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StevenWise_2015-_黑猩猩有感情和思想_－_他们也该拥有法律上的权利！_
I'd like to have you look at this pencil. 请大家看看这支铅笔 －
It's a thing. It's a legal thing. 它是「法律上的物品」;
legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的;
And so are books you might have or the cars you own. 你们拥有的书本和汽车也一样,
They're all legal things. 它们全都是「法律上的物品」。
The great apes that you'll see behind me, they too are legal things. 你们即将在我背后屏幕上所看到漂亮的黑猩猩, 牠们也是法律上的物品;
apes:n.[脊椎]猿;猩猩;类人猿(ape的复数);v.模仿;仿效(ape的三单形式);
Now, I can do that to a legal thing. 此时此刻我可以对法律上的物品做这种事,
I can do whatever I want to my book or my car. 我可以随意对我的书、车子做任何事。
These great apes, you'll see. 你们在萤幕上所看到这些漂亮的黑猩猩,
The photographs are taken by a man named James Mollison who wrote a book called "James Other Apes." 照片是写出「詹姆士以及其他黑猩猩」的詹姆士．莫里森所拍下来的,
And he tells in his book how every single one them,almost every one of them, is an orphan who saw his mother and father die before his eyes. 他在书中讲诉牠们之中的每单只、几乎每一只, 都是看着爸爸、妈妈在眼前死去的孤儿,
orphan:adj.孤儿的;无双亲的;n.孤儿;vt.使成孤儿;
They're legal things. 牠们是法律上的物品！
So for centuries, there's been a great legal wall that separates legal things from legal persons. 好几个世纪以来一直有道法律高墙 区隔开「法律上的物品」和「法律上的常人」,
On one hand , legal things are invisible to judges. 墙的一边 －「法律上的物品」对法官来说就像空气一样,
On one hand:一方面; invisible:adj.看不见的;n.看不见的人或物;
They don't count in law. 它们在法律里不算数,
They don't have any legal rights. 它们不具有任何法律所赋予权利、
They don't have the capacity for legal rights. 没有资格得到该权利 －
capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力;
They are the slaves. 牠们是奴隶！
On the other side of that legal wall are the legal persons. 墙的另一边是「法律上的常人」,
On the other side:另一面;在另一边;
Legal persons are very visible to judges. 「法律上的常人」对法官来说是具体的、
They count in law. 在法律里是算数的;
They may have many rights. 他们可能拥有多项权利、
They have the capacity for an infinite number of rights. 有取得无数权利的能力,
infinite:adj.无限的,无穷的; n.无限;
And they're the masters. 而且他们是主子！
Right now, all nonhuman animals are legal things. 此时此刻全部的非人类动物都是法律上的物品、
nonhuman:adj.非人类的;
All human beings are legal persons. 所有人类都是「法人」;
But being human and being a legal person has never been, and is not today, synonymous with a legal person. 不过成为常人而且是法人, 从来不曾是、在今天也不是与法人有相同涵义的,
synonymous:adj.同义的;同义词的;同义突变的;
Humans and legal persons are not synonymous. 人类不等同法人！
On the one side, there have been many human beings over the centuries who have been legal things. 高墙的一边 长达好几个世纪以来有许多人类 一向都是法律上的物品,
Slaves were legal things. 奴隶是法律上的物品、
Women, children, were sometimes legal things. 女人、孩童有时候也是法律上的物品。
Indeed, a great deal of civil rights struggle over the last centuries has been to punch a hole through that wall and begin to feed these human things through the wall and have them become legal persons. 确确实实长达过去好几个世纪以来大量的民权抗争 已经在这道高墙上打穿了一个洞,而且开始把这些人送过高墙去, 把他们变成了法人。
a great deal of:大量; civil rights:na.公民权; punch:n.冲床; v.拳打; (用打孔器等)打孔;
