中非的巨猩
success story:n.获得巨大成功的人(或事物); gorilla:大猩猩
In 1981, Dian Fossey was sure they were going extinct. 在 1981 年黛安．弗西確信牠們要滅絕了
There were just 254 left. 牠們僅剩 254 隻
Now there are 880. They're increasing in population by three percent a year. 現在已經有 880 隻 並且逐年上升 3%
The secret is, they have an eco-tourism program, which is absolutely brilliant. 祕訣就在於他們推動生態旅遊計畫 這招很聰明
eco-tourism:n.生态旅游;生态旅游者; absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地;
So this photograph was taken last month by Ryan with an iPhone. 這張照片是上個月萊恩 用 iPhone 拍的
That's how comfortable these wild gorillas are with visitors. 野生巨猩在遊客前面顯得多麼自在
gorillas:n.[脊椎]大猩猩;暴徒(gorilla的复数);
Another interesting project, though it's going to need some help, is the northern white rhinoceros . 另外一個需要我們幫助的計畫 是關於北白犀牛
rhinoceros:n.[脊椎]犀牛;
There's no breeding pairs left. 牠們已經沒有能生育的配對了
But this is the kind of thing that a wide variety of DNA for this animal is available in the frozen zoo. 但是這種動物有多樣化的 DNA 保存於冷凍園區
variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化;
A bit of cloning, you can get them back. 只要做個複製,你就能把牠們救回來
So where do we go from here? 所以我們未來的方向是什麼？
These have been private meetings so far. 過去一直都是私人集會
I think it's time for the subject to go public. 我覺得應該讓大眾瞭解這個議題
What do people think about it? 大家會怎麼想呢？
You know, do you want extinct species back? 你們會想要讓救回絕種動物嗎？
Do you want extinct species back? 你們會嗎？
(Applause) （掌聲）
Tinker Bell is going to come fluttering down. 彼得潘的小叮噹已經翩翩降臨
Tinker:n.修补工;小炉匠,补锅匠,白铁匠;v.(尤指不起作用地)小修补,小修理; fluttering:v.(使)飘动,挥动,颤动;飞来飞去(flutter的现在分词)
It is a Tinker Bell moment, because what are people excited about with this? 現在正是彌補過去的時刻 大家為何感到興奮？
What are they concerned about? 他們關心什麼？
We're also going to push ahead with the passenger pigeon. 我們會先從旅鴿著手
So Ben Novak, even as we speak, is joining the group that Beth Shapiro has at UC Santa Cruz. 就在此時,本．諾瓦克 已和加大聖克魯分校的貝絲．夏皮羅合作
They're going to work on the genomes of the passenger pigeon and the band-tailed pigeon. 他們正在進行 旅鴿和帶尾鴿基因體的研究
As that data matures , they'll send it to George Church, who will work his magic, get passenger pigeon DNA out of that. 當研究結果成熟時,他們會交給喬治．邱奇 讓他展現魔法還原旅鴿 DNA
matures:成熟;
We'll get help from Bob Lanza and Mike McGrew to get that into germ plasm that can go into chickens that can produce passenger pigeon squabs that can be raised by band-tailed pigeon parents, 再藉由鮑博．蘭扎和麥克．麥格羅的幫助 將種質放進雞體內 讓牠們生下小旅鴿 再讓帶尾鴿將牠們撫養長大
and then from then on , it's passenger pigeons all the way, maybe for the next six million years. 繼續這樣下去,旅鴿就可以自行繁衍 或許牠們可在天空翱翔下個 60 萬年
from then on:从那时起
You can do the same thing, as the costs come down, for the Carolina parakeet, for the great auk , for the heath hen, for the ivory-billed woodpecker , for the Eskimo curlew , for the Caribbean monk seal, for the woolly mammoth . 當成本降低時 可以對卡羅萊納長尾鸚鵡、大海雀、 北美松雞、象牙喙啄木鳥、 愛斯基摩杓鷸、加勒比僧海豹、 和長毛象進行相同的復活程序
great auk:n.大海雀(类似企鹅,已灭绝); woodpecker:n.[鸟]啄木鸟; Eskimo:n.爱斯基摩人;爱斯基摩语;adj.爱斯基摩人的; curlew:n.麻鹬(一种鸟); Caribbean:adj.加勒比海的;加勒比人的;加勒比语的;n.加勒比海; monk:n.僧侣,修道士;和尚; woolly:adj.羊毛的;模糊的;似羊毛的;n.羊;毛织衣服; mammoth:n.长毛象;猛犸象;庞然大物;adj.巨大的,庞大的;猛犸似的;
