StevenPinker.2012-.理性的长期效应.；TED演讲稿

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StevenPinker_2012-_理性的长期效应_
["Rebecca Newberger Goldstein"]	丽贝卡· 纽伯格· 戈德斯坦
["Steven Pinker"]	史迪芬·平克
["The Long Reach of Reason"]	理智的边际
Cabbie : Twenty-two dollars. Steven Pinker: Okay.	的哥:22块。史迪芬·平克:好的。
Cabbie:n.出租马车车夫,[公路]出租汽车司机;
Rebecca Newberger Goldstein: Reason appears to have fallen on hard times:	丽贝卡· 纽伯格· 戈德斯坦:理性已经遇到了多重障碍:
Popular culture plumbs new depths of dumbth and political discourse has become a race to the bottom.	流行文化朝着愚昧的新深度去探索而政治言论已成为一场走下坡路的比赛。
plumbs:vt.使垂直; n.垂直; v.恰恰,正; vi.当管子工; adj.垂直的; discourse:n.论述;谈话;演讲;vi.演说;谈论;讲述;vt.说出;演奏出;
We're living in an era of scientific creationism, 9/11 conspiracy theories, psychic hotlines , and a resurgence of religious fundamentalism .	我们生活在一个科学创世说的时代, 9/11密谋论,超自然的热线电话, 以及信仰原教旨主义的复苏。
scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; conspiracy:n.阴谋;共谋;阴谋集团; psychic:adj.精神的;心灵的;灵魂的;超自然的;n.灵媒;巫师; hotlines:n.热线电话;(政府首脑间)直接联系(的途径);(hotlines是hotline的复数); resurgence:n.复活;再现;再起; religious:adj.宗教的;虔诚的;严谨的;修道的;n.修道士;尼姑; fundamentalism:n.原教旨主义;基要主义;
People who think too well are often accused of elitism , and even in the academy , there are attacks on logocentrism, the crime of letting logic dominate our thinking.	那些想法太丰富的人往往都被指责为精英主义者, 即使在学术界, 标志中心主义也遭受攻击, 逻辑思维被定义为犯罪。
accused:v.控告;控诉;谴责;(accuse的过去分词和过去式) elitism:n.精英主义;杰出人物统治论; academy:n.学院;研究院;学会;专科院校; logic:n.逻辑;逻辑学;逻辑性;adj.逻辑的; dominate:vt.控制;支配;占优势;在…中占主要地位;vi.占优势;处于支配地位;
SP: But is this necessarily a bad thing?	史迪芬·平克:但这个一定就是件坏事吗？
necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地;
Perhaps reason is overrated .	或许理性有点被高估了。
overrated:v.对…评价过高;高估;(overrate的过去分词和过去式)
Many pundits have argued that a good heart and steadfast moral clarity are superior to triangulations of overeducated policy wonks , like the best and brightest and that dragged us into the quagmire of Vietnam.	许多权威专家都说一颗善良的心和一个坚定的道德准则胜过去顺从那些受太多教育的政策书呆子, 就好像那些将我们带入了越南的沼泽地的所谓的最优秀和最聪明的人。
pundits:权威(pundit的复数); steadfast:adj.坚定的;不变的; moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的; clarity:n.清楚,明晰;透明; superior:n.上级;上司;adj.(在品质上)更好的;占优势的;更胜一筹的; overeducated:vt.使接受过多教育; policy:n.政策,方针;保险单; wonks:n.书呆子;刻苦用功的学生; quagmire:n.沼泽,沼泽地;无法脱身的困境;
And wasn't it reason that gave us the means to despoil the planet and threaten our species with weapons of mass destruction ?	那不是就是给我们方法让我们破坏地球用杀伤性武器来威胁我们种族的原因吗？
despoil:vt.掠夺,剥夺;夺取; species:n.[生物]物种;种类; mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集; destruction:n.破坏,毁灭;摧毁;
In this way of thinking, it's character and conscience , not cold-hearted calculation, that will save us.	以这种思维方法来看,拯救我们的将是个性和良心, 而不是冷血的计算。
conscience:n.道德心,良心; cold-hearted:adj.冷酷的;冷酷之心;冷血;冰凉的心;
Besides , a human being is not a brain on a stick.	此外,一个人的头脑包含的不仅仅是智慧。
Besides:adv.此外;而且;prep.除…之外;
My fellow psychologists have shown that we're led by our bodies and our emotions and use our puny powers of reason merely to rationalize our gut feelings after the fact.	我的同事心理学家指出我们不但受身体和情绪控制, 而且依赖我们弱小的理性力量仅仅为了将事实后的直觉合理化。
psychologists:n.[心理]心理学家(psychologist的复数形式); emotions:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;(emotion的复数) puny:adj.弱小的;微不足道的;微小的; merely:adv.仅仅,只不过;只是; rationalize:vt.使…合理化;使…有理化;为…找借口;vi.实行合理化;作辩解;合理地思考; gut:n.勇气;肠道;内脏;v.损毁内部;取出…的内脏;adj.非理性的;本能的
RNG: How could a reasoned argument logically entail the ineffectiveness of reasoned arguments?	丽贝卡:“一个理性的争论又怎么可能逻辑性地产生理性争论的无效性？
logically:adv.逻辑上;合乎逻辑; entail:vt.使需要,必需;承担;遗传给;蕴含;n.引起;需要;继承; ineffectiveness:n.无效;不起作用;
Look, you're trying to persuade us of reason's impotence .	喂,你是想说服我们相信理性是没用的。
persuade:v.说服;劝说;使信服;使相信; impotence:n.[泌尿][中医]阳萎;虚弱;无效(等于impotency);
You're not threatening us or bribing us, suggesting that we resolve the issue with a show of hands or a beauty contest .	你没有在威胁我们或贿赂我们, 暗示我们用举手表决或用选美比赛的方法来解决问题。
bribing:v.向(某人)行贿;贿赂(bribe的现在分词) resolve:vt.决定; vi.解决; n.坚决; issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行; beauty contest:n.选美比赛;
