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StevenJohnson_2010G-_好想法从哪来_
Just a few minutes ago, I took this picture about 10 blocks from here. 就在几分钟前,我在离这里大约十条街的地方 拍了这张照片。
This is the Grand Cafe here in Oxford. 这是牛津这里的大咖啡馆。
I took this picture because this turns out to be the first coffeehouse to open in England in 1650. 我拍这张照片是因为它年代久远 始建于1650年,是英国第一个 咖啡馆
coffeehouse:n.咖啡馆;vi.进行漫谈;聊天;
That's its great claim to fame. 相当有名。
claim:v.要求;声称;需要;认领;n.要求;声称;索赔;断言;值得;
And I wanted to show it to you, not because I want to give you the kind of Starbucks tour of historic England, but rather because the English coffeehouse was crucial to the development and spread 我想展示给你照片, 不是因为我想给你星巴克式的 英国历史回顾, 而是因为 在过去500年间, 英国咖啡馆对 所谓的启蒙运动
Starbucks:n.星巴克(咖啡店名); historic:adj.有历史意义的;历史上著名的; crucial:adj.重要的;决定性的;定局的;决断的;
of one of the great intellectual flowerings of the last 500 years, what we now call the Enlightenment . 发展和传播 起到至关
intellectual:n.知识分子;脑力劳动者;adj.智力的;脑力的;理智的;有才智的; Enlightenment:n.启迪;启蒙运动;教化;
And the coffeehouse played such a big role in the birth of the Enlightenment, in part, because of what people were drinking there. 重要的 作用。 究其原因,部分是因为人在那里喝的东西。
Because, before the spread of coffee and tea through British culture, what people drank -- both elite and mass folks drank -- day-in and day-out, from dawn until dusk was alcohol . 因为,在咖啡和茶在英国文化中 广泛传播前, 无论是精英与大众 每天从黎明到黄昏 人们喝的是酒
elite:n.精英;精华;杰出人物; mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集; dawn:n.黎明;开端;vt.破晓;出现;被领悟; dusk:n.黄昏;傍晚;v.变暗;使变暗; alcohol:n.酒精;乙醇;含酒精饮料;
Alcohol was the daytime beverage of choice. 酒是白天的首选饮料。
beverage:n.饮料;
You would drink a little beer with breakfast and have a little wine at lunch, a little gin -- particularly around 1650 -- and top it off with a little beer and wine at the end of the day. 在1650年左右,早餐你会喝一点啤酒,午餐喝一点葡萄酒, 晚上来一点杜松子酒, 并在这一天结束时喝啤酒和葡萄酒。
gin:n.杜松子酒; vi.喝杜松子酒; particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地;
That was the healthy choice, right, because the water wasn't safe to drink. 那时水是不能饮用的, 因此酒是健康的选择。
And so, effectively, until the rise of the coffeehouse, you had an entire population that was effectively drunk all day. 基本上,在咖啡馆的兴起前, 所有人整天 都醉醺醺的。
And you can imagine what that would be like, right, in your own life -- and I know this is true of some of you -- if you were drinking all day, and then you switched from a depressant to a stimulant in your life, you would have better ideas. 而你能想象你的生活会是什么样子, 我知道对于你们中的一些是真的 - 如果你喝了一整天, 然后放下这个抑制剂,改成别的使你兴奋的饮料 你会更好的想法。
depressant:n.镇静剂,[医][矿业]抑制剂;adj.有镇静作用的; stimulant:n.[药]兴奋剂;刺激物;酒精饮料;adj.激励的;使人兴奋的;
You would be sharper and more alert . 你会更清晰,更警觉。
sharper:n.骗子;赌棍;欺诈犯; alert:n.警报; adj.警觉的; v.向…报警;
And so it's not an accident that a great flowering of innovation happened as England switched to tea and coffee. 所以当英格兰人改喝茶和咖啡后 创新的兴起就不是一个意外了
innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法;
But the other thing that makes the coffeehouse important is the architecture of the space. 但是,其他的东西如咖啡馆 空间结构也很重要。
architecture:n.建筑学;建筑风格;建筑式样;架构;
It was a space where people would get together from different backgrounds, different fields of expertise , and share. 在这里,来自不同背景 不同专业领域的人们 分享想法。
get together:聚会 expertise:n.专门知识;专门技术;专家的意见;
It was a space, as Matt Ridley talked about, where ideas could have sex. 如马特雷德利谈到, 在这里,想法交织在一起。
Ridley:n.鳞龟属动物(产于墨西哥湾,等于Lepidochelys);
This was their conjugal bed, in a sense . 在一定意义上,这是它们的夫妻床。
conjugal:adj.婚姻的;结婚的;夫妻之间的; in a sense:在某种意义上;
Ideas would get together there. 想法将聚在一起。
And an astonishing number of innovations from this period have a coffeehouse somewhere in their story. 而这一时期的数量惊人的创新 发源于咖啡馆。
astonishing:adj.令人十分惊讶的;v.使十分惊讶;使吃惊;(astonish的现在分词) innovations:n.创新(innovation的复数);改革;
I've been spending a lot of time thinking about coffeehouses for the last five years, because I've been kind of on this quest to investigate this question of where good ideas come from. 在过去的五年我花了很多 时间思考咖啡馆, 因为我一直 试图 找到好点子的来源。
coffeehouses:n.咖啡馆;vi.进行漫谈;聊天; quest:n.追求;寻找;vi.追求;寻找;vt.探索; investigate:v.调查;研究;审查;
What are the environments that lead to unusual levels of innovation, unusual levels of creativity? 哪些环境因素 导致不寻常水平的创新, 不寻常水平的创造？