But alas , that hole has closed up. 唉呀！不过那个洞已被关上了,
alas:int.唉(表悲伤,遗憾,恐惧,关切等等);
Now, on the other side are legal persons, but they've never only been limited to human beings. 墙的另一边是法人, 但是他们从来不是只局限于人类,
limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式)
There are, for example, there are many legal persons who are not even alive. 例如有许多法人甚至不是活着的东西。
In the United States,we're aware of the fact that corporations are legal persons. 在美国我们都清楚公司是法人的事实;
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) corporations:n.[贸易]公司,[经]企业(corporation的复数形式);
In pre-independence India,a court held that a Hindu idol was a legal person, that a mosque was a legal person. 在独立前的印度有个法庭认定一尊印度神像是法人、 一间清真寺是法人,
pre-independence:前依赖; Hindu:adj.印度的;印度教的;n.印度人;印度教教徒; idol:n.偶像,崇拜物;幻象;谬论; mosque:n.清真寺;
In 2000, the Indian Supreme Court held that the holy books of the Sikh religion was a legal person, and in 2012, just recently , there was a treaty between the indigenous peoples of New Zealand 在 2000 年时印度最高法院 裁定锡克教的圣典是法人; 而就在最近的 2012 年 纽西兰原住民和君权政府之间的公约
Supreme Court:最高法院; recently:adv.最近;新近; treaty:n.条约,协议;谈判; indigenous:adj.本土的;土著的;国产的;固有的; Zealand:西兰岛(丹麦最大的岛)
and the crown , in which it was agreed that a river was a legal person who owned its own riverbed . 认可了一条河流是法人, 它拥有着自己的河床。
crown:王冠 riverbed:n.河床;
Now, I read Peter Singer's book in 1980, when I had a full head of lush , brown hair, and indeed I was moved by it, because I had become a lawyer because I wanted to speak for the voiceless , defend the defenseless , 我在 1980 年时拜读过「彼得．辛格」的着作, 当时我有着满头茂盛的棕发, 而深深被这本书感动, 因为我成为律师就是为了来替弱势者出声、 为无力辩护的人来辩护;
lush:adj.丰富的,豪华的;苍翠繁茂的;vi.喝酒;n.酒;酒鬼;vt.饮; speak for:要求得到;代表…讲话; voiceless:adj.无声的;清音的;沉默的; defenseless:adj.无防备的;
and I'd never realized how voiceless and defenseless the trillions , billions of nonhuman animals are. 而我从来不知道有多如牛毛的非人类动物 是没有声音的、无力辩护的,
trillions:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿;
And I began to work as an animal protection lawyer. 于是我开始当护守动物权利的律师。
And by 1985, I realized that I was trying to accomplish something that was literally impossible, the reason being that all of my clients , all the animals whose interests I was trying to defend, were legal things; they were invisible. 到了 1985 年我意识到自己正尝试在做某种 根本不可能成功的事, 理由就是我的所有客户 － 所有我正在捍卫其权利的动物 都是法律上的物品、被当成空气一般！
accomplish:v.完成;实现;达到; literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: clients:n.委托人;当事人;客户机;(client的复数)
It was not going to work, so I decided that the only thing that was going to work was they had, at least some of them, had to also be moved through a hole that we could open up again in that wall 这根本行不通的,因此我做出决定 唯一的方法是牠们必须 － 至少有些动物 － 也得一样穿过我们在法律高墙上再度打开的孔洞,
and begin feeding the appropriate nonhuman animals through that hole onto the other side of being legal persons. 开始将合适的非人类动物送过这孔洞 去到身为法人的另一边去。
appropriate:adj.适当的;恰当的;v.占用,拨出;
