StevenPinker.2007-.为你消除对暴力的误解.；TED演讲稿

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StevenPinker_2007-_为你消除对暴力的误解_
Images like this, from the Auschwitz concentration camp , have been seared into our consciousness during the 20th century and have given us a new understanding of who we are, where we've come from and the times we live in.	这幅照片摄于奥斯维辛集中营类似这样的场景构成我们对20世纪的感知的一部分并且让我们对自身有了新的认识让我们重新审视自己所处的环境和时代
Images:n.印象;声誉;形象;画像;雕像;(image的第三人称单数和复数) concentration camp:n.集中营; seared:v.烧灼;灼伤;烤焦;轻煎;(sear的过去分词和过去式) consciousness:n.意识;知觉;觉悟;感觉;
During the 20th century, we witnessed the atrocities of Stalin , Hitler, Mao, Pol Pot, Rwanda and other genocides , and even though the 21st century is only seven years old,	在20世纪里,我们见证了斯大林、希特勒、毛泽东、波尔布特的种种暴行,卢旺达种族大屠杀等等尽管21世纪才过了7年
witnessed:v.当场看到,目击;见证;作证;(witness的过去式和过去分词) atrocities:n.暴行(atrocity的复数);残忍; Stalin:n.斯大林(前苏联领导人); genocides:n.种族灭绝;灭绝整个种族的大屠杀;
we have already witnessed an ongoing genocide in Darfur and the daily horrors of Iraq.	我们也目睹了达富尔正在进行中的种族大屠杀以及伊拉克频繁的战乱
ongoing:n.发展; adj.持续存在的; Darfur:n.达尔富尔(苏丹地名); horrors:n.震惊;恐惧;厌恶;;令人厌恶的性质;(horror的复数)
This has led to a common understanding of our situation, namely : that modernity has brought us terrible violence , and perhaps that native peoples lived in a state of harmony that we have departed from to our peril .	这些事件导致我们对现状的如下认识暴力是现代社会的衍生品也许,远古人们还能和睦相处,而今人已经做不到这点了
namely:adv.也就是;即是;换句话说; modernity:n.现代性;现代的东西;新式; violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲; native:adj.本国的;土著的;天然的;与生俱来的;天赋的;n.本地人;土产;当地居民; harmony:n.协调;和睦;融洽;调和; departed:adj.过去的;死去的;以往的;n.死者;v.离去;去世(depart的过去分词); peril:n.危险;冒险;vt.危及;置…于险境;
Here is an example from an op-ed on Thanksgiving in the Boston Globe a couple of years ago, where the writer wrote, "The Indian life was a difficult one, but there were no employment problems,	我可以举一个例子几年前,波士顿环球报中有一篇专栏文章作者关于感恩节写道 “虽然印第安人生活艰苦,但是他们不会面临失业问题
op-ed:n.评论版; Boston:n.波士顿(美国城市); employment:n.使用;职业;雇用;
community harmony was strong, substance abuse unknown, crime nearly non-existent , what warfare there was between tribes was largely ritualistic and seldom resulted in indiscriminate or wholesale slaughter ." Now, you're all familiar with this treacle .	他们邻里和睦,没有人滥用毒品基本上没有犯罪,即使在两个部落之间爆发战争也通常是形式上的,鲜有导致部族歧视和大规模屠杀” 大家对于这种论调已经耳熟能详了
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; substance:n.物质;实质;主旨;物品; abuse:n.滥用;虐待;辱骂;弊端;恶习,陋习;v.滥用;虐待;辱骂; non-existent:adj.不存在的; warfare:n.战争;冲突; largely:adv.主要地;大部分;大量地; ritualistic:adj.仪式的;固守仪式的;惯例的; indiscriminate:adj.任意的;无差别的;不分皂白的; wholesale:n.批发; v.大量地,大批地; v.批发; adj.批发的; slaughter:vt.屠宰,屠杀;杀戮;使惨败;n.屠宰,屠杀;杀戮;消灭; familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友; treacle:n.糖蜜;过分甜蜜的声调;
We teach it to our children; we hear it on television and in story books. Now, the original title of this session was, "Everything You Know Is Wrong," and I'm going to present evidence	我们从电视及书本中了解到这些,并且这样教育孩子这个讲座最初定的题目是 “你所知道的错误信息”,我现在就要给出证据
original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的; session:n.会议;(法庭的)开庭;(议会等的)开会;学期;讲习会; evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明;
that this particular part of our common understanding is wrong: that in fact our ancestors were far more violent than we are, that violence has been in decline for long stretches of time, and that today we are probably living in the most peaceful time in our species ' existence.	推翻大家原先对于暴力的一些认识实际上,我们的祖先要比我们暴力得多随着时间的推移,暴力出现的频率一直在走低我想现在很有可能正处于人类历史上最和平的时期
violent:adj.暴力的;猛烈的; decline:v.下降;衰退;减少;谢绝;n.下降; stretches:v.拉长; n.一片; (stretch的第三人称单数和复数) species:n.[生物]物种;种类;
Now, in the decade of Darfur and Iraq, a statement like that might seem somewhere between hallucinatory and obscene . But I'm going to try to convince you	在这个达富尔和伊拉克烽烟四起的年代说是史上最和平的年代,听上去像天方夜谭但是我现在就要向你证明
statement:n.声明;陈述,叙述;报表,清单; hallucinatory:adj.引起幻觉的; obscene:adj.淫秽的;猥亵的;可憎的; convince:v.使确信;使相信;说服,劝说;
that that is the correct picture. The decline of violence is a fractal phenomenon . You can see it over millennia , over centuries, over decades and over years,	事实就是如此。暴力行为的减少趋势呈现不规律性。可以以千年、百年、十年或年为单位观察
fractal:n.不规则碎片形; phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物); millennia:n.千年期(millennium的复数);一千年;千年庆典;太平盛世;