What's the kind of environmental -- what is the space of creativity? 有什么样的环境 什么是创造力的空间？
And what I've done is 而我所做的就是
I've looked at both environments like the coffeehouse; 我观察环境,如咖啡馆;
I've looked at media environments, like the World Wide Web , that have been extraordinarily innovative; 媒体环境,如万维网 已经非常有创新性;
media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; World Wide Web:n.万维网; extraordinarily:adv.非常;格外地;非凡地;
I've gone back to the history of the first cities; 我又回过头来看早期城市的历史;
I've even gone to biological environments, like coral reefs and rainforests , that involve unusual levels of biological innovation; and what I've been looking for is shared patterns, kind of signature behavior that shows up again and again in all of these environments. 我还观察了生物环境 如珊瑚礁和热带雨林, 那里有超凡的生物创新; 我一直在寻找的是它们共通的模式 一种标志性的行为 一次又一次显示在这些环境中。
biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品; coral:n.珊瑚;珊瑚虫;adj.珊瑚的;珊瑚色的; reefs:n.礁石(reef的复数形式); v.收帆; rainforests:n.(热带)雨林; involve:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加; signature:n.署名;签名;信号; again and again:adv.再三地,反复地;
Are there recurring patterns that we can learn from, that we can take and kind of apply to our own lives, or our own organizations , or our own environments to make them more creative and innovative ? 是否我们可以从这些不断重复的模式中学到东西 进而可以应用于我们自己的生活, 或组织, 或环境,使他们更具有创造力和创新力？
recurring:v.再发生;反复出现;(recur的现在分词) apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构; creative:adj.创造性的; innovative:adj.革新的,创新的;
And I think I've found a few. 我想我已经找到了一些。
But what you have to do to make sense of this and to really understand these principles is you have to do away with a lot of the way in which our conventional metaphors and language steers us towards certain concepts of idea-creation. 但是你为了 真正理解这些原则, 你必须做的是远离 我们传统的方式的隐喻和语言 引导我们 到某些想法产生的概念。
make sense of:搞清…的意思; principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数) do away with:v.废除,去掉;弄死; conventional:adj.符合习俗的,传统的;常见的;惯例的; metaphors:n.隐喻(metaphor的复数形式); steers:驾驶;引领;某物;小公牛;引导;
We have this very rich vocabulary to describe moments of inspiration. 我们已有非常丰富的词汇 来形容的灵感瞬间。
describe:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形;
We have the kind of the flash of insight , the stroke of insight , we have epiphanies , we have " eureka !" moments, we have the lightbulb moments, right? 比如我们有闪光 洞悉, 顿悟,“我发现了！”瞬间, 我们有灯泡时刻,对吗？
flash:n.闪光; v.闪光; adj.庞大的; insight:n.洞察力;洞悉; stroke:n.中风;笔画;钟声;抚摩;v.抚摩(动物的毛皮);轻抚;轻挪;轻触; epiphanies:n.主显节(每年一月六日纪念耶稣显灵的节日);显现(特指神的显现); eureka:int.有了！;找到了！;
All of these concepts, as kind of rhetorically florid as they are, share this basic assumption , which is that an idea is a single thing, it's something that happens often in a wonderful illuminating moment. 所有这些概念, 作为一种华丽修辞, 分享一个基本假设, 那就是一想法是一个单一的事情, 灵感经常发生在 一个美妙的照亮时刻。
florid:adj.绚丽的;气色好的; assumption:n.假定;设想;担任;采取; illuminating:adj.照明的;有启发性的;v.照明,解释;(illuminate的现在分词)
But in fact, what I would argue, and what you really need to kind of begin with, is this idea that an idea is a network on the most elemental level. 但事实上,我会说,首先你得理解 想法是一个网络 最基本的就是一个网络
elemental:adj.基本的;主要的;自然力的;四大要素的(土,水,气,火);
I mean, this is what is happening inside your brain. 它就是在你的大脑里发生的事情。
An idea, a new idea, is a new network of neurons firing in sync with each other inside your brain. 一个想法,一个新的想法,是一种新的大脑神经元 互相同步放电的网络
sync:n.同步,同时;vi.同时发生;vt.使同步;
It's a new configuration that has never formed before. 一个从来没有形成过的新的配置。
configuration:n.配置;结构;外形;
And the question is: how do you get your brain into environments where these new networks are going to be more likely to form? 而问题是:你如何将要你的大脑进入环境中, 更可能的形成这些新的网络？
And it turns out that, in fact, the kind of network patterns of the outside world mimic a lot of the network patterns of the internal world of the human brain. 而事实证明,对外部世界的网络模式, 模仿了很多人脑的 内部世界的网络。
mimic:vt.模仿,摹拟;n.效颦者,模仿者;仿制品;小丑;adj.模仿的,模拟的;假装的; internal:n.内脏;本质;adj.内部的;里面的;体内的;(机构)内部的;
So the metaphor I'd like the use 所以,我想用一个伟大想法的
I can take from a story of a great idea that's quite recent -- a lot more recent than the 1650s. 故事举例, 是相当近期的- 比1650年代近得多。
