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StewartBrand_2009S-_关于环保的四个“异端观点”_
Because of what I'm about to say, 因为我等会谈论的议题的缘故
I really should establish my green credentials . 我想我必须首先讲述一下我的绿色情结
establish:v.创立;设立;建立;确立;使立足;查实; credentials:n.[管理]证书; v.得到信用;
When I was a small boy, I took my pledge as an American, to save and faithfully defend from waste the natural resources of my country. 当我还是一个小男孩,我承诺 作为一名美国人,要保护和忠实地捍卫 我国自然资源以免失去。
pledge:n.誓言;保证;抵押;抵押品;v.保证给予(或做);正式承诺;抵押; faithfully:adv.忠实地;如实地;诚心诚意地;深信着地; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数);
Its air, soil and minerals , its forests, waters and wildlife. 这包括空气,土壤,矿物资源,森林,水资源和野生动物。
minerals:n.矿物;矿产,矿产品(mineral的复数);矿物质;
And I've stuck to that. 我还坚持这一承诺。
Stanford, I majored in ecology and evolution . 在斯坦福大学,我主修生态学和生物进化学。
evolution:n.演变;进化;发展;渐进;
1968, I put out the Whole Earth Catalog . Was "mister natural" for a while . 1968年我创办了《地球目录》 一段时间我成了 “环保先生”。
Catalog:n.目录册;产品样本;学校便览;一览表;v.(为…)编目录;(把…)按目录分类; for a while:adv.片刻;暂时;一会儿;一时;
And then worked for the Jerry Brown administration. 然后就职于杰里布朗政府。
The Brown administration, and a bunch of my friends, basically leveled the energy efficiency of California. 布朗政府期间,我和一些朋友们 主要使加州能源效率平衡。
a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆; basically:adv.主要地,基本上; leveled:n.水平; adj.水平的; vi.瞄准; vt.使同等; efficiency:n.效率;效能;功效;
So it's the same now, 30 years later. 因此到现在,30年后,
Even though our economy has gone up 80 percent, per capita . 尽管我们的人均经济提高了百分之八十。
economy:n.经济;节约;理财; per capita:adj.每人的;人均的;
And we are putting out less greenhouse gasses than any other state. 但我们加州比任何其他州排放越来越少的温室气体。
greenhouse:n.温室;暖房;
California is basically the equivalent of Europe, in this. 在减少温室气体排放这点,加州基本上相当于欧洲。
equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的;n.等价物,相等物;
This year, Whole Earth Catalog has a supplement that I'll preview today, called Whole Earth Discipline . 今年,地球目录有一个补充,今天,我将 其称为“地球规则”。
supplement:v.补充;增补;n.补遗;增补(物);补充(物);添加物; preview:n.预览;试映;事先查看;vt.预览;预演;事先查看; Discipline:n.纪律;训练;自制力;风纪;v.训练;管教;惩罚;处罚;
The dominant demographic event of our time is this screamingly rapid urbanization that we have going on. 现在主要人口事件 是我们已经经历过的这种令人讶异的快速城市化 进程。
dominant:adj.显性的;占优势的;支配的,统治的;n.显性; demographic:adj.人口统计学的;人口学的; screamingly:adv.尖叫地;令人惊愕地; urbanization:n.都市化;文雅化;
By mid-century we'll be about 80 percent urban. 到本世纪中叶将有大约80%要城市化。
mid-century:世纪中叶;
And that's mostly in the developing world, where that's happening. 而这主要是在发展中世界 要发生的事情。
It's interesting. Because history is driven to a large degree by the size of cities. 有趣的是,在很大程度上 城市的大小往往也决定了历史的发展
The developing world now has all of the biggest cities. 现在最大的城市都在发展中国家
And they are developing three times faster than the developed countries. 他们的发展比发达国家的发展快3倍。
And nine times bigger. 规模是我们的9倍
It's qualitatively different. 这是有质的不同。
qualitatively:adv.定性地;从品质上讲;
They are the drivers of history, as we see by looking at history. 当我们回顾历史时,它们是历史转变的驱动力。
1,000 years ago this is what the world looked like. 一千年前的世界是什么样子。
Well we now have a distribution of urban power similar to what we had 1,000 years ago. 那么,我们现在有一个城市发展分布 类似于我们在1000年前城市分布。
distribution:n.分布;分配;分发;分销;
In other words, the rise of the West, dramatic as it was, is over. 换言之,西方的崛起, 尽管有如一出戏剧,但它已经结束了。
dramatic:adj.突然的;巨大的;令人吃惊的;激动人心的;
The aggregate numbers are absolutely overwhelming . 总人口数有压倒性的优势。