although there seems to have been a tipping point at the onset of the Age of Reason in the 16th century. One sees it all over the world, although not homogeneously.	尽管在16世纪的理性时代初期似乎存在过一个最高点。这是普遍现象,而不局限在一地
tipping point:n.(个案积累终成大趋势的)引爆点; onset:n.开始,着手;发作;攻击,进攻;
It's especially evident in the West, beginning with England and Holland around the time of the Enlightenment .	在西方尤其明显,从英国和荷兰在启蒙时期开始
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; evident:adj.明显的;明白的; Holland:n.荷兰; Enlightenment:n.启迪;启蒙运动;教化;
Let me take you on a journey of several powers of 10 -- from the millennium scale to the year scale -- to try to persuade you of this. Until 10,000 years ago, all humans	让我带你看看以10为衡量方式的一些权利-- 从以千年为单位到以年为单位来试着告诉你们这点。直到一万年前
journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行; millennium:n.千年期,千禧年;一千年,千年纪念;太平盛世,黄金时代; scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; persuade:v.说服;劝说;使信服;使相信;
lived as hunter-gatherers , without permanent settlements or government. And this is the state that's commonly thought to be one of primordial harmony. But the archaeologist	人类以打猎为生,没有固定聚居地、政府这个状态通常被认为是原始的和谐状态。
hunter-gatherers:n.采集狩猎的人; permanent:adj.永久的,永恒的;n.烫发; settlements:n.协议:处理:结算:定居点;(settlement的复数) primordial:adj.原始的;根本的;原生的; archaeologist:n.考古学家;
Lawrence Keeley, looking at casualty rates among contemporary hunter-gatherers -- which is our best source of evidence about this way of life -- has shown a rather different conclusion .	但考古学家Lawrence Keeley 通过观察当代狩猎者的死亡率——这类生活方式最好的证据来源——得出了不同的结论
casualty:n.意外事故;伤亡人员;急诊室; contemporary:n.同时代的人;同时期的东西;adj.当代的;同时代的;属于同一时期的; source:n.来源;水源;原始资料; conclusion:n.结论;结局;推论;
Here is a graph that he put together showing the percentage of male deaths due to warfare in a number of foraging or hunting and gathering societies.	这是他统计出的图表显示出在一些游牧民族中男性因战争而死所占的比列
put together:..放在一起;组合;装配; percentage:n.百分比;百分率;利润的分成;提成; foraging:n.觅食(forage的ing形式);觅食力;
The red bars correspond to the likelihood that a man will die at the hands of another man, as opposed to passing away of natural causes, in a variety of foraging societies in the New Guinea Highlands and the Amazon Rainforest .	红色条表示男性死于其他人之手的可能性对应自然死亡数据源于新几内亚高地和亚马逊雨林的一些游牧民族
correspond:vi.符合,一致;相应;通信; likelihood:n.可能性,可能; opposed:adj.强烈反对; v.反对(计划、政策等); (oppose的过去分词和过去式) variety:n.多样;种类;杂耍;变化,多样化; Guinea:n.几内亚;基尼(英国旧时金币名); Highlands:n.高原地区;山岳地带;(highland的复数) Amazon:亚马逊;古希腊女战士; Rainforest:n.(热带)雨林;
And they range from a rate of almost a 60 percent chance that a man will die at the hands of another man to, in the case of the Gebusi, only a 15 percent chance. The tiny little blue bar in the lower	游牧民族成员死于他人之手的比例在Gebusi民族的接近60% 和15%之间变换。左下角的蓝色条
left hand corner plots the corresponding statistic from United States and Europe in the 20th century, and includes all the deaths of both World Wars. If the death rate in tribal warfare had prevailed during the 20th century, there would have been two billion deaths rather than 100 million.	描绘了在20世纪的美国和欧洲相应的数据,包括了两次世界大战的死者。如果部落战争中的死亡率是普遍现象那么在20世纪,死于战争的人数应该是20亿而不是1亿
plots:n.情节; v.划分; corresponding:adj.符合的; v.相一致; (correspond的现在分词) statistic:n.统计学;统计数字;统计资料;(一项)统计数据;adj.统计(上)的; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) death rate:n.死亡率; tribal:adj.部落的;部族的;n.(尤指南亚的)部落成员; prevailed:v.普遍存在;盛行;流行;被接受;战胜;压倒;(prevail的过去分词和过去式)
Also at the millennium scale, we can look at the way of life of early civilizations such as the ones described in the Bible . And in this supposed source of our moral values	同样以千年为范围我们来看看被记录在圣经中的早期文明生活方式在圣经这本我们理论上的道德准则中
civilizations:n.文明(civilization的复数形式); described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) Bible:n.有权威的书; supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式) moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的;
one can read descriptions of what was expected in warfare, such as the following from Numbers 31: "And they warred against the Midianites as the Lord commanded Moses ,	我们可以看到对于战争行为的描述比如民数记31中所记载的: “他们就照耶和华所吩咐摩西的,与米甸人打仗,
descriptions:n.摘要;说明,说明书;描述(description的复数形式); Midianites:n.米甸人;adj.米甸人的; Lord:n.(英国)贵族,大人,大臣;v.使成贵族;作威作福; Moses:n.摩西(《圣经》故事中犹太人古代领袖);立法者;领导者;