A wonderful guy named Timothy Prestero, who has a company called ... an organization called Design that Matters. 有个人叫提摩太·普莱斯泰罗的人 他拥有一家名为设计关键的公司。
Timothy:n.[植]梯牧草;
They decided to tackle this really pressing problem of, you know, the terrible problems we have with infant mortality rates in the developing world. 他们有一个非常迫切的问题来解决, 即发展中世界的婴儿死亡率 较高的问题。
tackle:v.处理; n.用具; infant:n.婴儿;幼儿;未成年人;adj.婴儿的;幼稚的;初期的;未成年的; mortality:n.死亡数,死亡率;必死性,必死的命运;
One of the things that's very frustrating about this is that we know, by getting modern neonatal incubators into any context , if we can keep premature babies warm, basically -- it's very simple -- we can halve infant mortality rates in those environments. 其中令人沮丧的东西是, 我们知道在任何情况下, 现代新生儿恒温箱 保持早产儿温暖,基本上 - 非常简单地, 我们可以在这些环境里使婴儿死亡率减半。
frustrating:adj.令人沮丧的;v.使沮丧;(frustrate的现在分词) neonatal:adj.新生的;初生的; incubators:n.育成中心;培养器;[禽]孵化员(incubator的复数); context:n.环境;上下文;来龙去脉; premature:adj.早产的;不成熟的;比预期早的;n.早产儿;过早发生的事物; basically:adv.主要地,基本上; halve:vt.二等分;把…减半;
So, the technology is there. 因此,技术上是可行的。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
These are standard in all the industrialized worlds. 这些是所有工业化世界的标准。
standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的; industrialized:adj.工业化的;v.使工业化;将…组成产业(industrialize的过去分词);
The problem is, if you buy a $40,000 incubator, and you send it off to a mid-sized village in Africa, it will work great for a year, or two years, and then something will go wrong, and it will break, and it will remain broken forever, 问题是,如果你买了4万美元的保温箱, 你把它送到 非洲的中型村庄, 它能正常工作一年,或两年, 然后某件东西会出问题,机器将破损, 因为你没有整个系统的备件,
mid-sized:adj.中号的;中等尺寸的;
because you don't have a whole system of spare parts, and you don't have the on-the-ground expertise to fix this $40,000 piece of equipment. 它将永久破损, 并且你没有当地专业人员来维修 这种4万美元的设备。
spare:v.节约,吝惜;饶恕;分出,分让;adj.多余的;瘦的;少量的;n.剩余;备用零件; on-the-ground:秘密的;
And so you end up having this problem where you spend all this money getting aid and all these advanced electronics to these countries, and then it ends up being useless. 所以你最终有这个问题,你把所有钱 用于获得援助和运送这些先进的电子设备的钱到这些国家, 而它最终失去使用价值。
advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) electronics:n.电子学;电子工业;
So what Prestero and his team decided to do is to look around and see: what are the abundant resources in these developing world contexts ? 那么莱斯泰罗和他的团队决定做的是研究: 在这些发展中世界的背景下,什么资源 是丰富的？
abundant:adj.丰富的;充裕的;盛产; resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); contexts:n.环境,[计]上下文(context复数);
And what they noticed was they don't have a lot of DVRs, they don't have a lot of microwaves , but they seem to do a pretty good job of keeping their cars on the road. 他们注意到的是那里没有很多的数字录像机 没有很多的微波炉, 但似乎他们的汽车保养得很好。
microwaves:n.[物]微波; v.用微波炉烹调(microwave的单三形式);
There's a Toyota Forerunner on the street in all these places. 在这些地方,到处都有丰田的 越野车。
Forerunner:n.先驱;先驱者;预兆;
They seem to have the expertise to keep cars working. 他们有养汽车的专业技能。
So they started to think, "Could we build a neonatal incubator that's built entirely out of automobile parts?" 于是他们开始思考, “我们能不能做一个完全 是用汽车零部件组装的新生儿恒温箱？”
automobile:n.汽车;v.开汽车;坐汽车;adj.自动的;
And this is what they ended up coming with. 而这是他们最后想出的。
It's called a neonurture device . 这就是霓虹育儿设备。
device:n.装置;策略;图案;
From the outside, it looks like a normal little thing you'd find in a modern, Western hospital. 从外面看,它就像一个会在一个 现代化西方医院找到的普通小东西。
In the inside, it's all car parts. 在它里面,全由汽车零部件组成。
It's got a fan, it's got headlights for warmth, it's got door chimes for alarm. 它有一个风扇,有取暖灯, 有门报警钟。
headlights:n.(车辆的)前灯,前灯的光束;(headlight的复数) chimes:n.编钟; v.协调;
It runs off a car battery . 它靠一个汽车电池运行。
battery:n.[电]电池,蓄电池;n.[法]殴打;n.[军]炮台,炮位;
And so all you need is the spare parts from your Toyota and the ability to fix a headlight, and you can repair this thing. 因此只要你有丰田汽车的零部件, 和修复大灯的技术, 你就可以修复它。
repair:v.修理;修补;修缮;补救;n.修理;修补;修缮;
Now, that's a great idea, but what I'd like to say is that, in fact, this is a great metaphor for the way that ideas happen. 现在,这是一个好主意,但我想说的是,事实上, 它很好地隐喻了想法发生的方式。