aggregate:vi.集合; vt.集合; n.合计; adj.聚合的; absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; overwhelming:adj.势不可挡的; v.压倒; (overwhelm的现在分词)
1.3 million people a week, coming to town, decade after decade. 每星期130万人来到城镇, 年复一年。
What's really going on? 到底是怎么回事？
Well, what's going on is the villages of the world are emptying out. 如今全球各地的村庄正变得荒芜起来
Subsistence farming is drying up basically. 农田没人管,因为人都迁移到了城市
Subsistence:n.生活;生存;存在;
People are following opportunity into town. 城市就是机会
And this is why. 就这么简单
I used to have a very romantic idea about villages, and it's because I never lived in one. 我曾经有一个关于村庄很浪漫的看法, 这是因为我从来没有在村庄居住过。
romantic:adj.浪漫的;爱情的;n.浪漫的人;耽于幻想的人;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Because in town -- 因为在城市 -
This is the bustling squatter city of Kibera, near Nairobi -- 这是熙熙攘攘的,寮屋搭建的基贝拉城 它靠近内罗毕 -
bustling:adj.熙熙攘攘的;忙乱的; squatter:n.蹲着的人;vi.涉水而过;
They see action. They see opportunity. 在城市,有活动,有机会。
They see a cash economy that they were not able to participate in back in the subsistence farm. 有现金经济交易,使得人们不愿回归到 仅能维持生计的农业耕作上
participate:v.参加;参与;
As you go around these places there's plenty of aesthetics . 去到那些地方,你会发现很多美丽的景象
aesthetics:n.美学;美的哲学;
There is plenty going on. 还有很多事情发生。
They are poor, but they are intensely urban. And they are intensely creative . 他们是穷人,但他们高度城市化,而且他们有很强的创造性。
intensely:adv.强烈地;紧张地;热情地; creative:adj.创造性的;
The aggregate numbers now are that basically squatters , all one billion of them, are building the urban world. 现在总人口数 基本是住寮屋的人, 他们中10亿人口正在建设他们的城市世界,
squatters:蹲着的人; (squatter的名词复数);
Which means they're building the world. 也意味着他们正在建设新世界。
Personally , one by one , family by family, clan by clan, neighborhood by neighborhood. 那是一种人与人的连结,一个接一个,一个家庭接一个家庭, 家族联系着家族,左邻右舍的。
Personally:adv.个人;亲自;本人;就本人而言; one by one:一个接一个; clan:n.家族;庞大的家族;宗派;帮派; neighborhood:n.附近;地区;街坊;adj.附近的;
They start flimsy and they get substantial as time goes by. 他们开始举步维艰,随着时间的推移,他们取得实质性进展。
flimsy:adj.脆弱的;浅薄的;易损坏的;不周密的;n.薄纸;复写纸;打字纸; substantial:adj.大量的;实质的;内容充实的;n.本质;重要材料;
They even build their own infrastructure . 他们甚至建立起他们自己的基础设施。
infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造;
Well, steal their own infrastructure, at first. 首先,偷盗他们的基础设施,
Cable TV, water, the whole gamut , all gets stolen. 有线电视,水,整个范围,所有都被侵占,
Cable:n.电缆; v.打电报; (用锚链,缆索等)系住; gamut:n.全音阶;全音域;整个范围;
And then gradually gentrifies. 然后逐渐修复改善。
gradually:adv.渐渐地;逐步地;
It is not the case that slums undermine prosperity . 贫民窟破坏繁荣,情况实际不是这样。
slums:n.贫民,[经]贫民区(slum的复数); v.到贫民窟去; undermine:vt.破坏,渐渐破坏;挖掘地基; prosperity:n.繁荣,成功;
Not the working slums, they help create prosperity. 贫民窟的工作反而帮助创造繁荣。
So in a town like Mumbai, which is half slums, it's 1/6th of the GDP of India. 孟买,这个城市有一半的城市贫民区, 但那里却创造了印度国内生产总值的六分之一。
Social capital in the slums is at its most urban and dense . 贫民窟的社会资本是高度城市化和最密集的。
dense:adj.稠密的;浓厚的;愚钝的;
These people are valuable as a group. 贫民窟里的人作为一个整体是最有价值的
valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品;
And that's how they work. 这也正是他们的组织形式
There is a lot of people who think about all these poor people, "Oh there's terrible things. We've got to fix their housing." 谈及贫民窟,很多人会想到 “哦,那里太糟糕了。我们必须解决他们的住房问题。”
It used to be, "Oh we've got to get them phone service." 还有“哦,我们得让他们有电话服务。”
Now they're showing us how they do their phone service. 现在,他们向我们展示他们是如何做电话服务的。
Famine mostly is a rural event now. 现在饥荒大多是农村的事情。
Famine:n.饥荒; rural:adj.农村的,乡下的;田园的,有乡村风味的;
There are things they care about. 贫民窟的居民关心的是这些事情。
And this is where we can help. 而这正是我们可以帮助的方面。