and they slew all the males. And Moses said unto them, 'Have you saved all the women alive? Now, therefore, kill every male among the little ones and kill every woman that hath known man	杀了所有的男丁。摩西对他们说: 你们要存留这一切妇女的活命么？所以, 你们要把一切的男孩和所有已嫁的女子都杀了。
slew:n.回转; vi.扭转; vt.使扭转; v.杀害(slay的过去式); unto:prep.到,直到;向(等于to);
by lying with him, but all the women children that have not know a man by lying with him keep alive for yourselves.'" In other words, kill the men, kill the children, if you see any virgins then you can keep them alive so that you can rape them.	但女孩子中,凡没有出嫁的, 你们都可以存留他的活命。”换句话说杀掉男人和小孩,但如果看到少女就可以留下活口来占有她们。
virgins:n.处女;童男;无…经验的人;新手;(virgin的复数) rape:n.强奸罪;强奸案;v.强奸;强暴;
You can find four or five passages in the Bible of this ilk.	在圣经中能找到四、五段这样的记录
Also in the Bible one sees that the death penalty was the accepted punishment for crimes such as homosexuality , adultery , blasphemy , idolatry , talking back to your parents --	同样,在圣经中死刑是种可接受的惩罚方式对于例如同性恋、通奸、语秽、盲目崇拜、说父母坏话—
death penalty:死刑; homosexuality:n.同性恋; adultery:n.通奸,通奸行为; blasphemy:n.亵渎神明;轻视上帝或神祗; idolatry:n.偶像崇拜;盲目崇拜;邪神崇拜;
(Laughter) -- and picking up sticks on the Sabbath .	(笑声)—在安息日劳动等罪行
Sabbath:n.安息日;
Well, let's click the zoom lens down one order of magnitude and look at the century scale.	现在,让我们放大一格来观察下以世纪为单位的数据
zoom lens:n.变焦镜头; order of magnitude:n.数量级(量度物理量大小的标准,用以10为底的指数表达);
Although we don't have statistics for warfare throughout the Middle Ages to modern times, we know just from conventional history -- the evidence has been under our nose all along that there has been a reduction in socially sanctioned forms of violence.	尽管我们没有从中世纪到现代的所有战争数据我们仅仅依据现有历史— 人类社会所支持的暴力行为一直在减少这样的证据一直近在眼前
statistics:n.统计数字;统计资料;统计学;(statistic的复数) throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; Middle Ages:n.中世纪(欧洲历史上从公元1000年到1450年); conventional:adj.符合习俗的,传统的;常见的;惯例的; reduction:n.减少;缩小;降低;减价;折扣;缩图; sanctioned:v.许可;准许;惩罚;实施制裁;(sanction的过去分词和过去式)
For example, any social history will reveal that mutilation and torture were routine forms of criminal punishment. The kind of infraction today that would give you a fine, in those days would result in	例如,任何文明史都曾记录截肢或酷刑是常见的罪行惩罚方式。现在只能让你被罚款的违规,在过去可能导致
reveal:v.显示;透露;揭露;泄露;n.揭露;暴露;门侧,窗侧; mutilation:n.毁损;残缺;切断; torture:v.折磨;拷问;歪曲;n.折磨;拷问;歪曲; infraction:n.违反;
your tongue being cut out, your ears being cut off, you being blinded, a hand being chopped off and so on.	割舌,割耳,挖眼斩手等结果
chopped:v.切碎;剁碎;砍;劈;降低;取消;(chop的过去分词和过去式)
There were numerous ingenious forms of sadistic capital punishment : burning at the stake , disemboweling, breaking on the wheel , being pulled apart by horses and so on.	世界各地有无数种斩首的变态方式捆在木装上烧,开膛破肚,车裂五马分尸等等
numerous:adj.许多的,很多的; ingenious:adj.有独创性的;机灵的,精制的;心灵手巧的; sadistic:adj.虐待狂的;残酷成性的; capital punishment:n.死刑;极刑; burning at the stake:火刑;火刑; wheel:车轮,转动
The death penalty was a sanction for a long list of non-violent crimes: criticizing the king, stealing a loaf of bread. Slavery , of course, was the preferred labor-saving device , and cruelty was	而能处以死刑的非暴力罪行有长长的列表: 比如批评国王,偷面包。当然,奴隶制是种理想的节约劳力的制度,而残忍行为
non-violent:adj.非暴力的; criticizing:v.批评;批判;挑剔;指责;评论;评价;(criticize的现在分词) loaf:n.一条面包;一条(面包);v.游手好闲;无所事事;闲荡 Slavery:n.奴隶制;奴隶身份;蓄奴;adj.流口水的;被口水弄脏的; preferred:v.较喜欢;喜欢…多于…;(prefer的过去式和过去分词) labor-saving:adj.节省劳力的;减轻劳动的; device:n.装置;策略;图案; cruelty:n.残酷;残忍;残酷的行为;
a popular form of entertainment. Perhaps the most vivid example was the practice of cat burning, in which a cat was hoisted on a stage and lowered in a sling into a fire,	则被当作流行的娱乐方式。也许最生动的例子是火烧猫的行为。猫在平台上被吊起来通过吊索被慢慢放入火里
vivid:adj.生动的;鲜明的;鲜艳的; hoisted:v.吊起;提升;拉高;(hoist的过去分词和过去式) sling:n.[机]吊索;投石器;抛掷;v.用投石器投掷;吊起;
and the spectators shrieked in laughter as the cat, howling in pain, was burned to death.	猫在火中痛苦地嚎叫直到被烧死围观的人发出愉快的尖叫
spectators:n.观众;旁观者(spectator复数); shrieked:vi.尖叫;促人注意;vt.尖声发出;n.尖声;尖锐的响声;
What about one-on-one murder? Well, there there are good statistics, because many municipalities recorded the cause of death.	那么一对一的凶杀呢？这个有据可查因为许多市政当局记录了死因
one-on-one:adj.一对一的;直接对立的;adv.一对一;面对面;n.一对一的比赛; municipalities:n.市民,自治市;市政公债;(municipality复数形式)
The criminologist Manuel Eisner scoured all of the historical records across Europe for homicide rates in any village, hamlet , town, county that he could find, and he supplemented them with national data when nations started keeping statistics.	犯罪学家Manuel Eisner 整理了欧洲的所有历史记录涉及他能找到的乡、村、镇、县的凶杀率然后综合了有数据记录以来的所有国家数据