We like to think our breakthrough ideas, you know, are like that $40,000, brand new incubator, state-of-the-art technology, but more often than not , they're cobbled together from whatever parts that happen to be around nearby . 我们喜欢认为我们突破性的想法,你知道, 就是这样的4万美元,全新的育儿箱, 有最先进的技术, 但往往不是,它们是由周围 随便什么地方的零件拼凑起来的。
breakthrough:n.突破;开始取得成功之时;adj.突破性的; brand new:adj.崭新的;最近获得的; state-of-the-art:adj.最先进的;已经发展的;达到最高水准的; more often than not:通常;多半; cobbled:adj.铺有鹅卵石的;v.铺鹅卵石(cobbled的过去式和过去分词); nearby:adj.附近的,邻近的;adv.在附近;prep.在…附近;
We take ideas from other people, from people we've learned from, from people we run into in the coffee shop , and we stitch them together into new forms, and we create something new. 我们从别人获取想法, 从我们所研究的人身上,从我们在咖啡厅里碰到的人 然后我们把它们融合成新的形式,来创造新的东西。
coffee shop:na.咖啡店;(一般的)小餐馆; stitch:n.针脚,线迹;一针;vt.缝,缝合;vi.缝,缝合;
That's really where innovation happens. 这才是创新发生的地方。
And that means that we have to change some of our models of what innovation and deep thinking really looks like, right. 这意味着我们必须改变目前的真正的创新 和深入思考某些机制,是的。
I mean, this is one vision of it. 我的意思是,这是一种观念。
vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见;
Another is Newton and the apple, when Newton was at Cambridge . 另一例子是在剑桥的牛顿和苹果的故事。
Newton:n.牛顿(英国科学家);牛顿(力的单位); Cambridge:n.剑桥(英国城市);坎布里奇(美国马萨诸塞州城市);
This is a statue from Oxford. 这是在牛津的一座雕像。
statue:n.雕像;塑像;铸像;v.用雕像装饰;
You know, you're sitting there thinking a deep thought, and the apple falls from the tree, and you have the theory of gravity. 你知道,当你坐在那里深刻地思考, 这时苹果从树上坠落,于是你发现了重力理论。
In fact, the spaces that have historically led to innovation tend to look like this, right. 事实上,曾经在历史上产生创新发展的空间 往往是这样的,没错。
historically:adv.历史上地;从历史观点上说;
This is Hogarth's famous painting of a kind of political dinner at a tavern , but this is what the coffee shops looked like back then. 这是荷加斯的一张酒馆吃饭那种政治名画, 但是这就是当时的咖啡馆的样子
tavern:n.酒馆;客栈;
This is the kind of chaotic environment where ideas were likely to come together, where people were likely to have new, interesting, unpredictable collisions -- people from different backgrounds. 在混乱的环境中, 想法有可能走到一起 来自不同背景的人很可能有 新的,有趣的,不可预测的碰撞。
chaotic:adj.混沌的;混乱的,无秩序的; unpredictable:adj.不可预知的;不定的;出乎意料的;n.不可预言的事; collisions:n.[物]碰撞;冲突;撞击(collision的复数形式);
So, if we're trying to build organizations that are more innovative, we have to build spaces that, strangely enough, look a little bit more like this. 因此,如果我们试图建立更具有创意的组织, 我们要建设的空间,奇怪的是,看起来有点像这一点。
strangely:adv.奇怪地;奇妙地;不可思议地;
This is what your office should look like, is part of my message here. 你的办公室应是这样子 这是我想表达的。
And one of the problems with this is that people are actually -- when you research this field -- people are notoriously unreliable , when they actually kind of self-report on where they have their own good ideas, or their history of their best ideas. 当你研究这个领域, 而与此的问题之一是, 人们实际上是 众所周知的不可靠, 他们有自己的好想法, 或者其历史上的最好的想法,他们真正的 自我报告。
notoriously:adv.众所周知地;声名狼藉地;恶名昭彰地; unreliable:adj.不可靠的;靠不住的; self-report:n.自我报告;
And a few years ago, a wonderful researcher named Kevin Dunbar decided to go around and basically do the Big Brother approach to figuring out where good ideas come from. 而在几年前,一个研究员叫凯文·邓巴 决定去 用大兄弟的方法找寻出 好主意的来源
approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理;
He went to a bunch of science labs around the world and videotaped everyone as they were doing every little bit of their job. 他去了世界各地的科学实验室, 给工作人员的 日常工作录像。
a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆; labs:n.实验室;实验大楼;(lab的复数) videotaped:n.录像带;vt.将…录到录像带上;
So when they were sitting in front of the microscope , when they were talking to their colleague at the water cooler , and all these things. 当他们坐在显微镜前, 当他们和同事谈论水冷却器,以及其他东西。
microscope:n.显微镜; colleague:n.同事,同僚; water cooler:n.饮水机;[新闻传媒]指办公室里人们可以放松闲谈的场所;
And he recorded all of these conversations and tried to figure out where the most important ideas, where they happened. 他记录了所有这些谈话, 试图找出在哪里产生 最重要的想法。
And when we think about the classic image of the scientist in the lab, we have this image -- you know, they're pouring over the microscope, and they see something in the tissue sample. 在实验室的科学家经典形象是, 他们是专注于显微镜, 观察一些组织样本。
classic:n.名著;优秀的典范;adj.最优秀的;第一流的;有代表性的;典型的; pouring:v.倾倒;倾泻;连续流出;倒出;喷发;(pour的现在分词) tissue:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;