By the very act of trying to reason us into your position, you're conceding reason's potency .	你这种试图让我们认同你的观点的行为, 事实上是在承认理性的效能。
conceding:v.弃权让步(concede的ing形式); potency:n.效能;力量;潜力;权势;
Reason isn't up for grabs here. It can't be.	理性在这里不是轻易可得,绝不可能。
up for grabs:大家有份;
You show up for that debate and you've already lost it.	当你参与这个辩论时, 你就已经失去了理性。
debate:n.辩论;争论;考虑;v.辩论;争论;考虑;
SP: But can reason lead us in directions that are good or decent or moral?	史迪芬:但理性可以为我们指引好的,体面的,或者道德的方向吗？
decent:adj.正派的;得体的;相当好的;
After all, you pointed out that reason is just a means to an end , and the end depends on the reasoner's passions .	毕竟,你对理性的解释是它只是一种达到目的的手段 , 而结果取决于理性思考者的热情。
means to an end:达到目的的手段;达到某一目的的手段;手段目的; passions:n.强烈情感;激情;盛怒;(passion的复数)
Reason can lay out a road map to peace and Black" > harmony if the reasoner wants peace and harmony, but it can also lay out a road map to Black" > conflict and strife if the reasoner Black" > delights in Black" > conflict and strife.	理性可以为和谐与和平铺一张路线图如果理性的人希望得到和平与和谐, 但它的路线图也可以指引到冲突和纷争如果理性的人喜欢在冲突和纷争中寻欢。
Black":黑色,黑色的
Can reason force the reasoner to want less cruelty and waste?	理性可以强制一个理性者去寻找更少的残酷和浪费吗？
cruelty:n.残酷;残忍;残酷的行为;
RNG: All on its own, the answer is no, but it doesn't take much to switch it to yes.	丽贝卡: 光靠它自己的话不行, 但要让它改变并不难。
You need two conditions:	您需要两个条件:
The first is that reasoners all care about their own well-being .	首先理性者需要都关心他们自己的福祉。
well-being:n.幸福;康乐;
That's one of the passions that has to be present in order for reason to go to work, and it's obviously present in all of us.	这是一个为了使让理性去行动而必须存在的热情, 而且很明显地我们所有人都有这股热情。
We all care passionately about our own well-being.	我们都热情地关心我们自己的幸福。
passionately:adv.热情地;强烈地;激昂地;
The second condition is that reasoners are members of a community of reasoners who can affect one another's well-being, can exchange messages, and comprehend each other's reasoning.	第二个条件是理性者是整个理性团体的成员他们可以影响互相的幸福, 可以交换消息, 和理解对方的理性思考。
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; exchange:n.交换;交流;交易所;兑换;v.交换;交易;兑换; comprehend:v.理解;包含;由…组成;
And that's certainly true of our gregarious and loquatious species, well endowed with the instinct for language.	这些的确符合我们作为合群的和话多的物种的本性, 授予了语言的本能。
gregarious:adj.社交的;群居的; well endowed:adj.天赋好的;生殖器健全的,生殖器大的; instinct:n.本能;天性;直觉;adj.充满的;
SP: Well, that sounds good in theory, but has it worked that way in practice ?	史迪芬: 嗯,理论上听起来还不错, 但这种方法在实践中成功过吗？
in practice:在实践中;实际上,事实上;
In particular , can it explain a momentous historical development that I spoke about five years ago here at TED?	尤其是,它可以解释我大约五年前在TED这里讲过的一个重大的历史发展吗？
In particular:尤其,特别; momentous:adj.重要的;重大的; historical:adj.历史的;史学的;基于史实的;
Namely , we seem to be getting more humane .	也就是说,我们似乎变得越来越仁慈了。
Namely:adv.也就是;即是;换句话说; humane:adj.仁慈的,人道的;高尚的;
Centuries ago, our ancestors would burn cats alive as a form of popular entertainment.	几个世纪前,我们的祖先还会将猫活烧当作为一种大众的娱乐形式。
Knights waged constant war on each other by trying to kill as many of each other's peasants as possible.	骑士们不断地以杀尽对手的农名来向对方宣战。
Knights:n.骑兵,骑士(knight的复数);v.授以爵位(knight的第三人称单数); waged:adj.有职业的;有工作的;支付工资的;v.进行;开始(wage的过去分词);
Governments executed people for frivolous reasons, like stealing a cabbage or criticizing the royal garden.	各国政府为了一些琐屑无聊的原因而处死自己的公民, 比如像偷白菜或批评皇家花园。
executed:v.(尤指依法)处决,处死;实行;执行;实施;(execute的过去分词和过去式) frivolous:adj.无聊的;轻佻的;琐碎的; criticizing:v.批评;批判;挑剔;指责;评论;评价;(criticize的现在分词) royal:adj.国王的;女王的;皇家的;n.王室成员;
The executions were designed to be as prolonged and as painful as possible, like crucifixion , disembowelment, breaking on the wheel .	处决通常都很漫长而且非常痛苦,像被钉十字架, 剖腹,或者是轮刑。
executions:n.死刑(execution的复数形式);实行;完成; prolonged:adj.长期的;持久的;v.延长(prolong的过去分词和过去式); painful:adj.痛苦的;疼痛的;令人不快的; crucifixion:n.刑罚;苦难; wheel:车轮,转动
Respectable people kept slaves.	可敬的人也变为奴隶。
Respectable:adj.值得尊敬的;人格高尚的;相当数量的;n.可敬的人;
For all our flaws , we have abandoned these barbaric practices.	就算我们有再多的缺点,也已经停止了这些野蛮的行为。
flaws:n.[材]缺陷;[力]裂缝(flaw的复数);v.有裂纹;使有裂缝(flaw的单三形式); abandoned:adj.被抛弃的放纵的;v.抛弃;丢弃,离开;放弃;(abandon的过去分词和过去式) barbaric:adj.野蛮的,粗野的;原始的;
RNG: So, do you think it's human nature that's changed?	丽贝卡: 那么,你觉得这是人的本性改变了?