criminologist:n.犯罪学者;刑事学家; scoured:v.擦洗;腐蚀;摩擦(scour的过去式); historical:adj.历史的;史学的;基于史实的; homicide:n.杀人;杀人犯; hamlet:n.小村庄; county:n.郡,县; supplemented:v.增补,补充(supplement的过去分词);
He plotted on a logarithmic scale, going from 100 deaths per 100,000 people per year, which was approximately the rate of homicide in the Middle Ages. And the figure plummets down	他用对数表示,从每年每十万人中 100例死亡,略等于中世纪的凶杀案发率数据降低到了
plotted:v.密谋;暗中策划;标出;绘制(图表);(plot的过去分词和过去式) logarithmic:adj.对数的; approximately:adv.大约,近似地;近于; plummets:v.大幅下跌;垂直落下(plummet的三单形式);n.[测]铅锤(plummet的复数);
to less than one homicide per 100,000 people per year in seven or eight European countries. Then there is a slight uptick in the 1960s. The people who said that rock 'n roll would lead to the decline of moral values actually had a grain of truth to that.	每年每十万人中少于1例死亡率在7、8个欧洲国家。然后1960年代稍有上涨那些说摇滚导致了道德丧失的部分人确实有一定道理
slight:adj.轻微的;略微的;细小的;纤细的;n.侮慢;冷落;轻视;v.侮慢;冷落;轻视; uptick:n.报升(股票成交价格比上一个交易的为高); grain:n.粮食; v.把…作成细粒;
But there was a decline from at least two orders of magnitude in homicide from the Middle Ages to the present, and the elbow occurred in the early 16th century.	但谋杀率数据减少至少有两个数量级从中世纪到现在数据拐角出现在16世纪初期
elbow:n.肘;弯头;肘状物;v.用肘推;挤进;讨价还价; occurred:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;(occur的过去分词和过去式)
Let's click down to the decade scale.	接下来以十年为单位观察
According to non-governmental organizations that keep such statistics, since 1945 in Europe and the Americas there has been a steep decline in interstate wars,	根据一些非政府组织的相关数据从1945年起,在欧洲和美洲国家间战争、严重种族暴乱和军事政变
According to:根据,据说; non-governmental:非政府的;非官方的; organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构; steep:adj.陡峭的;不合理的;夸大的;急剧升降的;v.泡;浸;使…充满;n.峭壁;浸渍; interstate:adj.州际的;州与州之间的;n.(美)州际公路;
in deadly ethnic riots or pogroms and in military coups , even in South America . Worldwide , there's been a steep decline in deaths in interstate wars. The yellow bars here show the number of deaths per war per year from 1950 to the present.	数量急剧减少即使在南美也是如此。在世界范围内国家间战争的死亡率也急速下降。这里的黄色条显示从1950年到现在每年每场战争的死亡数
deadly:adj.致命的;非常的;死一般的;adv.非常;如死一般地; ethnic:adj.种族的;人种的; riots:n.暴动(riot的复数);v.骚乱(riot的第三人称单数形式);闹事; pogroms:n.大屠杀,集体迫害;(pogrom的复数) military:adj.军事的;军人的;适于战争的;n.军队;军人; coups:n.政变; vt.使…颠倒; vi.推倒; South America:n.南美洲; Worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地;
And, as you can see , the death rate goes down from 65,000 deaths per conflict per year in the 1950s to less than 2,000 deaths per conflict per year in this decade, as horrific as it is.	正如你所见,死亡人数从1950年的65000例每场战争每年,到近十年的2000例每场战争每年,尽管这些战争显得很残酷。
as you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的; conflict:n.冲突;矛盾;争执;抵触;v.抵触; horrific:adj.可怕的;令人毛骨悚然的;
Even in the year scale one can see a decline of violence.	就算是以年为单位也能看出暴力的减少
Since the end of the Cold War there have been fewer civil wars, fewer genocides -- indeed, a 90 percent reduction since post-World War II highs -- and even a reversal of the 1960s uptick in homicide and violent crime.	自从冷战终结,内战便很少发生种族灭绝几乎绝迹。其实,数据从二战之后的最高点降低了90% 即使在60年代凶杀率和暴力行为有小的上升
reversal:n.逆转;[摄]反转;[法]撤销;
This is from the FBI Uniform Crime Statistics: you can see that there is a fairly low rate of violence in the '50s and the '60s, then it soared upward for several decades and began	这是联邦调查局犯罪统计数据。从中可知在50至60年代暴力行为发生率相对较低经历几十年的上升
Uniform:adj.统一的;一致的;相同的;始终如一的;n.制服;v.使穿制服;使成一样; fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直; soared:v.飙升(soar的过去分词);骤然上升; upward:adj.向上的;上升的;adv.向上;
a precipitous decline, starting in the 1990s, so that it went back almost to the level that was last enjoyed in 1960.	在90年代开始骤降直至回到60年代的水平
precipitous:adj.险峻的;急躁的,鲁莽的;
President Clinton, if you're here, thank you.	克林顿总统,如果你在的话,非常感谢
(Laughter)	(笑声)
So the question is: why are so many people so wrong about something so important? I think there are a number of reasons.	所以问题是:为什么对于如此重要的问题有这么多人都持错误观点呢？我想原因很多
One of them is we have better reporting: "The Associated Press is a better chronicler of wars over the surface of the Earth than 16th-century monks were."	其一是有了更多的媒体报道。“在这个世界上, 美联社是比16世纪的僧人更好的战争编年体作者。”
Associated Press:n.(美国)联合通讯社;美联社; chronicler:n.记录者;年代史编者;