And "oh, eureka!" they've got the idea. “噢,我发现了！”他们有这个想法。
What happened actually when Dunbar kind of looked at the tape is that, in fact, almost all of the important breakthrough ideas did not happen alone in the lab, in front of the microscope. 实际上,邓巴在磁带观察到, 几乎所有的重要突破性的想法 并不仅仅发生在实验室的显微镜的前面。
They happened at the conference table at the weekly lab meeting, when everybody got together and shared their kind of latest data and findings , oftentimes when people shared the mistakes they were having, the error, the noise in the signal they were discovering. 它们发生在每周的实验室 会议桌上, 当大家聚在一起,分享他们的最新的数据和调查结果, 分享他们的错误, 偏差,他们发现信号的噪音。
conference:n.会议;研讨会;商讨会;体育协会(或联合会) findings:n.调查发现;判决;裁决;(finding的复数) oftentimes:adv.时常地;
And something about that environment -- and I've started calling it the "liquid network," 还有环境的一些因素 我已经开始将其称为“液态网络”
where you have lots of different ideas that are together, different backgrounds, different interests, jostling with each other, bouncing off each other -- that environment is, in fact, the environment that leads to innovation. 当很多不同的想法在一起的时候 不同背景,不同的利益, 互相冲撞,互相反弹 其实, 是环境导致创新。
jostling:v.(在人群中)挤,推,撞,搡;(jostle的现在分词)
The other problem that people have is they like to condense their stories of innovation down to kind of shorter time frames . 另外一个问题是, 人们喜欢把他们的创新故事浓缩到 较短的时间框架。
condense:vi.浓缩;凝结;vt.使浓缩;使压缩; frames:n.[计][电子][通信]帧,[电影]画面;[建][计]框架;眼镜架(frame的复数);
So they want to tell the story of the "eureka!" moment. 因此,他们想告诉这个故事的“发现了！”时刻。
They want to say, "There I was, I was standing there and I had it all suddenly clear in my head." 他们想说的是:“我站在那里, 在我的脑子里突然清楚有了它。”
But in fact, if you go back and look at the historical record, it turns out that a lot of important ideas have very long incubation periods. 但事实上,如果你回去看看历史纪录 事实证明,大量的重要思想 有很长的孕育期。
incubation:n.孵化;[病毒][医]潜伏;抱蛋;
I call this the "slow hunch ." 我称它为“慢的预感”。
hunch:n.预感;大块;肉峰;v.耸肩;预感到;弯腰驼背;隆起;
We've heard a lot recently about hunch and instinct and blink-like sudden moments of clarity , but in fact, a lot of great ideas linger on, sometimes for decades, in the back of people's minds. 我们已经听到了 很多关于最近预感和本能 明晰闪烁,像突然的时刻, 但事实上,有许多伟大的想法 挥之不去,有时在人们的心中 长达几十年。
recently:adv.最近;新近; instinct:n.本能;天性;直觉;adj.充满的; clarity:n.清楚,明晰;透明; linger:徘徊;继续存留;流连;逗留;持续看(或思考);苟延残喘;
They have a feeling that there's an interesting problem, but they don't quite have the tools yet to discover them. 他们花这么长的时间对某些问题的工作, 但还有另一个
They spend all this time working on certain problems, but there's another thing lingering there that they're interested in, but they can't quite solve. 挥之不去 的东西, 他们感兴趣,但他们不能完全解决。
lingering:adj.拖延的; v.继续存留; (linger的现在分词)
Darwin is a great example of this. 达尔文是一个很好的例子。
Darwin himself, in his autobiography , tells the story of coming up with the idea for natural selection as a classic "eureka!" moment. 在他的自传里, 达尔文讲述了 自然选择的产生, 作为一个典型的“发现！”时刻。
autobiography:n.自传;自传文学; natural selection:n.自然选择;物竞天择;
He's in his study, it's October of 1838, and he's reading Malthus, actually, on population. 1838年十月份的, 他在他的书房里, 阅读马尔萨斯的人口论。
And all of a sudden , the basic algorithm of natural selection kind of pops into his head, and he says, "Ah, at last, I had a theory with which to work." 突然间, 自然选择的基本算法在他脑海里浮现, 他说:“哦,我终于有一个合理的理论了“。
all of a sudden:突然地,出乎意料地;
That's in his autobiography. 这就是他的自传中描述的。
About a decade or two ago, a wonderful scholar named Howard Gruber went back and looked at Darwin's notebooks from this period. 大约十年或二十年前, 有个学者叫霍华德·格鲁伯 他在流览达尔文这一时期的笔记本
scholar:n.学者;奖学金获得者;聪颖勤奋的学生;
And Darwin kept these copious notebooks where he wrote down every little idea he had, every little hunch. 达尔文保留下丰富的笔记, 他写下了他的每一点想法,每个小预感。
copious:adj.丰富的;很多的;多产的;
And what Gruber found was that Darwin had the full theory of natural selection for months and months and months before he had his alleged epiphany , reading Malthus in October of 1838. 格鲁伯发现,1838年10月 达尔文在阅读马尔萨斯著作 并顿悟数月之前, 已有了自然选择的 充分理论。
alleged:adj.宣称的;涉嫌的;v.断言,指称,声称;(allege的过去分词和过去式) epiphany:对事物真谛的顿悟;
There are passages where you can read it, and you think you're reading from a Darwin textbook, from the period before he has this epiphany. 你可以阅读段落, 你以为你是从达尔文教科书阅读, 从他有这个顿悟之前的一段期间。