human nature:n.人性;
SP: Not exactly. I think we still harbor instincts that can erupt in violence , like greed , tribalism , revenge , dominance , sadism .	史迪芬:不完全是。我觉得我们仍然怀有爆发暴力行为的本能, 比如像贪婪,部落主义, 复仇, 支配, 虐待主义。
harbor:n.港口;港湾;(比喻)避难所;[军]坦克掩蔽场;v.停泊;包含;隐匿;怀抱(恶意); instincts:n.本能;天性;直觉;(instinct的复数) erupt:vi.爆发;喷出;发疹;长牙;vt.爆发;喷出; violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲; greed:n.贪婪,贪心; tribalism:n.部落文化;部落制;部落制度; revenge:n.报复;复仇;v.报复;替…报仇;洗雪; dominance:n.优势;统治;支配; sadism:n.虐待狂;性虐待狂;病态的残忍;
But we also have instincts that can steer us away, like self-control , empathy , a sense of fairness, what Abraham Lincoln called the better angels of our nature.	但我们的某些本能可以指导我们走正道, 比如像自我控制, 同感, 公正感, 亚伯拉罕 · 林肯将这些称之为我们本性中更好的天使。
steer:v.引导;控制;操纵;驾驶(船、汽车等);n.建议;劝告;忠告;阉公牛; self-control:n.克己,自我控制; empathy:n.神入;移情作用;执着;
RNG: So if human nature didn't change, what invigorated those better angels?	丽贝卡: 所以如果人类的本性没有改变, 是什么激活了这些更好的天使?
invigorated:adj.精力充沛的;生气勃勃的;v.鼓舞;增添活力(invigorate的过去式);
SP: Well, among other things, our circle of empathy expanded .	史迪芬: 好吧,在其它方面, 我们的同感范围扩大了。
expanded:adj.扩充的;展开的;vt.扩大(expand的过去式);
Years ago, our ancestors would feel the pain only of their family and people in their village.	很多年前,我们的祖先只会同情他们的家庭和他们村人。
But with the expansion of literacy and travel, people started to sympathize with wider and wider circles, the clan , the tribe , the nation, the race, and perhaps eventually , all of humanity .	但随着文盲的减少和旅行的增加, 人们开始同情更广泛的圈子, 氏族, 部落, 民族, 种族, 或许最终会包括所有的人类。
expansion:n.扩张;膨胀;扩展;扩大; literacy:n.读写能力;精通文学; sympathize with:同情…;与…产生共鸣; clan:n.家族;庞大的家族;宗派;帮派; tribe:n.部落;族;宗族;一伙; eventually:adv.最后,终于; humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
RNG: Can hard-headed scientists really give so much credit to soft-hearted empathy?	丽贝卡: 不感情用事的科学家们真的对软心肠本质的同感有帮助吗？
hard-headed:adj.头脑冷静的; soft-hearted:adj.心肠软的;仁慈的;宽厚的;
SP: They can and do.	史迪芬: 他们可以而且会这样做。
Neurophysiologists have found neurons in the brain that respond to other people's actions the same way they respond to our own.	神经生理学家发现大脑中的神经元对他人行为做出的响应和对自己作出的响应是相同的。
respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和;
Empathy emerges early in life, perhaps before the age of one.	同感在成长早期出现, 也许在我们一岁之前。
emerges:vi.浮现;摆脱;暴露;
RNG: I'm all for empathy. I mean, who isn't?	丽贝卡: 我完全赞成同感。又有谁会反对呢？
But all on its own, it's a feeble instrument for making moral progress.	但在道德进步的过程中, 它单独只是一个微弱的工具。
feeble:adj.微弱的,无力的;虚弱的;薄弱的; instrument:n.仪器;工具;乐器;手段;器械;
For one thing , it's innately biased toward blood relations, babies and warm, fuzzy animals.	一方面,它天生就对血缘关系,婴儿和温暖毛茸茸的动物存在偏见。
For one thing:首先;一则; innately:adv.天赋地;与生俱来的; biased:adj.有偏见的;结果偏倚的,有偏的; fuzzy:adj.模糊的;失真的;有绒毛的;
As far as empathy is concerned , ugly outsiders can go to hell.	就同感而言, 丑陋的局外人可以下地狱。
As far as:至于…; concerned:adj.有关的;关心的;v.关心;与…有关;(concern的过去时和过去分词) ugly:adj.丑陋的;邪恶的;令人厌恶的; outsiders:n.[劳经]局外人,外来者(outsider复数形式);
And even our best attempts to work up sympathy for those who are unconnected with us fall miserably short, a sad truth about human nature that was pointed out by Adam Smith.	甚至我们尽最大努力尝试引起那些与我们脱轨的人内心的同情结果也是事与愿违,这是人类本性的一个悲哀事实亚当 · 史密斯指出。
attempts:n.企图,试图;尝试(attempt的复数);v.试图;努力去做(attempt的三单形式); sympathy:n.同情;慰问;赞同; unconnected:adj.不连接的;无关联的; miserably:adv.贫困地;可悲地;糟糕地;非常不幸地;
Adam Smith: Let us suppose that the great empire of China was suddenly swallowed up by an earthquake, and let us consider how a man of humanity in Europe would react on receiving intelligence of this dreadful calamity .	亚当 · 史密斯: 让我们假设伟大的帝国, 中国突然被地震吞没, 试想一下一个欧洲人接到这场可怕的灾难的消息后会是怎样的反应。
suppose:v.推断:假定:假设:设想: swallowed:v.吞下;咽下;吞没;淹没;侵吞(swallow的过去分词和过去式) react:v.起反应;回应;(对食物等)有不良反应,过敏;起化学反应; intelligence:n.智力;智慧;才智;(尤指关于敌国的)情报; dreadful:adj.可怕的;糟透的,令人不快的; calamity:n.灾难;不幸事件;