There's a cognitive illusion : we cognitive psychologists know that the easier it is to recall specific instances of something, the higher the probability that you assign to it.	有这样一个认知幻觉:我们认知学家知道越容易回忆一些具体的事情, 你就越容易去做。
cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的; illusion:n.幻觉,错觉;错误的观念或信仰; psychologists:n.[心理]心理学家(psychologist的复数形式); recall:v.记起;回想起;使想到;勾起;召回;n.记忆力;记性;回归请求;回收令; specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; instances:n.相依物体,例子; v.举例说明(instance的第三人称单数形式); probability:n.可能性;机率;[数]或然率; assign:v.指定;指派;转让;分派;n.[法]受让人;
Things that we read about in the paper with gory footage burn into memory more than reports of a lot more people dying in their beds of old age. There are dynamics in the opinion	我们每天读报纸中的血淋淋的描写它们对我们记忆的影响远远大于更多人在床上老死的报道。观点和市场宣传上有这么一说:
gory:adj.血淋淋的;残酷的; footage:n.英尺长度;连续镜头;以尺计算长度; dynamics:n.动力学,力学;
and advocacy markets: no one ever attracted observers , advocates and donors by saying "things just seem to be getting better and better."	没有人能靠仅仅是说 “事情会变得越来越好的。来吸引围观者,宣讲者和捐赠者们
advocacy:n.主张;拥护;辩护; observers:n.观察者(observer的复数); advocates:n.拥护者; vt.主张(advocate的第三人称单数); donors:n.捐赠人(donor的复数);[电子]施主;
(Laughter)	(笑声)
There's guilt about our treatment of native peoples in modern intellectual life, and an unwillingness to acknowledge there could be anything good about Western culture.	在现代文明社会,我们对待本土人的方式以及不情愿承认西方文化一些好的方面让我们觉得内疚
treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论; intellectual:n.知识分子;脑力劳动者;adj.智力的;脑力的;理智的;有才智的; unwillingness:n.不愿意;不情愿;
And of course, our change in standards can outpace the change in behavior. One of the reasons violence went down is that people got sick of the carnage and cruelty in their time.	当然,我们标准的变化超过了我们行为的变化。暴力下降的众多原因之一人们对他们那时的屠杀和残忍性已经厌倦了。
standards:n.标准,水平,规格(standard的复数) outpace:vt.赶过;超过…速度; carnage:n.大屠杀;残杀;大量绝灭;
That's a process that seems to be continuing, but if it outstrips behavior by the standards of the day, things always look more barbaric than they would have been	那个过程可能看起来还在继续, 但是如果按照现在的标准它超过了行为, 事情比他们从历史标准上看来
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; outstrips:vt.超过;胜过;比…跑得快; barbaric:adj.野蛮的,粗野的;原始的;
by historic standards. So today, we get exercised -- and rightly so -- if a handful of murderers get executed by lethal injection in Texas after a 15-year appeal process. We don't consider	要变得更加野蛮。所以,现在,我们受到训练--很应该地-- 如果有一小撮杀人犯经过15年的上诉程序在得克萨斯受到注射死刑的惩罚。我们不认为
rightly:adv.正确地;恰当地;公正地;合适地; executed:v.(尤指依法)处决,处死;实行;执行;实施;(execute的过去分词和过去式) lethal:adj.致命的,致死的;n.致死因子; injection:n.注射;大量资金的投入;(液体的)注入; appeal:n.上诉;吸引力;申诉;魅力;v.上诉;呼吁;申诉;恳求;
that a couple of hundred years ago they may have been burned at the stake for criticizing the king after a trial that lasted 10 minutes -- and indeed, that that would have been repeated over and over . Today we look at capital punishment as evidence of how low our behavior can sink, rather than how high our standards have risen.	在几百年前,他们会因为批评国王在经过10分钟的审判后被处以火刑--的确,那种情形可能会重复发生。今天,我们把极刑看成我们行为沦落程度的证据而不是我们的标准上升到多高的程度。
over and over:反复;再三;
Well, why has violence declined ? No one really knows, but I have read four explanations, all of which, I think, have some grain of plausibility . The first is: maybe	那么,为什么暴力下降了呢？没有人能真正回答这个问题, 但是,我读到过四种解释,我认为, 还是比较可信的。第一种解释是:或许
declined:v.减少;下降;衰弱;婉言拒绝;(decline的过去分词和过去式) plausibility:n.善辩;似乎有理;貌似可信;
Thomas Hobbes got it right. He was the one who said that life in a state of nature was " solitary , poor, nasty , brutish and short." Not because, he argued, humans have some primordial thirst for blood, or aggressive instinct or territorial imperative ,	托马斯霍布斯是正确的。他说过自然状态下的生命是“孤独,贫穷,肮脏,野蛮和短暂的。”不是因为,他申辩到, 人们对血腥行为,进攻本能或领土保护的原始本能,
solitary:adj.孤独的;独居的;n.独居者;隐士; nasty:adj.极差的:令人厌恶的:不友好的:n.令人不愉快的事物: brutish:adj.粗野的;残忍的;野兽般的; aggressive:adj.侵略性的;好斗的;有进取心的;有闯劲的; instinct:n.本能;天性;直觉;adj.充满的; territorial:adj.领土的;区域的;土地的;地方的;n.地方自卫队士兵; imperative:adj.重要紧急的; n.重要紧急的事;
but because of the logic of lack"> anarchy . In a state of anarchy there's a constant lack"> temptation to invade your neighbors lack"> preemptively , before they invade you. More lack"> recently Thomas lack"> Schelling	而是因为无政府状态的逻辑型。在无政府状态下, 在你的邻居侵犯你之前抢先侵占他们是个永恒的诱惑。最近,托马斯霍布斯
logic:n.逻辑;逻辑学;逻辑性;adj.逻辑的;