Now, at that time, there was very little known about or spoken about truly animal rights , about the idea of having legal personhood or legal rights for a nonhuman animal, and I knew it was going to take a long time. 在那时候后有关实切动物的权力 所知不多、谈论也少, 有关于让非人类动物拥有法人身分或是法律上之权力的概念, 因此我知道这条路很漫长。
animal rights:n.动物权益(指获得善待,如不能猎杀或用于医学研究); personhood:n.做人;人格;个性;
And so, in 1985, I figured that it would take about 30 years before we'd be able to even begin a strategic litigation , long-term campaign, in order to be able to punch another hole through that wall. 所以在 1985 年时我以为会花上三十年的时间, 我们才会有办法几乎发起一桩策略性诉讼、长期抗争, 为了能够在法律的高墙上打穿另一个洞,
strategic:adj.战略上的,战略的; litigation:n.诉讼;起诉; long-term:adj.长期的;从长远来看;
It turned out that I was pessimistic , that it only took 28. 结果证明我太悲观了 －这只花了 28 年。
pessimistic:adj.悲观的,厌世的;悲观主义的;
So what we had to do in order to begin was not only to write law review articles and teach classes, write books, but we had to then begin to get down to the nuts and bolts of how you litigate that kind of case. 为了要开始我们必须做的不只是 写写法律评论文章、开课或出书而已, 而且我们得接着开始认真专注于 要如何提起争讼的具体细节。
law review:法学评论; get down to:开始认真考虑;着手处理; bolts:n.[机]螺栓;[机]螺钉(bolt的复数);膨胀锚钉;角钢螺丝;毛边书; litigate:vt.在法庭相争;提出诉讼;vi.对簿法庭;
So one of the first things we needed to do was figure out what a cause of action was, a legal cause of action. 因此首要之事里面有一件便是厘清事由 － 法律上的诉讼事由,
And a legal cause of action is a vehicle that lawyers use to put their arguments in front of courts. 诉讼事由是律师在法官面前 用来表达论点的方法。
vehicle:n.[车辆]车辆;工具;交通工具;运载工具;传播媒介;媒介物;
It turns out there's a very interesting case that had occurred almost 250 years ago in London called Somerset vs. Stewart, whereby a black slave had used the legal system and had moved from a legal thing to a legal person. 结果有个非常值得玩味的案子, 发生在约 250 年前的伦敦,被称做「桑莫塞特与史都华争讼」, 藉此一位黑人奴隶利用了司法的体制 从法律上的东西转变成为法人！
occurred:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;(occur的过去分词和过去式) whereby:adv.凭借;通过…;借以;与…一致;
I was so interested in it that I eventually wrote an entire book about it. 我对该案件深感兴趣,我最终还为此写了一整本书。
eventually:adv.最后,终于;
James Somerset was an eight-year-old boy when he was kidnapped from West Africa. 詹姆斯．桑默塞特在西非遭到绑架时年仅八岁,
He survived the Middle Passage, and he was sold to a Scottish businessman named Charles Stewart in Virginia . 他熬过了「中央航线」, 以及在维吉尼亚州被卖给一名苏格兰商人查尔斯．史都华。
Virginia:adj.弗吉尼亚州的;
Now, 20 years later, Stewart brought James Somerset to London, and after he got there, James decided he was going to escape. 20 年后查尔斯带着詹姆斯去到伦敦, 到伦敦后詹姆斯便决定要脱逃。
And so one of the first things he did was to get himself baptized , because he wanted to get a set of godparents , because to an 18th-century slave, they knew that one of the major responsibilities of godfathers was to help you escape. 所以他所做的第一件事便是受洗, 目的是为了得到一对教父、母; 对一个十八世纪的奴隶来说 他们知道教父的一个重责大任就是幫助你脱逃。
baptized:adj.受洗礼的;v.施洗礼;使经受考验;给…名称;(baptize的过去分词); godparents:n.教父或教母;
And so in the fall of 1771, 而在 1771 年的秋天,