He would, I imagine, first of all express very strongly his sorrow for the misfortune of that unhappy people.	他会,我想,首先非常强烈的表示他对那些不幸的人感到的悲哀。
first of all:adv.首先; express:v.表达; adj.特快的; n.特快列车; v.使用快速服务; misfortune:n.不幸;灾祸,灾难;
He would make many melancholy reflections upon the precariousness of human life, and when all these humane sentiments had been once fairly expressed , he would pursue his business or his pleasure with the same ease and tranquility as if no such accident had happened.	他会对人类生命面对的危险做很多的悲哀的反思, 当所有这些仁慈的感伤以恰当的程度表达出后, 他将继续他的自己的生活与乐趣如何以往一样的舒适和宁静仿佛没有任何不幸发生过一样。
melancholy:adj.忧郁的;使人悲伤的;n.忧郁;悲哀;愁思; reflections:n.映像;(声、光、热等的)反射;反映;显示;表达;(reflection的复数) precariousness:n.不安全;不稳定; sentiments:n.观点,看法;情绪;伤感,柔情,哀伤;(sentiment的复数) fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直; expressed:v.表示;表达;显而易见;不言自明;(express的过去分词和过去式) pursue:v.继续;从事;追赶;纠缠; tranquility:n.宁静;平静;
If he was to lose his little finger tomorrow, he would not sleep tonight, but provided he never saw them, he would snore with the most profound security over the ruin of a hundred million of his brethren .	如果他明天会失去他的小手指, 他今晚会无法入睡, 但只要他从没见过受害者, 他会选择打鼾的入睡而不去担心超过1亿的同人所遭受的灾难。
little finger:n.小指; provided:conj.假如; v.提供; (provide的过去分词和过去式) snore:n.鼾声;vi.打呼噜;打着鼾声渡过;vt.打鼾; profound:adj.深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的; ruin:n.废墟;毁坏;灭亡;v.毁灭;使破产; brethren:n.<旧>兄弟们,同胞;(旧)同党,会友;
SP: But if empathy wasn't enough to make us more humane, what else was there?	史迪芬: 但如果同感不足够让我们变得更加人性化, 哪还有什么可以？
RNG: Well, you didn't mention what might be one of our most effective better angels: reason.	丽贝卡: 嗯,你还没有提到也许是我们最有效的更好的天使之一: 理性。
Reason has muscle .	理性是有血有肉的。
muscle:n.肌肉;力量;v.加强;使劲搬动;使劲挤出;
It's reason that provides the push to widen that circle of empathy.	理性为我们扩展同感范围提供了推动力。
widen:v.(使)变宽;拓宽;(使)扩展,程度加深,范围扩大;
Every one of the humanitarian developments that you mentioned originated with thinkers who gave reasons for why some practice was indefensible .	你所提到的每一个人道主义的发展都起源于那些理性地解释了为什么一些实践是站不住脚的思想家。
humanitarian:adj.人道主义的;博爱的;基督凡人论的;n.人道主义者;基督凡人论者; originated:v.起源;发源;创立;创建;发明;(originate的过去式和过去分词) indefensible:adj.站不住脚的;不能防卫的;无辩护余地的;
They demonstrated that the way people treated some particular group of others was logically inconsistent with the way they insisted on being treated themselves.	他们表现出对待特别的人群与他们对待自己大方法在逻辑上是不一致的。
demonstrated:v.证明;证实;论证;说明;表达;(demonstrate的过去分词和过去式) treated:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;(treat的过去分词和过去式) inconsistent:adj.不一致的;前后矛盾的;
SP: Are you saying that reason can actually change people's minds?	史迪芬: 你是在说理性其实是可以改变人们的思维吗？
Don't people just stick with whatever conviction serves their interests or conforms to the culture that they grew up in?	人们难道不是只跟随那些对自己有利或者符合他们文化背景的信念吗？
conviction:n.判罪;定罪;坚定的看法(或信念);坚信;肯定; conforms:v.顺从,顺应;遵守;相符合;相吻合(conform的第三人称单数)
RNG: Here's a fascinating fact about us:	丽贝卡: 这是关于我们的一个有趣事实:
fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词)
Contradictions bother us, at least when we're forced to confront them, which is just another way of saying that we are susceptible to reason.	矛盾让我们不快, 至少当我们被迫面对他们的时候, 这只是对我们倾向于理性思考的另外一种说法。
Contradictions:n.不一致,矛盾,对立;反驳;驳斥;(contradiction的复数) bother:v.烦扰,打扰;使…不安;操心,麻烦;n.麻烦;烦恼; confront:v.直面;无法回避;降临于;处理;对抗; susceptible:adj.易受影响的;易感动的;容许…的;n.易得病的人;
And if you look at the history of moral progress, you can trace a direct pathway from reasoned arguments to changes in the way that we actually feel.	如果你观察我们过去在道德上的进步, 你可以找到从理性争论到我们实际上感觉方式的变化的一条轨迹。
trace:追溯,追踪 pathway:n.路,道;途径,路径; in the way:妨碍;挡道;