gives the analogy of a homeowner who hears a rustling in the basement. Being a good American, he has a pistol in the nightstand , pulls out his gun, and walks down the stairs.	将一个故事作为比喻。一位房东听到地下室沙沙的声音, 作为一位好美国公民,他的床头柜里有一把手枪于是他装上子弹,走下楼梯。
analogy:n.类比;类推;类似; homeowner:n.私房屋主;自己拥有住房者; rustling:n.沙沙声; v.沙沙作响; (rustle的现在分词) pistol:n.手枪;v.用手枪射击; nightstand:n.(美)床头几(等于nighttable);
And what does he see but a burglar with a gun in his hand.	他看到一个盗贼正拿着一把抢。
burglar:n.破门盗贼;入室窃贼;
Each of them is thinking, "I don't really want to kill that guy, but he's about to kill me.	他们两个人都在想, “我不想杀掉那个人,但是他可能会杀我。
Maybe I had better shoot him before he shoots me, especially since, even if he doesn't want to kill me, he's probably worrying right now that I might kill him before he kills me." And so on.	或许,我在他杀我之前,我有机会杀掉他, 虽然,他可能没有打算杀我, 他可能现在认为我在他杀掉我之前我会先杀他。”等等,等等。
Hunter-gatherer peoples explicitly go through this train of thought, and will often raid their neighbors out of fear of being raided first.	狩猎为生的人们经过这样清晰明确的思考, 通常会因为担心自己被杀害而先杀害他们的邻居。
explicitly:adv.明确地;明白地; raided:v.突然搜查;偷袭;打劫;(raid的过去分词和过去式)
Now, one way of dealing with this problem is by deterrence : you don't strike first, but you have a publicly announced policy that you will retaliate savagely if you are invaded .	现在,解决这个问题的一种方法是通过威慑: 你不先进攻,但是你先公开宣称如果你受到侵犯,你将会进行野蛮报复。
deterrence:n.威慑;妨碍物;挽留的事物; policy:n.政策,方针;保险单; retaliate:v.报复;反击;复仇; savagely:adv.野蛮地;残忍地; invaded:v.入侵;拥入;遍布(invade的过去分词);adj.被侵入的;
The only thing is that this policy is liable to having its bluff called, and therefore can only work if it's credible . To make it credible you must avenge all insults and settle all sc ores, which leads to cycles of bloody vendetta.	这样公开宣称的唯一事情是可被称为虚张声势,所以只能在其可信的情况下变为可能。为了使其能够变为可能,你必须报复所有的侵犯摆平所有的恩怨,但这会导致血腥复仇的循环圈。
liable:adj.有责任的,有义务的;应受罚的;有…倾向的;易…的; bluff:v.虚张声势;唬人;吹牛;n.虚张声势的做法;唬人;峭壁;adj.直率豪爽的 credible:adj.可靠的,可信的; ores,:n.[矿物]矿石;非金属矿物(ore的复数); leads:n.引线;领导者;管道(lead的复数);v.领导;通往(lead的第三人称单数);指引;
Life becomes an episode of the Sopranos . Hobbes' solution , the " Leviathan ," was that if authority for the legitimate use of violence was vested in a single democratic agency -- a leviathan --	人生变成了电视剧“黑道家族。”霍布斯的解决方法, “利维坦”,讲的是如果对暴力的合法使用权是属于一个单一的民主机构--一种“利维坦”--
episode:n.一段经历;片段,插曲;一集; Sopranos:n.女高音(soprano的复数形式); solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; Leviathan:n.海中怪兽;庞然大物;巨轮; authority:n.权威;权力;当局; legitimate:adj.合法的;正当的;合理的;正统的;v.使合法;认为正当(等于legitimize); vested:v.给予;授予某人某种权力;归属;(vest的过去式)adj.既定的;穿着祭服的 democratic:adj.民主的;民主政治的;大众的; agency:n.代理,中介;代理处,经销处;
then such a state can reduce the temptation of attack, because any kind of aggression will be punished, leaving its profitability as zero. That would remove the temptation to invade preemptively out of fear of them attacking you first.	然后这样一个国家能降低受到攻击的诱惑性, 因为任何一种进攻都将会受到惩罚, 进攻的好处变为零。那将会消除因为担心他人会先攻击你所以你抢险攻击他人的诱惑性。
aggression:n.侵略;侵犯;攻击性;好斗情绪; profitability:n.赢利能力;收益性;利益率;
And it removes the need for a hair-trigger for retaliation to make your deterrent threat credible. And therefore, it would lead to a state of peace. Eisner -- the man who plotted the homicide rates that you failed to see in the earlier slide --	而且它能够消除为了使你自己的威慑变为可信的一触即发的报复。因此,它会导致一个国家的和平。艾斯纳--在前面的幻灯片你没看见的划分杀人率的那个人--
hair-trigger:adj.一触即发的;n.微扣扳机; retaliation:n.报复;反击;回敬; deterrent:adj.遏制的,威慑的;制止的;n.威慑;妨碍物;挽留的事物;
argued that the timing of the decline of homicide in Europe coincided with the rise of centralized states.	争辩道在欧洲杀人率下降的那个时期恰逢中央集权的崛起。
coincided:v.同时发生;相同;相符;重叠;(coincide的过去式和过去分词) centralized:adj.集中的;中央集权的;v.集中(centralize的过去分词);
That's a bit of a support for the leviathan theory.	那是对利维坦理论的一点小小的证明。
Also supporting it is the fact that we today see eruptions of violence in zones of anarchy: in failed states, collapsed empires, frontier regions , mafias , street gangs and so on.	而且支持它的还有我们今天看到的在无政府地段爆发的暴力行为:在失势的国家,崩溃的帝国, 边境地区,黑手党,街头帮派等等。
eruptions:n.火山爆发;出疹(eruption的复数形式); collapsed:v.倒塌,坍塌;倒下,昏倒;坐下;(collapse的过去分词和过去式) regions:n.地区;地域;行政区;左近;(region的复数) mafias:n.黑手党;(意)秘密政党; gangs:n.帮派(gang的复数);v.成帮结伙;合伙行动(gang的三单形式);
The second explanation is that in many times and places there is a widespread sentiment that life is cheap.	第二种解释是在很多次很多地方有种认为生命卑贱的普遍看法。
widespread:adj.普遍的,广泛的;分布广的; sentiment:n.感情,情绪;情操;观点;多愁善感;