And the nations they're in can help. 政府也可以提供帮助。
And they are helping each other solve these issues . 这样互相帮助,就可以解决类似问题。
issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数)
And you go to a nice dense place like this slum in Mumbai. 你去一个像孟买这样的密集贫民区。
You look at that lane on the right. 你看关于右边的道路。
lane:n.车道;小巷;泳道;胡同;
And you can ask, "Okay what's going on there?" 你会问:“那会发生什么？”
The answer is, "Everything." 答案是,“一切都在发生。”
This is better than a mall. It's much denser . 这比一个商场好得多。它的密度大的多。
denser:adj.密集的; (dense的比较级)
It's much more interactive . 它更互动。
interactive:adj.合作的;相互影响的;互相配合的;交互式的;n.交互式视频设备;
And the scale is terrific . 规模惊人。
scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; terrific:adj.极好的;极其的,非常的;可怕的;
The main event is, these are not people crushed by poverty . 关键是,人们不是被贫困折磨,
crushed:v.压坏;压伤;挤压变形;(crush的过去分词和过去式) poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣;
These are people busy getting out of poverty just as fast as they can. 而是人们忙于拼命要摆脱贫困 尽他们所能,越快越好。
They're helping each other do it. 他们互相帮助做到这一点。
They're doing it through an outlaw thing, the informal economy. 他们通过非法去做的事情, 称为非正规经济。
outlaw:n.歹徒; vt.宣布…为不合法; informal:adj.非正式的;不拘礼节的;通俗的;日常使用的;
The informal economy, it's sort of like dark energy in astrophysics . 非正规经济,它好比在天体物理学里的暗能量。
astrophysics:n.天体物理学;
It's not supposed to be there, but it's huge. 这本不应该有的,但它是巨大的。
supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式)
We don't understand how it works yet. But we have to. 我们还不明白它是如何运作的。但我们必须理解。
Furthermore , people in the informal economy, the gray economy, as time goes by, crime is happening around them. And they can join the criminal world. 此外,非正规经济, 或称灰色经济 里头的人 久而久之,也有可能走向犯罪。要么加入黑社会
Furthermore:adv.此外;而且;
Or they can join the legitimate world. 要么进入正常的法治社会
legitimate:adj.合法的;正当的;合理的;正统的;v.使合法;认为正当(等于legitimize);
We should be able to make that choice easier for them to get toward the legitimate world. 我们应该可以帮助他们 使得她们更容易走进法治社会
Because if we don't, they will go toward the criminal world. 因为如果我们不这样做,他们将成为黑社会的一员
There's all kinds of activity. 这会有多种活动影响。
In Dharavi the slum performs not only a lot of services for itself, but it performs services for the city at large. 在达拉维贫民窟不仅有 很多为自己的服务, 还为整个城市提供服务。
performs:v.执行;表演;演出;履行(perform的第三人称单数)
And one of the main events are these ad-hoc schools. 主要活动之一是这些特设学校。
ad-hoc:na.特别是;特别的;
Parents pool their money to hire some local teachers to a private, tiny, unofficial school. 家长集合钱去聘请一些地方教师 到一所小的,私人的,非官方学校教书。
unofficial:adj.非官方的;非正式的;
Education is more possible in the cities. And that changes the world. 在城市,教育是更有可能的,并改变了世界。
So you see some interesting, typical , urban things. 所以你看到一些有趣的,典型的,城市的东西。
typical:adj.典型的;特有的;象征性的;
So one thing slammed up against another, such as in Sao Paulo here. 贫民窟和富人区分别开来, 例如在圣保罗这里。
slammed:v.(使…)砰地关上;使劲一推;猛烈抨击;(slam的过去分词和过去式)
That's what cities do. That's how they create value, is by slamming things together. 这就是城市所创造的价值, 有机地融合起来。
slamming:v.(使…)砰地关上;使劲一推;猛烈抨击;(slam的现在分词)
In this case, supply right next to demand. 在这种情况下,供应需求紧密相连。
So the maids and the gardeners and the guards that live in this lively part of town on the left walk to work, in the boring , rich neighborhood. 就如,在这个城市左边,有着活生生的生活。 这里生活的女佣、园丁和警卫人员 步行到一个枯燥,富有的邻居家工作。
gardeners:n.花匠;园丁;园艺爱好者;(gardener的复数) boring:adj.无聊的;令人厌烦的;n.钻孔;v.使厌烦;钻孔;(bore的现在分词)
Proximity is amazing. 邻近性是惊人的。
Proximity:n.接近,[数]邻近;接近;接近度,距离;亲近;