Time and again , a thinker would lay out an argument as to why some practice was indefensible, irrational , inconsistent with values already held.	一次又一次,一位思想家将争论为什么一些实践是站不住脚的, 非理性的,与我们的现今价值观不一致的。
Time and again:adv.屡次;常常; irrational:adj.不合理的;无理性的;荒谬的;n.[数]无理数;
Their essay would go viral , get translated into many languages, get debated at pubs and coffee houses and salons , and at dinner parties, and influence leaders, legislators , popular opinion.	他们的论文会迅速传播, 被译成多种语言, 在酒吧,咖啡屋,沙龙以及晚宴上被人们辩论, 它还可以影响领导人, 立法会议员, 以及大众的意见。
viral:adj.滤过性毒菌引起的;滤过性毒菌的; debated:v.讨论,辩论;思考;盘算;(debate的过去分词和过去式) salons:n.美容厅;高级服装店;会客室;沙龙;(salon的复数) influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变; legislators:n.立法委员;(legislator的复数)
Eventually their conclusions get absorbed into the common sense of decency , erasing the tracks of the original argument that had gotten us there.	他们的结论最终被吸入到正派常识中, 将最初把我们带到那里的争论的轨迹抹掉。
conclusions:n.结论,总结;决定;(conclusion的复数) absorbed:adj.被…吸引住; v.吸收(液体、气体等); (absorb的过去分词和过去式) common sense:adj.常识的;有生活经验得来的; decency:n.正派;体面;庄重;合乎礼仪;礼貌; erasing:v.擦除;清除;取消(erase的现在分词); tracks:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪;(track的第三人称单数和复数) original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的;
Few of us today feel any need to put forth a rigorous philosophical argument as to why slavery is wrong or public hangings or beating children.	今天很少人觉得需要提出一个严格的哲学争论来说明为什么奴隶制是错误的或这公开绞刑,或殴打儿童。
rigorous:adj.严格的,严厉的;严密的;严酷的; philosophical:adj.哲学的(等于philosophic);冷静的; slavery:n.奴隶制;奴隶身份;蓄奴;adj.流口水的;被口水弄脏的; hangings:n.门帘;脚手架;帘布(hanging的复数);
By now, these things just feel wrong.	现在,这些行为都被认为是错的。
But just those arguments had to be made, and they were, in centuries past.	但那些争议必须被提出, 而且存在了几个世纪。
SP: Are you saying that people needed a step-by-step argument to grasp why something might be a wee bit wrong with burning heretics at the stake ?	史迪芬: 你是在说我们需要一套步骤性的争论来理解为什么像火刑异教徒这类行为是不对的吗？
step-by-step:adj.按部就班的; grasp:n.抓住;理解;控制;v.抓住;领会; heretics:n.异教徒(heretic的复数); stake:n.桩,棍子;赌注;火刑;奖金;v.资助,支持;系…于桩上;把…押下打赌;
RNG: Oh, they did. Here's the French theologian	丽贝卡: 哦,他们做了。这是法国神学家
theologian:n.神学者;空头理论家;
Sebastian Castellio making the case.	塞巴斯蒂安 · 卡斯特利奥说的一段话。
Sebastian Castellio: Calvin says that he's certain, and other sects say that they are.	塞巴斯蒂安 · 卡斯特利奥: 卡尔文说他确定, 而其他宗派说他们也是。
sects:n.教派;氏族与党派(sect的复数形式);
Who shall be judge?	谁来当法官呢？
If the matter is certain, to whom is it so? To Calvin?	如果这件事是肯定的,是对谁来说呢？对卡尔文？
But then, why does he write so many books about manifest truth?	那他为什么还要写这么多关于已知真相的书呢？
manifest:v.表明;显现;使人注意到;adj.明显的;显而易见的;n.旅客名单;
In view of the uncertainty , we must define heretics simply as one with whom we disagree.	鉴于不确定性,我们必须将异教徒定义为一个人仅仅与我们持有不同意见的个人。
In view of:adv.鉴于;考虑到; uncertainty:n.不确定,不可靠; define:v.定义;使明确;规定;
And if then we are going to kill heretics, the logical outcome will be a war of extermination , since each is sure of himself.	如果这样我们就要杀死异教徒, 逻辑性的结果就是一场灭绝的战争, 因为每个人都坚信自己的观点。
outcome:n.结果,结局;成果; extermination:n.消灭;根绝;
SP: Or with hideous punishments like breaking on the wheel?	史迪芬: 或许勇可怕的刑罚比如轮刑？
hideous:adj.可怕的;丑恶的;
RNG: The prohibition in our constitution of cruel and unusual punishments was a response to a pamphlet circulated in 1764 by the Italian jurist Cesare Beccaria.	丽贝卡: 美国宪法禁止残忍和不寻常的刑罚是对1764年由意大利法学家切西萨尔·贝卡里亚颁发的一本宣传小册的回应。
prohibition:n.禁止;禁令;禁酒;诉讼中止令; constitution:n.宪法;构成;体质;组成; response:n.响应;反应;回答; pamphlet:n.小册子; circulated:v.(液体或气体)环流,循环;传播;流传;散布;(circulate的过去式和过去分词) jurist:n.法学家;法官;律师;法律著作家;
Cesare Beccaria: As punishments become more cruel, the minds of men, which like fluids always adjust to the level of the objects that surround them, become hardened , and after a hundred years of cruel punishments, breaking on the wheel causes no more fear than imprisonment previously did.	西萨尔·贝卡里亚: 当刑罚变得更残酷时, 人的思想,就好像液体一样总是变得像他们周围物体一样,变得无情, 在经历一百年的残忍刑罚后, 轮刑不会比像以前那样比监禁造成更大的恐惧。