James Somerset had a confrontation with Charles Stewart. 詹姆斯和查尔斯起了冲突,
confrontation:n.对抗;面对;对质;
We don't know exactly what happened, but then James dropped out of sight . 我们也不知道到底是发生了什么事,不过后来詹姆斯消失不见了。
out of sight:看不见;在视野之外;在看不见的地方;
An enraged Charles Stewart then hired slave catchers to canvass the city of London, find him, bring him not back to Charles Stewart, but to a ship, the Ann and Mary, that was floating in London Harbour , and he was chained to the deck , and the ship was to set sail for Jamaica where James was to be sold in the slave markets 盛怒的查尔斯随后雇用了猎奴人 查访伦敦市, 找出他、带他回泊留在伦敦港的「安与玛莉号」船上 而非带回给查尔斯; 而且他被链锁在甲板上, 该船预定要航向牙买加, 在那里詹姆斯即将在奴隶市场被卖掉,
enraged:v.使异常愤怒;激怒;触怒;(enrage的过去分词和过去式) catchers:n.捕手,捕捉者;接球手; canvass:vt.细究;彻底检查;向…拉票或拉生意;vi.游说;拉选票;n.讨论;细查;劝诱; Harbour:n.港口;港湾;(海)港;v.窝藏;怀有;包含;藏有; deck:n.甲板;舱面;层面;一副(为52张);v.装饰;打扮;布置;用力击倒; Jamaica:n.牙买加(拉丁美洲一个国家);
and be doomed to the three to five years of life that a slave had harvesting sugar cane in Jamaica. 他被注定了奴隶在牙买加会有的日子三到五年里 不停收割甘蔗。
doomed:adj.注定的;命定的;v.使…注定失败(doom的过去分词和过去式) sugar cane:n.甘蔗;
Well now James' godparents swung into action. 不错,当下詹姆斯的教父、母迅速有所行动,
They approached the most powerful judge, 找上了最权威的法官 －
approached:v.走近;临近;探讨;建议;(approach的过去分词和过去式)
Lord Mansfield, who was chief judge of the court of King's Bench, and they demanded that he issue a common law writ of habeus corpus on behalf of James Somerset. 「曼斯菲尔德」大法官,其为「王座法庭」的首席法官。 他们代表詹姆士要求他签发人身保护令普通法传票。
Lord:n.(英国)贵族,大人,大臣;v.使成贵族;作威作福; issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行; common law:adj.习惯法的,根据习惯法的; writ:n.[法]令状;文书;法院命令; corpus:n.[计]语料库;文集;本金; on behalf of:代表;为了;
Now, the common law is the kind of law that English-speaking judges can make when they're not cabined in by statutes or constitutions , and a writ of habeus corpus is called the Great Writ,capital G, capital W, and it's meant to protect any of us who are detained against our will. 普通法是当未被法令或是宪法所纳入 英语系国家的法官可以制订法条的法律; 而人身保护令传票叫做「大令状」, 旨在保护我们谁违反自身意愿遭受拘禁的任何人。
cabined:adj.被关进狭窄场所的;有船室的;网络释义:狭窄的;拘束的; statutes:n.议会立法,章程(statute复数形式); constitutions:构成; detained:v.拘留;扣押;留住;阻留;(detain的过去分词和过去式)
A writ of habeus corpus is issued . 一旦人身保护令传票被签发,
issued:v.宣布;公布;发出;将…诉诸法律;(issue的过去分词和过去式)
The detainer is required to bring the detainee in and give a legally sufficient reason for depriving him of his bodily liberty . 拘禁人受命带来受拘禁者到庭上 并且给出剥夺其身体自由在法律上的充分理由。
detainer:n.继续监禁令,非法留置;挽留者; detainee:n.未判决囚犯;被扣押者; sufficient:adj.足够的;充分的; depriving:v.剥夺;使丧失;使不能享有;(deprive的现在分词) bodily:adv.整体地;亲自地;以肉体形式;adj.身体的;肉体的; liberty:n.自由;许可;冒失;
Well, Lord Mansfield had to make a decision right off the bat , because if James Somerset was a legal thing, he was not eligible for a writ of habeus corpus, only if he could be a legal person. 好了,曼斯菲尔德大法官必须即刻做出决定, 因为詹姆士是「法律上的物品」 他不合乎于人身保护令传票的用途, 除非他可以是个法人。
right off the bat:立刻,立即;马上; eligible for:合格;够资格;