We are learning about how dense proximity can be. 我们正在研究这密集邻近性。
Connectivity between the city and the country is what's going to keep the country good. 城市和国家之间的邻近连接, 会使国家变好趋于完善。
Connectivity:n.[数]连通性;
Because the city has interesting ways of doing things. 因为城市有很多有趣方法。
This is what makes cities -- 这可以使城市--
(Applause) （鼓掌）
This is what makes cities so green in the developing world. 这可以使发展中世界的城市变得更加绿色环保。
Because people leave the poverty trap , an ecological disaster of subsistence farms, and head to town. 因为人们要摆脱贫困陷阱,一个赖以生存的农业生态灾难 而奔往城市。
poverty trap:n.贫困的牢笼(即使找到工作也依旧贫困,因为政府补贴相应减少); ecological:adj.生态的,生态学的; disaster:n.灾难,灾祸;不幸;
And when they're gone the natural environment starts to come back very rapidly. 而当他们离开农村后,自然环境 开始很快恢复。
And those who remain in the village can shift over to cash crops to send food to the new growing markets in town. 而那些留在乡村的人可以用金钱买卖作物 送食物到新兴增长的城市市场。
shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换;
So if you want to save a village, you do it with a good road, or with a good cellphone connection. And ideally some grid electrical power. 所以,如果你想保留一个村庄,你得有良好的道路, 或有好的手机连接信号。最好配有一些电网电力。
cellphone:n.蜂窝式便携无线电话;大哥大; ideally:adv.理想地;观念上地; grid:n.网格;格子,栅格;输电网; electrical:adj.有关电的;电气科学的;
So the event is, we're a city planet. That just happened. 我们都在地球城市生活。这情况转变
More than half. 已超过一半城市化。
The numbers are considerable . A billion live in the squatter cities now. 这些数字是相当大的。 现在10亿人生活在城市的寮屋。
considerable:adj.相当大的;重要的,值得考虑的;
Another billion is expected. 未来还将有10亿人要搬到城市
That's more than a sixth of humanity living a certain way. 这超过六分之一的人们以他们的方式生活着。
humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
And that will determine a lot of how we function. 这将影响很大。
determine:v.决定;确定;测定;查明;形成;影响;裁决;安排;
Now, for us environmentalists , maybe the greenest thing about the cities is they diffuse the population bomb. 现在,对于我们这些环保主义者来说, 也许城市最环保的一点就是城市使得人口炸弹延迟引爆
environmentalists:n.环保人士;环保主义者;(environmentalist的复数形式) diffuse:adj.弥漫的;散开的;v.扩散;传播;漫射;
People get into town. 人们进入城市。
The immediately have fewer children. 马上就想到不去生那么多孩子。
They don't even have to get rich yet. Just the opportunity of coming up in the world means they will have fewer, higher-quality kids, and the birthrate goes down radically . 他们甚至还没有富起来。要在城市求得生存 就意味着少生优生 出生率于是急剧下降
radically:adv.根本上;彻底地;以激进的方式;
Very interesting side effect here, here's a slide from Phillip Longman. 还有其他有趣的副作用在发生 这是菲利普朗曼的一个幻灯片,
side effect:n.副作用;附带后果;
Shows what is happening. 显示正在发生的事情。
As we have more and more old people, like me, and fewer and fewer babies. 当我们有越来越多的老人和我一样, 越来越少的孩子出生。
And they are regionally separated. 它们是区域分开的。
regionally:adv.地域性地,地方地;
What you're getting is a world which is old folks, and old cities, going around doing things the old way, in the north. 你会看到 在北半球,都是些老人、老城市 在按照传统的方式来生活
And young people in brand new cities they're inventing, doing new things, in the south. 而在发展中世界的新兴城市,年轻人们在创新, 做些新鲜事情。
brand new:adj.崭新的;最近获得的;
Where do you think the action is going to be? 你认为这些转变将在哪发生？
Shift of subject. Quickly drop by climate. 我要转移话题了。简单谈谈气候。
The climate news, I'm sorry to say, is going to keep getting worse than we think, faster than we think. 我很抱歉地说,气候的消息比我们想象的恶化得厉害, 比我们所认为的变化快。
Climate is a profoundly complex , nonlinear system, full of runaway positive feedbacks , hidden thresholds and irrevocable tipping points. 气候是深刻复杂的,非线性系统, 尽是失控的正反馈, 隐藏的阈值和不可逆转的临界点。