fluids:n.液体;流体;液;(fluid的复数) adjust:v.调整;调节;适应;习惯; hardened:adj.变硬的;坚定的;v.坚定,变硬(harden的过去分词); imprisonment:n.监禁,关押;坐牢;下狱; previously:adv.先前;以前;
For a punishment to achieve its objective , it is only necessary that the harm that it inflicts outweighs the benefit that derives from the crime, and into this calculation ought to be factored the certainty of punishment and the loss of the good that the commission of the crime will produce.	要让一种刑罚达到它的目标, 只需要让它造成的伤害超过犯罪所带来的利益, 这种计算应该考虑到刑罚的确定性以及犯罪会产生的利益的丢失。
punishment:n.惩罚;严厉对待,虐待; objective:n.目标; adj.客观的; inflicts:vt.造成;使遭受(损伤,痛苦等);给予(打击等); outweighs:vt.比…重(在重量上);比…重要;比…有价值; derives:源于;得自(derive的第三人称单数); factored:adj.因式分解的;v.将…作为因素考虑;分解…的因子(factor的过去分词); commission:n.委员会;佣金;犯;委任;委任状;vt.委任;使服役;委托制作;
Everything beyond this is superfluous , and therefore tyrannical .	超出这些的都是多余的, 所以它们都是暴虐。
superfluous:adj.多余的;不必要的;奢侈的; tyrannical:adj.残暴的;暴君的;专横的;
SP: But surely antiwar movements depended on mass demonstrations and catchy tunes by folk singers and wrenching photographs of the human costs of war.	史迪芬: 但反战运动肯定取决于大规模示威民歌歌手那些上口的曲调还有那些让人看了觉得悲痛战争照片。
antiwar:adj.反对战争的; demonstrations:n.示范,展示(demonstration复数); catchy:adj.引人注意的;容易记住的;易使人上当的; tunes:n.曲调;曲子;v.(为乐器)调音;调整;调频道;(tune的第三人称单数和复数) wrenching:n.苗木铲根;修截苗根;v.猛扭;歪曲;抢取(wrench的ing形式);
RNG: No doubt, but modern anti-war movements reach back to a long chain of thinkers who had argued as to why we ought to mobilize our emotions against war, such as the father of modernity , Erasmus.	丽贝卡: 没有怀疑,但是现代反战运动可追溯到一长串的思想家他们争论为什么我们将反对战争的情绪表达出来, 其中包括现代性之父- 伊拉斯莫斯。
anti-war:adj.[军]反战的; mobilize:v.动员;动员;调动;组织;鼓动;调用; modernity:n.现代性;现代的东西;新式;
Erasmus: The advantages derived from peace diffuse themselves far and wide , and reach great numbers, while in war, if anything turns out happily, the advantage redounds only to a few, and those unworthy of reaping it.	伊拉斯莫斯: 和平所带来的好处将自己弥漫到远方, 影响到更多人, 然而在战争中,如果任何事是好的结果, 优势只会回报少数几人, 而且他们都是那些不值得获取回报的人。
advantages:n.有利条件; v.有利于; derived:adj.导出的;衍生的,派生的;v.得到;推断(derive的过去分词);由…而来; diffuse:adj.弥漫的;散开的;v.扩散;传播;漫射; far and wide:adv.广泛地;到处; unworthy:adj.不值得的;无价值的;不相称的; reaping:v.收割(reap的ing形式);
One man's safety is owing to the destruction of another.	一个人的安全应归功于对另一个人的破坏。
owing:adj.未付的:拖欠:未付:v.欠(债):归功于:起源于(owe的现在分词)
One man's prize is derived from the plunder of another.	一个人的奖是来自对另一个人的掠夺。
plunder:n.抢夺;战利品;掠夺品;vt.掠夺;抢劫;侵吞;vi.掠夺;盗窃;
The cause of rejoicings made by one side is to the other a cause of mourning .	一边的欢庆是另一边的哀悼。
mourning:n.伤逝;哀悼;丧服;v.哀悼,忧伤;(mourn的现在分词)
Whatever is unfortunate in war, is severely so indeed, and whatever, on the contrary , is called good fortune, is a savage and a cruel good fortune, an ungenerous happiness deriving its existence from another's woe .	战争中的所有不幸, 都非常的严重与此任何相反的, 都被称为好运, 是野蛮和残忍的好运气, 从他人的祸中得到的一种吝啬的幸福。
severely:adv.严重地;严格地,严厉地;纯朴地; on the contrary:正相反; savage:adj.野蛮的; n.未开化的; vt.乱咬; ungenerous:adj.胸襟狭窄的;吝啬的;不充足的; deriving:得到;源于(derive的现在分词); woe:n.麻烦;问题;困难;痛苦;苦恼;悲伤;
SP: But everyone knows that the movement to abolish slavery depended on faith and emotion.	史迪芬: 但大家都知道废除奴隶制运动是取决于信念和情感。
abolish:vt.废除,废止;取消,革除; faith:n.信心;信任;宗教信仰;
It was a movement spearheaded by the Quakers , and it only became popular when Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin " became a bestseller .	它是由贵格会信徒率先发起的一场运动它在哈丽特 · 比彻 · 斯托夫人的小说 Uncle Tom*s Cabin 成为了一本畅销书后才成名。
spearheaded:v.做…的先锋;带头做;领先突击;(spearhead的过去分词和过去式) Quakers:n.贵格会;贵格会信徒(Quaker的复数); novel:adj.新奇的;异常的;n.小说; Cabin:v.把…关在小屋内; n.(轮船上生活或睡觉的)隔间; (通常为木制的)小屋; bestseller:n.畅销书;畅销书作者;畅销商品(等于bestseller);
RNG: But the ball got rolling a century before.	丽贝卡: 但这一运动在一个世纪前就开始了。