So Lord Mansfield decided that he would assume , without deciding, that James Somerset was indeed a legal person, and he issued the writ of habeus corpus, and James's body was brought in by the captain of the ship. 所以曼斯菲尔德大法官决定 －他将会假定而不是裁定 詹姆斯确实是个法人, 他签发了人身保护令传票,詹姆士人就被该船船长带来法庭上。
assume:v.承担;假定;采取;呈现;
There were a series of hearings over the next six months. 接下来六个月内有一连串的听证会。
series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书;
On June 22, 1772, Lord Mansfield said that slavery was so odious , and he used the word "odious," 1772 年 6 月 22 日曼斯菲尔德大法官直言奴隶制度是如此丑恶, 他用了「丑恶」这个字眼,
slavery:n.奴隶制;奴隶身份;蓄奴;adj.流口水的;被口水弄脏的; odious:adj.可憎的;讨厌的;
that the common law would not support it, and he ordered James free. 这下普通法不会再助长它的,他发出释放詹姆士的命令。
At that moment, James Somerset underwent a legal transubstantiation . 在那一刻詹姆斯经历了法律上的转形,
underwent:v.经验;遭遇(undergo的过去式); transubstantiation:n.变质;改变;圣餐变体论;
The free man who walked out of the courtroom looked exactly like the slave who had walked in, but as far as the law was concerned , they had nothing whatsoever in common. 走出法庭这个自由的男人 看起来和走进法庭的奴隶完全相像, 不过就法律层面而言他俩已经没有任何相同之处了。
courtroom:n.法庭;审判室; as far as:至于…; concerned:adj.有关的;关心的;v.关心;与…有关;(concern的过去时和过去分词) whatsoever:pron.无论什么;
The next thing we did is that the Nonhuman Rights Project, which I founded, then began to look at what kind of values and principles do we want to put before the judges? 我所成立的 「非人类权利专案」所做的下一件事情是 接着开始着眼于我们想放在法官面前的是 什么样的价值观和原则,
principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数)
What values and principles did they imbibe with their mother's milk, were they taught in law school, do they use every day, do they believe with all their hearts -- and we chose liberty and equality. 哪些价值观和原则对他们来说再自然不过？ 在法学院里有上过？每天都会用到？他们打从心底相信？ 而我们选中「自由」和「平等」。
imbibe:vt.吸收,接受;喝;吸入;
Now, liberty right is the kind of right to which you're entitled because of how you're put together , and a fundamental liberty right protects a fundamental interest. 如今自由之权是那种 因为你的外观所被赋予的权利, 而基本的自由权保护基本的利益。
entitled:v.使享有权利;使符合资格;给…命名;(entitle的过去分词和过去式) put together:..放在一起;组合;装配; fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的;
And the supreme interest in the common law are the rights to autonomy and self-determination . 普通法至高的利益 是自主和自决的权力。
autonomy:n.自治,自治权; self-determination:n.民族自决;自我决定;
So they are so powerful that in a common law country, if you go to a hospital and you refuse life-saving medical treatment , a judge will not order it forced upon you, because they will respect your self-determination and your autonomy. 所以这两种权利非常强大, 在普通法国家要是你进了医院而拒绝了保命的医疗救治, 法官不会下令使其强加于你身上, 因为他们会尊重你的自决和自主权。
life-saving:n.救生;adj.救生的; treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;
Now, an equality right is the kind of right to which you're entitled because you resemble someone else in a relevant way, and there's the rub , relevant way. 平等权是那种因为你很某人在有关方面 看起来很相像而你所被赋予的权利, 这里有一个关卡 － 相关方面;