In earlier times, when suffering and early death were common in one's own life, one has fewer compunctions about inflicting them on others. And as technology and economic efficiency make life longer and more pleasant, one puts a higher value on life in general .	早期,当受苦和早逝对于一个人很平常的时候,人们对造成他人受苦或死亡的内疚感不会强烈。当科技和经济有效地使生命延长并且更愉快时,人们对生命的价值总体上有了更高的评价。
compunctions:n.悔恨,后悔;内疚; inflicting:v.使遭受打击;使吃苦头;(inflict的现在分词) technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; efficiency:n.效率;效能;功效; in general:总之,通常;一般而言;
This was an argument from the political scientist James Payne.	政治科学家詹姆斯佩恩对此有所论述。
political scientist:n.政治学家;
A third explanation invokes the concept of a " non-zero sum game,"	第三种解释用了“非零和游戏”的概念,
invokes:(invoke的第三人称单数)vt.调用;祈求;引起;恳求; non-zero:adj.非零;
and was worked out in the book Non-Zero by the journalist	在记者罗伯特怀特的书“非零”中
journalist:n.新闻工作者;报人;记日志者;
Robert Wright . Wright points out that in certain circumstances cooperation , including non-violence , can benefit both parties in an interaction , such as gains in trade when two parties trade	有所讲述。怀特指出在特别情况下合作,包括非暴力的,能够对相互的双方都有利,比如交易的所得,当双方交换
Wright:n.制作者;工人; circumstances:n.情况;环境;情形;(circumstance的复数) cooperation:n.合作;配合; non-violence:非暴力政策; interaction:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;
their surpluses and both come out ahead, or when two parties lay down their arms and split the so-called peace dividend that results in them not having to fight the whole time.	他们的盈余,或者当双方放下武器,分离所谓的和平界限从而不会再发生战争。
surpluses:n.剩余(surplus的复数); split:v.分离;使分离;劈开;离开;分解;n.劈开;裂缝;adj.劈开的; so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的; peace dividend:n.和平红利;
Wright argues that technology has increased the number of positive-sum games that humans tend to be embroiled in by allowing the trade of goods, services and ideas over longer distances and among larger groups of people.	怀特争辩说科技提升了“正和游戏的砝码,人类往往会陷入允许货物,贸易和思想经过更长的旅途在更多的人群中交换。
embroiled:adj.陷入的; v.使卷入(纠纷); (embroil的过去分词和过去式)
The result is that other people become more valuable alive than dead, and violence declines for selfish reasons. As Wright put it, "Among the many reasons that I think that we should not bomb the Japanese is that they built my mini-van ."	结果是其他人活着比死亡更加有用, 因为私自的原因,暴力下降了。如同怀特说的, ”在我认为我们不应该轰炸日本的众多原因之一是他们建造了我的多功能休旅車。“
valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品; declines:vi.下降;衰退;拒绝(decline的第三人称单数); mini-van:小型多功能厢式车;
(Laughter)	（笑声）
The fourth explanation is captured in the title of a book called The Expanding Circle, by the philosopher Peter Singer, who argues that evolution bequeathed humans with a sense	第四种解释含在书题中 ”扩张的圈子“,由哲学家彼得辛格所写, 他争辩道进化遗留给人类
captured:adj.捕获的;被俘的;v.捕获;占领;引起;(capture的过去式和过去分词) Expanding:v.扩大,增加,增强细谈;详述;(expand的现在分词) philosopher:n.哲学家;深思的人;善于思考的人; evolution:n.演变;进化;发展;渐进; bequeathed:v.(在遗嘱中)把…遗赠给; (bequeath的过去式和过去分词)
of empathy : an ability to treat other peoples' interests as comparable to one's own. Unfortunately , by default we apply it only to a very narrow circle of friends and family.	同情的感情:一种将他人的利益作为自己的利益的一种能力。不幸的是,在默认状态下, 我们只将这种能力局限于朋友和家人的狭窄圈子中。
empathy:n.神入;移情作用;执着; comparable to:可比较的,比得上的; Unfortunately:adv.不幸地; default:n.违约;拖欠;缺席;缺陷;v.违约;拖欠;缺乏;不履行; apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; narrow:adj.狭窄的; v.使窄小; n.峡谷; (场所,物品等的)狭窄部分;
People outside that circle are treated as sub-human, and can be exploited with impunity . But over history, the circle has expanded . One can see, in historical record,	在圈外的人们被认为是次等人, 可以利用。但是经过历史, 圈子已经扩张了。可以看到的是,历史记录,
treated:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;(treat的过去分词和过去式) exploited:v.剥削;压榨;运用;利用;发挥(exploit的过去分词和过去式) impunity:n.不受惩罚;无患;[法]免罚; expanded:adj.扩充的;展开的;vt.扩大(expand的过去式);
it expanding from the village, to the clan , to the tribe , to the nation, to other races, to both sexes and, in Singer's own arguments, something that we should extend to other sentient species. The question is, if this has happened, what has powered that expansion ?	它从乡村扩张到氏族,扩张到部落, 扩张到国家,扩张到其他种族,扩张到两性并且,在辛格自己的论文中,一些我们应该扩张到其他有感情的物种的东西。问题是, 如果真是实现了,是什么驱使这种扩张？
clan:n.家族;庞大的家族;宗派;帮派; tribe:n.部落;族;宗族;一伙; extend:vt.延伸; vi.延伸; sentient:adj.有感情的;有感觉力的;意识到的;n.有知觉的人; expansion:n.扩张;膨胀;扩展;扩大;