And so what you realize is that Darwin, in a sense, had the idea, he had the concept, but was unable of fully thinking it yet. 你了解到,在某种意义上说, 达尔文有了想法,他有了概念, 但尚未完全思考透澈。
And that is actually how great ideas often happen; they fade into view over long periods of time. 这实际上是伟大的思想经常发生, 它们进入视野消失了很长一段时间。
fade:v.褪色; adj.平淡的; n.[电影][电视]淡出;
Now the challenge for all of us is: how do you create environments that allow these ideas to have this kind of long half-life , right? 现在我们所有人面临的挑战是: 你怎么创造环境 允许这些想法有这样长的半衰期,是吧？
half-life:n.[核]半衰期;
It's hard to go to your boss and say, "I have an excellent idea for our organization. 很难去跟你的老板说, “我有一个好主意给我们机构。
It will be useful in 2020. 它在2020年将见效益。
Could you just give me some time to do that?" 你能不能给我一些时间做它呢？“
Now a couple of companies, like Google , they have innovation time off, 20 percent time, where, in a sense, those are hunch-cultivating mechanisms in an organization. 现在,有几家公司,如谷歌, 们有创新的休息时间,百分之二十的时间, 其中,在某种意义上,这些都是直觉的培养机制。
Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎; mechanisms:n.机制;[机]机构(mechanism的复数);机械;[机]机构学;
But that's a key thing. 但是,这里有一个关键环节。
And the other thing is to allow those hunches to connect with other people's hunches; that's what often happens. 而其他的是让那些预感 可以与其他人的预感联系,这是经常发生的事情。
hunches:n.预感;大块;肉峰;vt.耸肩;预感到;弯腰驼背;vi.隆起;向前移动;
You have half of an idea, somebody else has the other half , and if you're in the right environment, they turn into something larger than the sum of their parts. 你有一个想法的一半,别人有另一半, 如果你们在合适的环境, 它们变成自己的东西比部分的总和更大。
other half:n.另一半(指配偶或男友,女友);
So, in a sense, we often talk about the value of protecting intellectual property , you know, building barricades , having secretive R&D labs, patenting everything that we have, so that those ideas will remain valuable , 因此,从某种意义上说, 我们经常谈论 知识产权的保护, 我们去设置障碍 搞秘密的 研发实验室
intellectual property:知识产权; barricades:n.路障; v.设路障于; secretive:adj.秘密的;偷偷摸摸的;促进分泌的; patenting:n.线材的拉丝后的退火处理; v.取得...的专利权(patent的ing形式); valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品;
and people will be incentivized to come up with more ideas, and the culture will be more innovative. 并且去申请专利,保存这些想法的价值, 我们认为这样做人们会更有动力去创新
incentivized:v.对…实行物质刺激;(incentivize的过去式和过去分词) come up with:提出;想出;赶上;
But I think there's a case to be made that we should spend at least as much time, if not more, valuing the premise of connecting ideas and not just protecting them. 不过,我觉得我们应该至少 花相同多时间,甚至是更多时间 去将一些人们已有的想法连接起来 而不仅仅是保护它们,但它们相互不得个沟通。
premise:n.前提;假定;v.假定;预述(条件等);引导(论述等);;
And I'll leave you with this story, which I think captures a lot of these values, and it's just wonderful kind of tale of innovation, and how it happens in unlikely ways. 我给你们讲个故事 我认为它体现了很多个我要表达的理念 并且它是一个美妙创新的故事 还有它是以不可能的方式发生的。
captures:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;争得;(capture的第三人称单数) unlikely:adj.不大可能发生的;非心目中的;非想象的;难以相信的;
It's October of 1957, and Sputnik has just launched , and we're in Laurel Maryland , at the applied physics lab associated with Johns Hopkins University. 1957年10月 人造卫星刚刚上天, 在马里兰州劳雷尔的 应用物理实验室(APL), 约翰霍普金斯大学参予其中。
Sputnik:n.人造卫星(前苏联制造); launched:v.发射;发起;开展;开始;(launch的过去式和过去分词) Laurel:n.桂冠,殊荣;月桂树;v.授予荣誉,使戴桂冠; Maryland:n.马里兰(美国州名); applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式) associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式)
And it's Monday morning, and the news has just broken about this satellite that's now orbiting the planet. 一个星期一早上, 卫星环绕地球飞行的 消息刚传开。
orbiting:v.[航][天]轨道运行;轨道运动;转圈(orbit的ing形式);
And of course, this is nerd heaven, right? 当然,这是书呆子的天堂,对不对？
nerd:n.呆子;讨厌的人;
There are all these physics geeks who are there thinking, "Oh my gosh! This is incredible . I can't believe this has happened." 所有这些物理怪才在那里想: “噢,我的天哪！这是难以置信的。我无法相信这真发生了。“
geeks:n.奇葩(指反常的人,畸形人,野人,现也指智力超群,善于钻研但不懂与人交往的学者或知识分子); incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的;
And two of them, two 20-something researchers at the APL are there at the cafeteria table having an informal conversation with a bunch of their colleagues . 他们中的两个 二十多岁的 研究人员 在食堂闲聊。