John Locke bucked the tide of millennia that had regarded the practice as perfectly natural.	约翰 · 洛克顶住几千年来的浪潮这曾被认为实践作为完美的自然。
bucked:adj.高兴的,快乐的; v.(马,骡等)突然弓背跃起把(人或物)摔下; tide:n.潮汐; v.顺应潮水航行; millennia:n.千年期(millennium的复数);一千年;千年庆典;太平盛世;
He argued that it was inconsistent with the principles of rational government.	他认为那是与理性的政府的原则不一致的。
principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数)
John Locke: Freedom of men under government is to have a standing rule to live by common to everyone of that society and made by the legislative power erected in it, a liberty to follow my own will in all things where that rule prescribes not, not to be subject to the inconstant , uncertain, unknown, arbitrary will of another man,	约翰 · 洛克: 公民在政府领导下的自由是依靠一个规则来生活这个规则对社会的每个人都一样而且是由竖立它的立法权力来制定, 一个自由让我在所有事上面都可以追随自己意愿在此这条规则不规定, 无须接受另一个人的无常, 不确定,未知,和随意的希望,
legislative:adj.立法的;有立法权的;n.立法权;立法机构; erected:adj.直立的;正立的;v.建立;竖立(erect的过去分词); liberty:n.自由;许可;冒失; prescribes:开药方;规定; inconstant:adj.变化无常的;易变的;多变的; arbitrary:adj.[数]任意的;武断的;专制的;
as freedom of nature is to be under no other restraint but the law of nature.	作为自然的自由权就是除了自然法则它不受到任何其他约束。
restraint:n.约束;抑制;克制;限制;
SP: Those words sound familiar .	史迪芬: 这句话我好像听过。
familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友;
Where have I read them before? Ah, yes.	我是在哪听说的呢？啊,对的。
Mary Astell: If absolute sovereignty be not necessary in a state, how comes it to be so in a family?	玛丽· 阿斯特尔: 如果绝对主权在一个国家不是必要的,那为什么在一个家庭要是呢？
sovereignty:n.主权;主权国家;君主;独立国;
Or if in a family, why not in a state?	或者如果在家庭里是必要的,为什么在国家不是呢？
Since no reason can be alleged for the one that will not hold more strongly for the other, if all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves, as they must be if being subjected to the inconstant, uncertain, unknown, arbitrary will of men be the perfect condition of slavery?	因为我们找不出任何理由让我们可以只是支持其中一个观点,而不同时支持另外的观点如果所有人天生就有自由, 为什么所有女人天生是奴隶, 因为她们必须是当她们遭到无常、不确定未知,和男人随意的意愿这不正是完美奴役状况的吗？
alleged:adj.宣称的;涉嫌的;v.断言,指称,声称;(allege的过去分词和过去式)
RNG: That sort of co-option is all in the job description of reason.	丽贝卡: 那类的共同选择都在理性的工作职责中。
job description:n.工作职责说明;岗位责任说明;
One movement for the expansion of rights inspires another because the logic is the same, and once that's hammered home, it becomes increasingly uncomfortable to ignore the inconsistency .	一个扩大权利的运动激发另一个因为逻辑是一样的, 当它费尽全力让某人理解的时候, 它会变得越来越不舒服若要忽略不一致的问题。
inspires:激励;赋予灵感(inspire的第三人称单数); hammered:adj.烂醉;v.锤打;反复敲打;猛踢;猛击;(hammer的过去分词和过去式) increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; ignore:v.驳回诉讼;忽视;不理睬; inconsistency:n.不一致;易变;
In the 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement inspired the movements for women's rights, children's rights, gay rights and even animal rights .	在20世纪60 年代,民权运动启发了妇女权利的运动, 儿童权利,同性恋权利,甚至动物权利。
Civil Rights Movement:n.(美国)民权运动(20世纪50年代和60年代非裔美国人争取平等权利的运动); inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式) animal rights:n.动物权益(指获得善待,如不能猎杀或用于医学研究);
But fully two centuries before, the Enlightenment thinker Jeremy Bentham had exposed the indefensibility of customary practices such as the cruelty to animals.	但两个世纪前, 启蒙思想家杰里米 · 边沁暴露了习惯性实践的不可靠性比如说残酷对待动物。
Enlightenment:n.启迪;启蒙运动;教化; Bentham:n.边沁(英国哲学家); exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式) customary:adj.习惯的;通常的;n.习惯法汇编;
Jeremy Bentham: The question is not, can they reason, nor can they talk, but can they suffer?	杰里米 · 边沁: 问题不是它们能不能理性思考, 也不是它们能不能说话,而是它们能否感到痛苦。
RNG: And the persecution of homosexuals .	丽贝卡: 还有对同性恋者的迫害。
persecution:n.迫害;烦扰; homosexuals:n.[心理]同性恋者(homosexual的复数);
JB: As to any primary mischief , it's evident that it produces no pain in anyone.	史迪芬: 对任何主要的恶作剧, 很明显它没有给任何人带来痛苦。