profoundly:adv.深刻地;深深地;极度地; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; nonlinear:adj.非线性的; runaway:adj.逃亡的;逃走的;n.逃跑;逃走的人; positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片; feedbacks:n.回馈; thresholds:n.阈值;[建]门槛;临界值值(threshold的复数); irrevocable:adj.不可改变的;不能取消的;不能挽回的; tipping:n.倾卸台;adj.倾翻的;倾卸的;v.使倾斜;轻拍;踮起脚走(tip的现在分词);
Here's just a few samples. 这有些例子。
We're going to keep being surprised. And almost all the surprises are going to be bad ones. 我们会很惊讶。几乎所有的 惊讶都是坏消息。
From your standpoint this means great increase in climate refugees , over the coming decades. 从政府的立场来考虑,这意味着 在未来几十年 气候移民将大幅增加
standpoint:n.立场;观点; refugees:n.避难者;逃亡者;难民;(refugee的复数)
And what goes along with that, which is resource wars and chaos wars, as we're seeing in Darfur . 随之而来的是资源的战争 和混乱的战争, 就如我们在达尔富尔所看到的。
chaos:n.混沌,混乱; Darfur:n.达尔富尔(苏丹地名);
That's what drought does. 这就是干旱造成的战争。
drought:n.干旱;缺乏;
It brings carrying capacity down. 承载能力随之下降。
capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力;
And there's not enough carrying capacity to support the people. And then you're in trouble. 没有足够的承载能力 支持该国人民。然后人们就有麻烦了。
Shift to the power situation. 好,我们再谈谈能源问题。
Baseload electricity is what it takes to run a city, or a city planet. 基荷电力是使得一个城市 或一个城市星球运转。
electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪;
So far there is only three sources of baseload electricity, coal, some gas, nuclear and hydro . 到目前为止,只有三种基荷电力资源, 煤炭来源,一些石油, 核能和水力发电。
nuclear:adj.原子能的;[细胞]细胞核的;中心的;原子核的; hydro:n.水疗院;
Of those, only nuclear and hydro are green. 其中,仅核能和水力发电是绿色环保的。
Coal is what is causing the climate problems. 煤炭是造成气候问题的原因。
And everyone will keep burning it, because it's so cheap, until governments make it expensive. 因为它是如此便宜,除非政府提高燃煤发电的价格 否则每个人都会继续使用煤炭燃烧生电。
Wind and solar can't help, because so far we don't have a way to store that energy. 风能和太阳能帮助不大,因为到目前为止,我们没有办法存储这些能量。
So with hydro maxed out, coal, and lose the climate, or nuclear, which is the current operating low-carbon source, and maybe save the climate. 于是水力发电不能成为主要考虑的途径 用煤电就会破坏气候, 或者核能,这是当前可操作的低碳源, 或许可以拯救气候。
maxed:v.最大化(max的过去式和过去分词) low-carbon:adj.低碳(的),含碳低的;低碳;
And if we can eventually get good solar in space, that also could help. 如果我们最终可以很好的应用太阳能, 这也可以帮助。
eventually:adv.最后,终于;
Because remember, this is what drives the prosperity in the developing world in the villages and in the cities. 请记住,这可以推动发展中世界的乡村和城市 走向繁荣
So, between coal and nuclear, compare their waste products. 那么,就煤炭和核能之间, 比较它们的废弃物。
compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较;
If all of the electricity you used in your lifetime was nuclear, the amount of waste that would be added up would fit in a Coke can. 如果你一直都使用核能发电, 废弃物的数量加起来 将等同于一罐可乐。
Whereas a coal-burning plant, a normal one gigawatt coal plant, burns 80 rail cars of coal a day. 而一个燃煤电厂, 一个普通的,1千兆瓦的燃煤发电厂,每天燃烧80节煤炭轨道车。
Whereas:conj.然而;鉴于;反之; coal-burning:adj.燃煤的; gigawatt:n.千兆瓦;十亿瓦特;
Each car having 100 tons. 每节车厢有100吨。
And it puts 18 thousand tons of carbon dioxide in the air. 它向空气中排放1.8万吨 二氧化碳。
carbon dioxide:二氧化碳;
So and then when you compare the lifetime emissions of these various energy forms, nuclear is about even with solar and wind. 因此,当你就这些不同能源形式一生的排放量 比较一下 核电和太阳能和风能大致一样,
emissions:n.(光、热、气等的)发出,排放;排放物;散发物;(emission的复数)
And ahead of solar. 核能还领先于太阳能。
Oh, I'm sorry. With hydro and wind, and ahead of solar. 噢,对不起。还有水电能和风能,领先于太阳能。
And does nuclear really compete with coal? 核电能可以和煤电能竞争吗？
compete:v.竞争;对抗;参加比赛(或竞赛);
Just ask the coal miners in Australia. 仅问问澳大利亚的煤矿工人就知道了。