informal:adj.非正式的;不拘礼节的;通俗的;日常使用的; colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
And these two guys are named Guier and Weiffenbach. 他们是圭尔和维芬巴赫。
And they start talking, and one of them says, "Hey, has anybody tried to listen for this thing? 他们开始交谈,其中一个人说, “嘿,有谁试图监听这个东西吗？
listen for:倾听;
There's this, you know, man-made satellite up there in outer space that's obviously broadcasting some kind of signal. 你知道,人造地球卫星在太空, 显然在广播某种信号。
man-made:adj.人造的;人工的;合成的; outer:adj.外面的,外部的;远离中心的;n.环外命中;
We could probably hear it, if we tune in." 如果我们调对频率,我们也许可以听到它 “
tune:n.曲调;和谐;心情;v.调整;使一致;为…调音;调谐;
And so they ask around to a couple of their colleagues, and everybody's like, "No, I hadn't thought of doing that. 于是,他们四处向他们的同事打听, 大家都说,“不,我没想到这样做。
That's an interesting idea." 这是一个有趣的想法。“
And it turns out Weiffenbach is kind of an expert in microwave reception, and he's got a little antennae set up with an amplifier in his office. 恰巧,维芬巴赫是一个 微波接收专家, 在他的办公室设了 小天线与放大器。
antennae:n.[电讯]天线(等于aerial);[昆]触须;[植]蕊喙;直觉; amplifier:n.[电子]放大器,扩大器;扩音器;
And so Guier and Weiffenbach go back to Weiffenbach's office, and they start kind of noodling around -- hacking , as we might call it now. 因此圭尔和维芬巴赫回到维芬巴赫的办公室, 开始试着与卫星联接 - 像我们现在称作黑客。
hacking:v.黑客行为;砍;劈;猛踢;(hack的现在分词)
And after a couple of hours, they actually start picking up the signal, because the Soviets made Sputnik very easy to track . 过了几个小时,他们真的开始找到信号 因为苏联的人造卫星 很容易被追踪。
Soviets:n.苏联人(soviet的复数);苏联政府; track:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪;
It was right at 20 MHz, so you could pick it up really easily, because they were afraid that people would think it was a hoax, basically. 就是在20兆赫,你可以真的很容易把它接受到, 因为他们害怕人们会觉得基本上是一个骗局。
So they made it really easy to find it. 因此,他们把它真的很容易找到它
So these two guys are sitting there listening to this signal, and people start kind of coming into the office and saying, "Wow, that's pretty cool. Can I hear? Wow, that's great." 当这两个家伙正坐在那里听来这个信号, 人们开始到他们的办公室参观, 说, “哇,这很酷。我能听听吗？哇,太好了。”
And before long , they think, "Well jeez, this is kind of historic. 不久之后,他们认为,“嗯呀,这是历史性的一刻。
before long:不久以后;
We may be the first people in the United States to be listening to this. 我们可能会是在美国的听到它的第一批人。
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
We should record it." 我们应该记录下来。“
And so they bring in this big, clunky analog tape recorder , and they start recording these little bleep, bleeps . 于是他们用一个大而笨重的模拟磁带录音机, 开始录制这些讯号。
clunky:adj.沉重的;影响不好的; analog:n.[自]模拟;类似物;adj.[自]模拟的;有长短针的; tape recorder:n.录音机; bleeps:vi.发出哔哔声;n.哔哔声;
And they start writing the kind of date stamp, time stamps for each little bleep that they record. 他们开始写下每个小信号的 日期和时间。
And they they start thinking, "Well gosh, you know, we're noticing small little frequency variations here. 他们便开始想,“好吧天哪,你知道,我们注意到 频率变化很小。
frequency:n.频率;发生率;重复率;频繁; variations:n.变奏曲,变更;[生物]变种(variation的复数形式);
We could probably calculate the speed that the satellite is traveling, if we do a little basic math here using the Doppler effect . 如果我们利用多普勒效应, 做一些基本的数学计算, 我们也许可以计算出 卫星的旅行速度。
Doppler effect:n.多普勒效应(即声波、光波等按声源、光源等相对于观察者的传播方向的变化而变化);
And then they played around with it a little bit more, and they talked to a couple of their colleagues who had other kind of specialties . 然后他们还做了别的一些尝试 而且和有其他专长的 同事交谈。
specialties:n.特别;专长;特性(specialty的复数);
And they said, "Jeez, you know, we think we could actually take a look at the slope of the Doppler effect to figure out the points at which the satellite is closest to our antennae and the points at which it's farthest away. 他们说:“哎呀,你知道, 我们觉得我们其实可以用多普勒效应的斜率, 算出卫星离我们的天线 最接近和 最远的位置。
take a look at:看一看;检查; slope:n.斜坡;坡度;坡地;山坡;v.倾斜;有坡度;悄悄地走;潜行;
That's pretty cool." 这是非常酷的想法。
And eventually , they get permission -- this is all a little side project that hadn't been officially part of their job description . “最终,他们得到许可 这是一个小的副业项目,不是正式工作的一部分。
eventually:adv.最后,终于; job description:n.工作职责说明;岗位责任说明;
They get permission to use the new, you know, UNIVAC computer that takes up an entire room, that they'd just gotten at the APL. 他们得到使用新UNIVAC计算机的许可, 它占用整个房间,APL刚刚引进。