Because the fact is, humans have made a huge hole in nature in the last 10,000 years. 事實如此 : 在過去的一萬年 人類讓自然缺了一角
We have the ability now, and maybe the moral obligation , to repair some of the damage. 而今我們有能力 或許也有義務去修復這些損害
moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的; obligation:n.义务;责任;职责;(已承诺的或法律等规定的)义务; repair:v.修理;修补;修缮;补救;n.修理;修补;修缮;
Most of that we'll do by expanding and protecting wildlands , by expanding and protecting the populations of endangered species. 我們大部份藉由擴展保育原生地 和藉由擴大並保護 瀕臨絕種的物種族群 來達成任務
expanding:v.扩大,增加,增强细谈;详述;(expand的现在分词) wildlands:n.荒地;
But some species that we killed off totally we could consider bringing back to a world that misses them. 但對某些物種而言 我們已經將牠們趕盡殺絕了 我們可以試著讓牠們復活 回到想念牠們的世界
Thank you. 謝謝大家
(Applause) （掌聲）
Chris Anderson: Thank you. 查理斯．安德森:謝謝你
I've got a question. 我有個問題
So, this is an emotional topic. Some people stand. 這是個感性的話題。有人支持
emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的;
I suspect there are some people out there sitting, kind of asking tormented questions, almost, about, well, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait a minute, there's something wrong with mankind interfering in nature in this way. 我相信也有些人 會有個苦惱的問題: 等一下, 人類不應該這樣 干預自然
suspect:n.犯罪嫌疑人;v.怀疑;不信任;adj.可疑的; tormented:v.使备受折磨;使痛苦;烦扰;戏弄;捉弄;(torment的过去分词和过去式) mankind:n.人类;男性; interfering:adj.管闲事的;v.干涉;干预;介入;(interfere的现在分词)
There's going to be unintended consequences . 這可能會有預期外的後果
unintended:adj.无意识的;非计划中的; consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数);
You're going to uncork some sort of Pandora's box of who-knows-what. Do they have a point? 你將打開潘朵拉的盒子 誰知道裡面裝了什麼。他們這樣說有道理嗎？
uncork:vt.泄漏;透露;发泄;拔去塞子;
Stewart Brand : Well, the earlier point is we interfered in a big way by making these animals go extinct, and many of them were keystone species, and we changed the whole ecosystem they were in by letting them go. 史都華．布蘭德:嗯,首先 是我們人類先干預自然,造成動物絕種 許多都是關鍵物種 讓牠們絕種的同時 我們也對生態系統造成衝擊
Brand:v.铭刻于,铭记;打烙印于;印…商标于;n.商标,牌子;烙印; interfered:v.干涉;干预;介入;(interfere的过去分词和过去式)
Now, there's the shifting baseline problem, which is, so when these things come back, they might replace some birds that are there that people really know and love. 最根本的問題是: 當我們把牠們復活時 牠們可能會取代現在在那裡的鳥類 而這些可能也是人類認識並喜愛的物種
shifting:adj.不断移动的;流动的;v.转移;赶快;快速移动;变换;(shift的现在分词) baseline:n.基线;底线;
I think that's, you know, part of how it'll work. 我想這個能給你們一個它發展方向的概念
This is a long, slow process -- 這是一個漫長且緩慢的過程
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
One of the things I like about it, it's multi-generation . 讓我興奮的昰,這需要好幾世代的努力
multi-generation:多联供;多代;
We will get woolly mammoths back. 我們可以將長毛象復活
mammoths:n.长毛象;猛犸象;庞然大物;adj.巨大的,庞大的;猛犸似的;
CA: Well it feels like both the conversation and the potential here are pretty thrilling . 查:我相信這場談話 和其潛力都很令人振奮
potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; thrilling:adj.惊心动魄的; v.使非常兴奋; (thrill的现在分词)
Thank you so much for presenting. SB: Thank you. 感謝你的演說史:謝謝
CA: Thank you. (Applause) 查:謝謝你們 （掌聲）