miners:n.[矿业]矿工(miner的复数);煤矿工人;
That's where you see some of the source, not from my fellow environmentalists, but from people who feel threatened by nuclear power . 这就是你们所看到的资源信息, 而不是从我的环保同事, 而是从那些感受到核电威胁的矿工那得知。
nuclear power:na.核大国;
Well the good news is that the developing world, but frankly, the whole world, is busy building, and starting to build, nuclear reactors . 那么好消息是, 发展中世界,坦率地说,整个世界, 是忙于建设,并开始建造核反应堆。
reactors:n.[化工]反应器(reactor的复数);反应者;
This is good for the atmosphere . 这利于气候,
atmosphere:n.大气;气氛;气压;风格;
It's good for their prosperity. 也利于繁荣。
I want to point out one interesting thing, which is that environmentalists like the thing we call micropower. 我想指出一个有趣的事情, 那就是环保人士喜欢称之为微型反应堆的东西。
It's supposed to be, I don't know, local solar and wind and cogeneration, and good things like that. 我不太确定,据说是当地太阳能和风能和热电联供发电 之类的东西。
But frankly micro-reactors which are just now coming on, might serve even better. 但坦率地说现在刚开始有的微型反应堆 可能被更好地应用。
The Russians, who started this, are building floating reactors, for their new passage, where the ice is melting , north of Russia. 在俄国北部,那里的冰融化,有了新通道 俄罗斯人开始在那建设浮动核反应堆
melting:adj.感人的;v.(使)熔化,融化;(melt的现在分词)
And they're selling these floating reactors, only 35 megawatts , to developing countries. 他们向发展中国家卖这些 只有35兆瓦浮动核反应堆
megawatts:n.百万瓦特(megawatt的复数);
Here's the design of an early one from Toshiba. 下面是东芝早期的设计。
It's interesting, say, to take a 25-megawatt, 25 million watts, and you compare it to the standard big iron of an ordinary Westinghouse or Ariva, which is 1.2, 1.6 billion watts. 这个很有趣,比如,它采取了25兆瓦, 2千5百万瓦特, 拿它和一般威斯汀豪斯或Ariva派的标准大铁块反应堆 比较一下 它们通常是12亿到16亿瓦特
standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的;
These things are way smaller. They're much more adaptable . 这些就小得多,并且非常容易安装
adaptable:adj.适合的;能适应的;可修改的;
Here's an American design from Lawrence Livermore Lab. 这是美国劳伦斯利弗莫尔实验室的设计。
Here's another American design that came out of Los Alamos , and is now commercial . 这还有美国洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室开始研制另一款设计, 现在它已经商业化。
Alamos:n.偶氮磷; commercial:adj.贸易的;商业的;赢利的;以获利为目的的;n.(电台或电视播放的)广告;
Almost all of these are not only small, they are proliferation proof . 几乎所有这些不仅仅是小,并且可以避免核扩散的发生
proliferation:n.增殖,扩散;分芽繁殖; proof:n.证据;证实;adj.能抵御;可防护;
They're typically buried in the ground. 他们通常被埋在地下。
typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地;
And the innovation is moving very rapidly. 创新发展非常迅速。
innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法;
So I think microreactors is going to be important for the future. 所以我认为在未来微反应堆变得重要。
In terms of proliferation, nuclear energy has done more to dismantle nuclear weapons than any other activity. 在核扩散方面, 核能发电事实上有助于核武器的消解 其他办法都比不上这个
nuclear energy:n.核能;原子能; dismantle:v.拆开,拆卸;(逐渐)废除,取消;
And that's why 10 percent of the electricity in this room, 20 percent of electricity in this room is probably nuclear. 这就是在这个会议室有百分之十 甚至百分之二十的电力 可能是核电。
Half of that is coming from dismantled warheads from Russia. 其中一半是来自俄罗斯拆除的核弹头。
dismantled:v.拆开,拆卸;(逐渐)废除,取消;(dismantle的过去分词和过去式) warheads:na.弹头;(warhead的复数)
Soon to be joined by our dismantled warheads. 不久也会有我们拆除的核弹头。
And so I would like to see the GNEP program, that was developed in the Bush administration, go forward aggressively . 我想看到布什政府积极推进的 全球核能源合作计划能够继续推进
Bush:n.灌木; v.以灌木装饰; adj.如灌木般长得低矮的; aggressively:adv.侵略地;攻击地;有闯劲地;
And I was glad to see that president Obama supported the nuclear fuel bank strategy when he spoke in Prague the other week. 我也很高兴看到奥巴马总统前几周 在布拉格讲到 他支持核燃料银行的战略