They run some more of the numbers, and at the end of about three or four weeks, turns out they have mapped the exact trajectory of this satellite around the Earth, just from listening to this one little signal, 他们进行更多的运算,并在大约三,四个星期后, 基于在午餐时的 启发, 仅凭监听卫星信号,
trajectory:n.[物]轨道,轨线;[航][军]弹道;
going off on this little side hunch that they'd been inspired to do over lunch one morning. 他们已制订了卫星的 精确轨迹。
inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式)
A couple weeks later their boss, Frank McClure, pulls them into the room and says, "Hey, you guys, I have to ask you something about that project you were working on. 几个星期后他们的老板,弗兰克麦克卢尔, 把他们拉进了房间,说: “嘿,你们这些家伙, 关于该项目我有些东西要问你们。
Frank:adj.坦白的,直率的;老实的;n.免费邮寄特权;v.免费邮寄;
You've figured out an unknown location of a satellite orbiting the planet from a known location on the ground. 你们已经从地面上的已知位置 找到了卫星 未知地点。
location:n.地方;地点;位置;定位
Could you go the other way? 你们能反方向去做吗？
Could you figure out an unknown location on the ground, if you knew the location of the satellite?" 如果你知道卫星的位置, 能找出一地面上不明地点吗？“
And they thought about it, and they said, "Well, I guess maybe you could. Let's run the numbers here." 他们想了想,说, “嗯,我想也许可以。让我们算一下。”
So they went back, and they thought about it. 所以他们回去,他们研究此事。
And they came back and said, "Actually, it'll be easier." 他们回来说,“其实,它会更简单些。”
And he said, "Oh, that's great. 弗兰克说,“哦,太棒了。
Because see, I have these new nuclear submarines that I'm building. 因为,这些新建造的 核潜艇。
nuclear:adj.原子能的;[细胞]细胞核的;中心的;原子核的; submarines:n.潜艇;(submarine的第三人称单数和复数)
And it's really hard to figure out how to get your missile so that it will land right on top of Moscow, if you don't know where the submarine is in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. 如果你不知道潜艇在太平洋中部的位置, 真的很难找出如何让你的导弹 准确降落在莫斯科的上方。
missile:n.导弹;发射物;投掷物;
So we're thinking, we could throw up a bunch of satellites and use it to track our submarines and figure out their location in the middle of the ocean. 因此,我们在想,我们可以发射一些的卫星, 并用它来跟踪我们的潜艇并找出 它们在海洋中的位置。
Could you work on that problem?" 请问你们能解决这个问题吗？“
And that's how GPS was born. 这就是全球定位系统是如何诞生的。
30 years later, 30年后
Ronald Reagan actually opened it up and made it an open platform that anybody could kind of build upon and anybody could come along and build new technology that would create and innovate on top of this open platform, left it open for anyone to do pretty much anything they wanted with it. 罗纳德。里根把它公开,并使其成为一个开放式平台, 任何人借此都创造和革新, 建立新的技术, 并向任何人 开放, 做他们 想要的。
platform:n.平台; v.把…放在台上[放在高处; innovate:vi.创新;改革;革新;vt.改变;创立;创始;引人;
And now, I guarantee you certainly half of this room, if not more, has a device sitting in their pocket right now that is talking to one of these satellites in outer space. 而现在,我保证 这个房间的有一半人,如果不是更多, 在他们的口袋里有一个设备现在 正和外层空间这些卫星中的一个在联络。
guarantee:n.保证;担保;保证人;保证书;抵押品;v.保证;担保;
And I bet you one of you, if not more, has used said device and said satellite system to locate a nearby coffeehouse somewhere in the last -- 我敢打赌,你们中的一个,如果不是更多, 在昨天或上周使用了那些设备和卫星, 以找出附近的咖啡馆
bet:n.打赌;赌注;预计;估计;v.下赌注(于);用…打赌;敢说;八成儿; locate:v.确定…的准确地点;把…安置在(或建造于);创办于(某地);
(Laughter) （众笑）
in the last day or last week, right? 对不对？
(Applause) （鼓掌）
And that, I think, is a great case study , a great lesson, in the power, the marvelous , kind of unplanned emergent , unpredictable power, of open innovative systems. 我想 这是极好的一个案例 它显示出了开放的创新体系 所蕴含的潜在的 非常惊人同时又不可预测的力量
case study:n.个案研究;专题研究;案例研究; marvelous:adj.了不起的;非凡的;令人惊异的;不平常的; unplanned:adj.意外的;在计划外的;未经筹划的; emergent:adj.紧急的;浮现的;意外的;自然发生的;
When you build them right, they will be led to completely new directions that the creators never even dreamed of. 当你把这些系统完善,它们将把创造者指引到 甚至从未梦想的崭新的方向。
I mean, here you have these guys who basically thought they were just following this hunch, this little passion that had developed, then they thought they were fighting the Cold War, 我的意思是,这些家伙基本上 只是跟着这个预感, 这个小激情, 那时候他们在想他们是在打冷战,
passion:n.激情;热情;酷爱;盛怒;
and then it turns out they're just helping somebody find a soy latte . 到今天,他们的发明就被用来 帮助你们找到一杯大豆拿铁
latte:n.热牛奶咖啡,拿铁咖啡;
(Laughter) （众笑）
That is how innovation happens. 创新就是这么发生的！
Chance favors the connected mind. 机会垂青相互联系的脑袋
Thank you very much. 非常感谢。
(Applause) （鼓掌）