resemble:v.看起来像;显得像;像; relevant:adj.相关的;切题的;中肯的;有重大关系的;有意义的,目的明确的; rub:n.擦;抹;搓;揉;v.擦;磨;搓;(使)相互磨擦;
So if you are that, then because they have the right, you're like them, you're entitled to the right. 所以要是你是那样,然后因为他们有权利、你和他们相像, 你就被赋予了该权力。
Now, courts and legislatures draw lines all the time. 如今法院和立法机构不时划分出界限,
legislatures:n.立法机关(legislature的复数);
Some are included, some are excluded . 有些人被包含在内、有些人排除在外。
excluded:v.排除;拒绝;把…除外;驱除;(excluded是exclude的过去分词)
But you have to, at the bare minimum you must -- that line has to be a reasonable means to a legitimate end. 但是在最低限度你一定要、你得要 － 那条线对合法性的目标来说得要是合理的方式,
bare:adj.空的;赤裸的,无遮蔽的;v.露出,使赤裸; minimum:n.最低限度;最小值;最少量;极小量;adj.最低的;最小的;最低限度的; reasonable:adj.合理的,公道的;通情达理的; legitimate:adj.合法的;正当的;合理的;正统的;v.使合法;认为正当(等于legitimize);
The Nonhuman Rights Project argues that drawing a line in order to enslave an autonomous and self-determining being like you're seeing behind me, that that's a violation of equality. 「非人类权利专案」据理说明:画出一条线 就为了宰制像你所看到在我背后萤幕上 有自主和自决力的生物, 那是违背了平等权。
enslave:v.使成为奴隶;奴役;使受控制;征服; autonomous:adj.自治的;自主的;自发的; violation:n.违反;妨碍,侵害;违背;强奸;
We then searched through 80 jurisdictions , it took us seven years, to find the jurisdiction where we wanted to begin filing our first suit. 然后我们找遍80个司法管辖区, 花费了七年的时间, 找出我们要提出第一个诉案的司法管辖地,
jurisdictions:n.司法管辖区;行政辖区(jurisdiction的复数);
We chose the state of New York. 我们选择了纽约。
Then we decided upon who our plaintiffs are going to be. 然后我们选定了谁将会是原告
plaintiffs:n.原告;起诉人;(plaintiff的复数)
We decided upon chimpanzees , not just because Jane Goodall was on our board of directors, but because they, Jane and others, have studied chimpanzees intensively for decades. － 黑猩猩, 不仅因为「珍．古德」当时是我们董事会的成员, 更是因为珍和其他人 已经扎实地研究黑猩猩几十年了。
chimpanzees:n.[脊椎]黑猩猩(chimpanzee的复数);
We know the extraordinary cognitive capabilities that they have, and they also resemble the kind that human beings have. 我们已经知道黑猩猩具有惊人的认知能力、 他们的身体构造也和人类相像,
extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的; cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的;
And so we chose chimpanzees, and we began to then canvass the world to find the experts in chimpanzee cognition . 所以我们选择了黑猩猩;之后我们开始到世界处探问, 要找出黑猩猩认知研究的专家,
cognition:n.认识;知识;认识能力;
We found them in Japan, Sweden, Germany, Scotland, England and the United States, and amongst them, they wrote 100 pages of affidavits in which they set out more than 40 ways in which their complex cognitive capability , either individually or together, all added up to autonomy and self-determination. 我们在日本、瑞典、德国、苏格兰、英格兰和美国找到这些人, 这些人之中写了 100 页的书面证词, 里面列出了40多种研究方法, 其中他们错综复杂的认知力 单独也好、共同也罢, 全都提升了自主和自决力。
amongst:prep.在…之中;在…当中(等于among); affidavits:n.宣誓书(affidavit的复数); complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; capability:n.才能,能力;性能,容量; individually:adv.个别地,单独地;
Now, these included, for example, that they were conscious . 举例来说现在这些纳进来的这些非人类动物是有意识的,