nuclear fuel:n.核燃料; strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略; Prague:n.布拉格(前捷克斯洛伐克首都);
One more subject. Genetically engineered food crops, in my view, as a biologist , have no reason to be controversial . 再说另一个话题,就是转基因食品 作为一个生物学家,以我的观点, 转基因食品作物不会引起争议。
Genetically:adv.从遗传学角度;从基因方面; biologist:n.生物学家; controversial:adj.有争议的;有争论的;
My fellow environmentalists, on this subject, have been irrational , anti-scientific, and very harmful. 我的环保同行在这个问题上, 变得非理性,反科学的,那是十分有害的
irrational:adj.不合理的;无理性的;荒谬的;n.[数]无理数;
Despite their best efforts, genetically engineered crops are the most rapidly successful agricultural innovation in history. 尽管他们尽了最大努力, 转基因农作物是历史上 最迅速发展成功的农业创新。
Despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; agricultural:adj.农业的;农艺的;
They're good for the environment because they enable no-till farming, which leaves the soil in place, getting healthier from year to year. 他们有利于环境的保护,因为它们免去了翻土的耕作 使得土壤年复一年 变得更加肥沃。
enable:v.使能够;使有机会;使成为可能;使可行; no-till:免耕;
Also keeps less carbon dioxide going from the soil into the atmosphere. 也不断减少二氧化碳从土壤中排放 到大气。
They reduce pesticide use. 它们减少了农药的使用,
pesticide:n.杀虫剂;
And they increase yield . Which allows you to have your agricultural area be smaller. 还增加产量 在面积比较小的土地上就收获很多的粮食。
yield:n.产量;产出;利润;v.屈服;让步;放弃;提供;
And therefore more wild area is freed up. 以致于让更多野外土地回归自然。
By the way , this map from 2006 is out of date because it shows Africa still under the thumb of Greenpeace , and Friends of the Earth from Europe. 顺便说一下,2006年这张地图 已经过时。但它显示 受绿色和平组织 和欧洲地球之友控制下的非洲。
By the way:顺便说一下; out of date:adj.过时的; under the thumb of:受...的压制; Greenpeace:n.绿色和平组织(保护动物不遭捕猎等);
And they're finally getting out from under that. 他们最终摆脱那些控制。
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
And biotech is moving rapidly in Africa, at last. 最后,生物技术正快速在非洲发展。
biotech:abbr.生物技术;生物科技(biotechnology);
This is a moral issue. 这是一个道德问题。
moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的;
The Nuffield Council on Bioethics met on this issue twice in great detail and said it is a moral imperative to make genetically engineered crops readily available. 纳菲尔德生物伦理会议 就这个问题详细讨论,并召开两次会议, 并表示这是一个道德责任, 并使转基因作物随时可应用。
Council:n.(市、郡等的)政务委员会;市政(或地方管理)服务机构; Bioethics:n.生物伦理学; imperative:adj.重要紧急的; n.重要紧急的事; readily:adv.容易地;乐意地;无困难地;
Speaking of imperatives , geoengineering is taboo now, especially in government circles, though I think there was a DARPA meeting on it a couple of weeks ago. 要讲到紧要事情,人工气候改造是一个禁忌话题 特别是在政府内部 但我知道就在几个星期前,美国国防高级研究规划局还为此开了一个会
imperatives:n.祈使句;命令句;adj.必要的,紧急的;命令的; geoengineering:地质工程;岩土工程; taboo:n.禁忌;禁止;adj.禁忌的;忌讳的;vt.禁忌;禁止; especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分;
But it will be on your plate, not this year but pretty soon. 但地球工程是事关你的事情, 不是今年,但很快就会发生。
Because some harsh realizations are coming along. 因为一些严峻的事实随之显现出来。
harsh:adj.严厉的;严酷的;刺耳的;粗糙的;刺目的;
This is a list of them. 这是其中的一个清单。
Basically the news is going to keep getting more scary. 事实上所知的会越来越可怕。
There will be events, like 35,000 people dying of a heat wave, which happened a while back. 将有一系列事件, 如前阵子发生 35000人死于热浪
Like cyclones coming up toward Bangladesh. 又如袭击孟加拉国的龙卷风。
cyclones:n.[气象]旋风;[化工]旋风分离器(cyclone的复数);
Like wars over water, such as in the Indus. 还有水灾 例如印度河水患。
And as those events keep happening we're going to say, "Okay, what can we do about that really?" 由于这些事件不断发生, 我们可能会说,“好吧,我们到底能做些什么呢？”