mischief:n.恶作剧;伤害;顽皮;不和; evident:adj.明显的;明白的;
On the contrary, it produces pleasure.	与此相反,它会产生快感。
The partners are both willing.	双方都愿意。
If either of them be unwilling , the act is an offense , totally different in its nature of effects.	如果其中一方不愿意, 那么该行为就是一种冒犯, 在其影响的性质完全不同。
unwilling:adj.不愿意的;不情愿的;勉强的; offense:n.犯罪,过错;进攻;触怒;引起反感的事物;
It's a personal injury . It's a kind of rape .	它是人身伤害。它是一种强奸。
personal injury:n.人身伤害;人身损害; rape:n.强奸罪;强奸案;v.强奸;强暴;
As to the any danger exclusive of pain, the danger, if any, much consist in the tendency of the example.	就好像任何不带痛苦的危险, 如果有这种危险,多存在于示例的倾向中。
exclusive:adj.独有的;排外的;专一的;n.独家新闻;独家经营的项目;排外者; consist in:在于;存在于; tendency:n.倾向,趋势;癖好;
But what is the tendency of this example?	但此示例的倾向是什么？
To dispose others to engage in the same practices.	安排他人从事同样的做法。
dispose:v.布置;安排;排列;使倾向于; engage:v.吸引,占用;使参加;雇佣;使订婚;预定;
But this practice produces not pain of any kind to anyone.	但这种做法不会产生任何一种痛苦对任何人都是。
SP: Still, in every case, it took at least a century for the arguments of these great thinkers to trickle down and infiltrate the population as a whole .	史迪芬: 但是,每一个案例都花了至少一个世纪这些伟大思想家的争论垂滴和渗透到整个人类。
trickle:v.(使)滴,淌,小股流淌;(使)慢慢走;n.细流;涓流; infiltrate:vt.使潜入;使渗入,使浸润;vi.渗入;n.渗透物; as a whole:总的来说;
It kind of makes you wonder about our own time.	它会让你会想知道我们自己的时间。
Are there practices that we engage in where the arguments against them are there for all to see but nonetheless we persist in them?	在我们参与的实践中, 有没有将反对他们的论点有给大家看但我们仍然坚持？
nonetheless:adv.尽管如此,但是; persist in:坚持;固执于;
RNG: When our great grandchildren look back at us, will they be as appalled by some of our practices as we are by our slave-owning, heretic-burning, wife-beating, gay-bashing ancestors?	丽贝卡: 当我们的曾孙子回看我们的时候, 他们会不会因为我们的一些实践感到震惊就好像我们对那些拥有奴隶,焚烧异教徒, 殴打妻子、贬低同性恋的祖先一样呢？
appalled:adj.震惊; v.使大为震惊; (appal的过去分词和过去式)
SP: I'm sure everyone here could think of an example.	史迪芬: 我相信在这里的每个人都能想到的一个例子。
RNG: I opt for the mistreatment of animals in factory farms.	丽贝卡: 我选择虐待动物的行为在工厂化的农场。
opt:vi.选择; mistreatment:n.虐待;
SP: The imprisonment of nonviolent drug offenders and the toleration of rape in our nation's prisons.	史迪芬: 对非暴力毒品罪犯的监禁和我们国家的监狱中对强奸行为的容忍。
nonviolent:adj.非暴力的;不使用暴力的; offenders:n.罪犯(offender的复数);冒犯者; toleration:n.宽容,忍受,默认;耐受性;
RNG: Scrimping on donations to life-saving charities in the developing world.	丽贝卡:对针对发展中国家拯救生命慈善机构捐款的吝啬。
Scrimping:vt.节省;过度缩减;克扣;vi.精打细算;吝啬;adj.吝啬的;不足的; donations:n.捐赠物;捐赠;赠送;(donation的复数) life-saving:n.救生;adj.救生的; charities:n.慈善机构;宽大(charity的复数);
SP: The possession of nuclear weapons.	史迪芬: 拥有核武器。
possession:n.拥有;具有;属地;个人财产; nuclear:adj.原子能的;[细胞]细胞核的;中心的;原子核的;
RNG: The appeal to religion to justify the otherwise unjustifiable , such as the ban on contraception .	丽贝卡: 诉诸于宗教要求他们给予其它途径得不到的公正。如对避孕的禁令。
appeal:n.上诉;吸引力;申诉;魅力;v.上诉;呼吁;申诉;恳求; justify:v.证明合法;整理版面;替…辩护; unjustifiable:adj.不合道理的;不能分辩的;辩护不了的;不能认为是正当的; contraception:n.避孕;
SP: What about religious faith in general ?	史迪芬:还有一般的宗教信仰呢？
in general:总之,通常;一般而言;
RNG: Eh, I'm not holding my breath.	丽贝卡: 哎,我期望不高。
SP: Still, I have become convinced that reason is a better angel that deserves the greatest credit for the moral progress our species has enjoyed and that holds out the greatest hope for continuing moral progress in the future.	史迪芬: 不过,我还是相信理性是一个更好的天使它在我们人类享受过去的道德进步和对未来的进步抱着大希望方面有着最大的功劳。
convinced:adj.坚信; v.使确信; (convince的过去分词和过去式) deserves:v.值得;应得;应受;(deserve的第三人称单数)
RNG: And if, our friends, you detect a flaw in this argument, just remember you'll be depending on reason to point it out.	丽贝卡: 如果,我们的朋友们, 你如果在这个争论中检测到缺陷的存在, 请记得以理性的方式来将它们找出来。
detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测;
Thank you. SP: Thank you.	谢谢。史迪芬·平克:“谢谢大家。”
(Applause)	掌声

StevenPinker_2012-_理性的长期效应_