And there are a number of possibilities. Increasing circles of reciprocity in the sense that Robert Wright argues for.	有很多种可能。在这个意义上增加罗伯特怀特所认为的互惠圈。
reciprocity:n.相互作用(复数reciprocities);相互性;互惠主义;
The logic of the golden rule : the more you think about and interact with other people the more you realize that it is untenable to privilege your interests over theirs,	黄金法则的逻辑是:你越为他人着想,越同他人交流, 你越多地意识到将你的利益凌驾于他人之上是站不住脚的,
golden rule:n.成功之重要原则;指导原则; untenable:adj.(论据等)站不住脚的;不能维持的;不能租赁的;难以防守的; privilege:n.特权;优待;v.给与…特权;特免;
at least not if you want them to listen to you. You can't say that my interests are special compared to yours, anymore than you can say that the particular spot	至少在你希望他们会听你的时候。你不能说我的利益比你的利益更重要, 你说你正站在的那个地方
compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
that I'm standing on is a unique part of the universe because I happen to be standing on it that very minute.	是宇宙中独特的一个地方因为恰巧是你在那个时刻站在那个地方。
unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物;
It may also be powered by cosmopolitanism : by histories and journalism and memoirs and realistic fiction and travel and literacy , which allows you to project yourself into the lives	它也有可能是因世界主义而扩张:根据历史新闻,回忆录和现实小说和旅行以及文学,这些让你将自己融入
cosmopolitanism:n.世界主义;世界大同主义;四海一家; journalism:n.新闻业,新闻工作;报章杂志; memoirs:n.回忆录; realistic:adj.现实的;现实主义的;逼真的;实在论的; literacy:n.读写能力;精通文学;
of other people that formerly you may have treated as sub-human, and also to realize the accidental contingency of your own station in life; the sense that "there but for fortune go I."	那些你认为是次等人的生活, 同时意识到你自己生命中的偶然性;“听天由命”的感觉。
formerly:adv.以前;原来; accidental:n.偶然;[乐]临时符;adj.不测的;非本质的; contingency:n.偶然性;[安全]意外事故;可能性;[审计]意外开支; fortune:n.财富;命运;运气;v.给予财富,偶然发生
Whatever its causes, the decline of violence has profound implications . It should force us to ask not just "Why is there war?" but also "Why is there peace?" Not just "What are we doing wrong?" but also "What have we been doing right?"	无论是什么原因,暴力的下降具有深刻的影响。它应该迫使我们不仅要问:“为什么会有战争？“而且要问”为什么会有和平？“不仅仅是 ”我们做错了什么？“还有”我们做对了什么？“
profound:adj.深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的; implications:n.蕴涵式;暗指,暗示;含蓄,含意;卷入(implication的复数);
Because we have been doing something right, and it sure would be good to find out what it is.	因为我们做对了某些事, 找出我们做的对的事情一定没错。
Thank you very much.	非常谢谢大家。
(Applause).	（掌声）。
Chris Anderson: I loved that talk. I think a lot of people here in the room would say that that expansion of -- that you were talking about, that Peter Singer talks about, is also driven by, just by technology,	克里斯安德森（CA）:我很喜爱这个讲话。我认为在这间屋子里的很多人都会说那个扩张--你所讲到的那个, 彼得辛格所说的,同时也是因为科技,
by greater visibility of the other, and the sense that the world is therefore getting smaller. I mean, is that also a grain of truth?	因为其他人的可见性,因为对世界的感知使得一切都变小了而扩张。我的意思是说,也有些道理吧？
visibility:n.可见性;能见度;能见距离
Steven Pinker: Very much. It would fit both in Wright's theory, that it allows us to enjoy the benefits of cooperation over larger and larger circles. But also, I think it helps us	史蒂芬品可:非常有道理。这既符合怀特的理论, 允许我们享受合作的利益在一个更大更广的圈子中。而且,我认为它帮助我们
imagine what it's like to be someone else. I think when you read these horrific tortures that were common in the Middle Ages you think, how could they possibly have done it,	想象对于他人是什么样子。我认为当你读到一些在中世纪很常见的那些可怕的遭遇的时候,你会想他们怎么能做出那样的事情,
tortures:n.拷打;拷问;折磨;v.拷打;拷问;使痛苦;(torture的第三人称单数和复数)
how could they have not have empathized with the person that they're disemboweling? But clearly, as far as they're concerned , this is just an alien being	他们怎么能不同情他们残害的人？但是明显的是, 对于他们而言,他们就像是外星人
empathized:v.有同感;产生共鸣;表同情;(empathize的过去分词和过去式) as far as:至于…; concerned:adj.有关的;关心的;v.关心;与…有关;(concern的过去时和过去分词)
that does not have feelings akin to their own. Anything, I think, that makes it easier to imagine trading places with someone else means that it increases your moral consideration to that other person.	不会对他们的同类有感情。任何事情,我认为, 能够将想象跟他人交换的情形更容易的东西,意味着它能够增强你对他人的道德心。
akin:adj.类似的;同类的;同族的; consideration:n.顾及;报酬;斟酌;仔细考虑;
CA: Well, Steve, I would love every news media owner to hear that talk at some point in the next year. I think it's really important. Thank you so much.	CA:非常好,史蒂夫,我希望每个新闻媒体的持有人在明年的时候都听到这段讲话。我认为这太重要了。非常谢谢你。
media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉;
SP: My pleasure.	SP:这是我的荣幸。

StevenPinker_2007-_为你消除对暴力的误解_