But there's this little problem with geoengineering. 但这是地球工程的小问题。
What body is going to decide? 哪一个机构来做出决定
Who gets to engineer? How much they do. Where they do it. 工程师是谁？他们做什么？他们在哪做？
Because everybody is downstream , downwind of whatever is done. 因为不管这一气候改造工程结果如何 我们每个人到都将深受其影响
downstream:adv.下游地;顺流而下;adj.下游的;顺流的; downwind:adv.顺风;在下风;adj.顺风的;
And if we just taboo it completely we could lose civilization . 如果我们要完全将此作为禁忌话题的话 人类文明也有可能走向灭亡
civilization:n.文明;文明社会;文明世界;(特定时期和地区的)社会文明;
But if we just say "OK, 但假如我们说,“好吧
China, you're worried, you go ahead. 中国,你要是担心的话,你先行动。
You geoengineer your way. We'll geoengineer our way. 你们的地球工程有你们的方式。我们有我们自己的。
That would be considered and act of war by both nations. 这就好比两国间的战争行为。
So this is very interesting diplomacy coming along. 接下来是非常有趣的外交对话。
diplomacy:n.外交;外交手腕;交际手段;
I should say, it is more practical than people think. 我要说,这比人们想象的要更为实际
practical:adj.实际的;真实的;客观存在的;n.实习课;实践课;
Here is an example that climatologists like a lot. 气候学家很关注下面的例子。
climatologists:n.气候学家;
One of the dozens of geoengineering ideas. 许多地球工程点子中的一个,
This one came from the sulfur dioxide from Mount Pinatubo in 1991. 1991年,皮纳图博火山喷发, 所喷出的二氧化硫
sulfur:vt.用硫磺处理;n.硫磺;硫磺色; Mount:n.山;坐骑;山峰;衬纸板;v.登上;爬上;攀登;准备;
Cooled the earth by half a degree. 使得地球的温度降低了摄氏半度。
There was so much ice in 1992, the following year, that there was a bumper crop of polar bear cubs who were known as the Pinatubo cubs. 第二年1992年,很多的冰 才使北极熊幼仔丰产, 它们取名皮纳图博北极熊宝宝。
bumper:adj.丰盛的,丰富的;n.缓冲器,保险杆,减震物;vt.装满;为…祝酒;vi.干杯; polar bear:n.北极熊;白熊; cubs:n.(美)小熊; v.(野兽)生仔; adj.没经验的; (cub的复数)
To put sulfur dioxide in the stratosphere would cost on the order of a billion dollars a year. 向平流层中排放二氧化硫 每年将花费10亿美元成本
stratosphere:n.同温层;最上层;最高阶段;
That's nothing, compared to all of the the other things we may be trying to do about energy. 相对于我们有关能源可能要做的所有事情, 这真不算什么。
compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
Just to run by another one, this is a plan to brighten the reflectance of ocean clouds, by atomizing seawater . 另一个应用的例子 计划是靠雾化海水 使海洋云层反射更加活跃
brighten:vi.明亮;变亮;活跃;快乐高兴;vt.使闪亮;使生辉;使快乐高兴; atomizing:adj.雾化的;粉化的;n.雾化作用;粉化作用; seawater:n.海水;
That would brighten the albedo of the whole planet. 这将影响整个地球的反照率。
albedo:n.(行星等的)反射率;星体反照率;
A nice one, because it can happen lots of little ways in lots of little places, is by copying the ancient Amazon indians who made good agricultural soil by pyrolizing, smoldering , plant waste. 因为它可以 在许多很小的地方以很多不同方式发生 一个好例子是仿照古代亚马逊印第安人 通过热分解,不完全燃烧,植物废料 使农业土壤更肥沃
Amazon:亚马逊;古希腊女战士; smoldering:n.闷烧,阴燃;adj.(情绪)郁积的(smoder的变形);
And biochar fixes large quantities of carbon while it's improving the soil. 生物炭替代大量的碳 从而改善土壤。
biochar:生物炭;生物碳;生物质炭; quantities:n.数量;数目;大量;大宗;(quantity的复数) improving:v.改进;改善;(improve的现在分词)
So here is where we are. 这是我们的准则。
Nobel Prize-winning climatologist Paul Crutzen calls our geological era the Anthropocene, the human-dominated era. We are stuck with its obligations . 诺贝尔奖得主气候学家保罗克鲁岑 呼吁我们的地质时代 人类世/人类纪元, 以人为本的时代。我们都认同 这一准则。
Prize-winning:获奖的; geological:adj.地质的,地质学的; obligations:n.[法]义务;债务;承付款项(obligation的复数);
In the Whole Earth Catalog, my first words were, "We are as Gods, and might as well get good at it." 在《地球目录》的第一句话是: “我们就像上帝一样,我们也许真的能做得像上帝那么棒。”
might as well:不妨,何妨;还是…的好;
The first words of Whole Earth Discipline are, "We are as Gods, and have to get good at it." 现版本《地球纪律》的第一句话是: “我们就是上帝,我们必须做好这个角色。”
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （鼓掌）