conscious:adj.意识到的;故意的;神志清醒的;
But they're also conscious that they're conscious. 而且他们也能意识到自己是有意识的;
They know they have a mind. They know that others have minds. 他们知道自己有心智、他们知道其他黑猩猩有心智;
They know they're individuals , and that they can live. 他们知道自己是个体、而且能够过日子;
individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
They understand that they lived yesterday and they will live tomorrow. 他们知道自己昨天活着,而且明天还会活着;
They engage in mental time travel. They remember what happened yesterday. 他们进行心灵的时光之旅,他们记得昨天发生过的事情、
engage:v.吸引,占用;使参加;雇佣;使订婚;预定;
They can anticipate tomorrow, which is why it's so terrible to imprison a chimpanzee, especially alone. 他们能够预测明天。 这是为什么关住一只黑猩猩,尤其是单独一只有多么骇人;
anticipate:v.预期,期望;占先,抢先;提前使用; imprison:vt.监禁;关押;使…下狱; especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分;
It's the thing that we do to our worst criminals, and we do that to chimpanzees without even thinking about it. 这是我们对罪大恶极的人犯所作之事, 而我们对黑猩猩们做这檔事连想都没有想过这点！
They have some kind of moral capacity. 牠们具有某种良知本能,
moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的;
When they play economic games with human beings, they'll spontaneously make fair offers, even when they're not required to do so. 牠们和人类进行经济活动时, 牠们会自动地做出对等的提案,尽管没人要求牠们这么做。
economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; spontaneously:adv.自发地;自然地;不由自主地;
They are numerate . They understand numbers. 牠们会算数的 － 牠们瞭解数字、
numerate:v.数点;计算;读(数);adj.识数的;有计算能力的;
They can do some simple math. 他们能做一些简单的数学运算;
They can engage in language -- or to stay out of the language wars, they're involved in intentional and referential communication in which they pay attention to the attitudes of those with whom they are speaking. 牠们可以进行或是避免语言的争战; 他们投入于本意的以及指射性的沟通, 在沟通中会留意牠们正在讲话之对象的态度;
involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) intentional:adj.故意的;蓄意的;策划的; pay attention to:注意 attitudes:n.态度,看法(attitude复数);
They have culture. 他们有文化 －
They have a material culture, a social culture. 有实物的文化、社会的文化、
They have a symbolic culture. 还有象征含意的文化。
symbolic:adj.象征的;符号的;使用符号的;
Scientists in the Ta? Forests in the Ivory Coast found chimpanzees who were using these rocks to smash open the incredibly hard hulls of nuts. 科学家在象牙海岸的塔伊国家森林 发现正在用石头敲开果壳 异常坚硬之核果的黑猩猩,
smash:v.粉碎; n.破碎; adj.了不起的; incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; hulls:n.[植]外壳(hull的复数);可控点;v.[粮食]去壳(hull的第三人称单数);
It takes a long time to learn how to do that, and they excavated the area and they found that this material culture, this way of doing it, these rocks, had passed down for at least 4,300 years through 225 chimpanzee generations. 这花了很长的一段时间来学如何做到, 他们挖掘了该地区而发现这个实物文化, 这样子做事的方法, 这些石头已经传承下来至少 4,300 年, 经历了 225 代的黑猩猩。
excavated:v.发掘;挖掘(excavate的过去式,过去分词);
So now we needed to find our chimpanzee. 所以我们需要找出我们的黑猩猩原告,
Our chimpanzee,first we found two of them in the state of New York. 首先我们在纽约找到两只,
Both of them would die before we could even get our suits filed. 两只都会在我们第一次提交诉讼之前就死掉;
Then we found Tommy. 后来我们找到了「汤米」,
Tommy is a chimpanzee. You see him behind me. 汤米是一只黑猩猩,大家看牠就在我背后的萤幕上,
Tommy was a chimpanzee. We found him in that cage. 汤米当初是一只黑猩猩,我们在笼子裏找到了牠,
We found him in a small room that was filled with cages in a larger warehouse structure on a used trailer lot in central New York. 我们在一个塞满笼子的小房间里发现他的, 就在纽约中央曾经用来当拖车场的一间大型仓储建物里。
warehouse:n.仓库,货栈;货仓; structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造;
We found Kiko, who is partially deaf. 我们还找到了「济科」,他有一边的耳朵聋掉了。
partially:adv.部分地;偏袒地;
Kiko was in the back of a cement storefront in western Massachusetts. 济科当时在麻省西部一排水泥邻街店铺的后方;
cement:n.水泥;(干燥后硬化的)水泥;胶合剂;胶接剂;v.加强;胶合; storefront:n.[贸易]店面;店头;
And we found Hercules and Leo. 我们找到了「赫裘里斯」和「李奥」。
Hercules:n.力士;大力神;武仙座;
They're two young male chimpanzees who are being used for biomedical , anatomical research at Stony Brook . 他们是两只年轻的雄性黑猩猩, 他们正在石溪大学接受生物医学、解剖学的研究,
biomedical:adj.生物医学的; anatomical:adj.解剖的;解剖学的;结构上的; Stony:adj.无情的;多石的;石头的; Brook:v.忍受;容忍;n.小溪;小河;
We found them. 我们发现了牠俩。
And so on the last week of December 2013, the Nonhuman Rights Project filed three suits all across the state of New York using the same common law writ of habeus corpus argument that had been used with James Somerset, and we demanded that the judges issue these common law writs of habeus corpus. 然后在 2013 年 12 月的最后一周, 「非人类权利专案」在全纽约提交了三起诉讼, 利用一样曾经用在詹姆士．桑莫塞特案子的 一般法人身保护令传票, 我们要求法官签发普通法人身保护令传票。
writs:[法]令状;
We wanted the chimpanzees out, and we wanted them brought to Save the Chimps , a tremendous chimpanzee sanctuary in South Florida which involves an artificial lake with 12 or 13 islands -- there are two or three acres where two dozen chimpanzees live on each of them. 我们想要救出这些黑猩猩, 想让牠们被送去「拯救黑猩猩」, 那是一个在南佛罗里达州极棒的黑猩猩庇护地, 包括了一个有着 12、3 个小岛的人工湖, 小岛面积为二到三亩,每个小岛上住着二十四只的黑猩猩。
Chimps:n.(非洲的)黑猩猩; tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的; sanctuary:n.避难所;至圣所;耶路撒冷的神殿; involves:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加,加入(involve的第三人称单数) artificial:adj.人造的;仿造的;虚伪的;非原产地的;武断的;
And these chimpanzees would then live the life of a chimpanzee, with other chimpanzees in an environment that was as close to Africa as possible. 这些黑猩猩将会过上黑猩猩的生活, 与其他的黑猩猩在一个尽可能接近西非的环境,
Now, all these cases are still going on. 至今所有的案件仍在审理中,
We have not yet run into our Lord Mansfield. 我们尚未巧遇到我们的曼斯菲尔德大法官,
We shall. We shall. 我们应该会碰到的,
This is a long-term strategic litigation campaign. We shall. 这是一场长期战略性的诉讼战役,我们应该会碰上的啦。
And to quote Winston Churchill , the way we view our cases is that they're not the end, they're not even the beginning of the end, but they are perhaps the end of the beginning. 引用「温斯顿．邱吉尔」的说法 , 我们看待自己诉案的方式 －它们并非是个结束, 甚至不是结束的开端, 不过它们也许是一个开端的结束。
quote:v.引用;报价;举例说明;开价;为(企业的股份)上市;n.引用; Churchill:n.邱吉尔(英国政治家及作家);
Thank you. 谢谢大家！
(Applause) （掌声）