StevenJohnson.2003-.互联网就像一个城市.；TED演讲稿

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StevenJohnson_2003-_互联网就像一个城市_
I want to take you back basically to my home town and to a picture of my home town of the week that " Emergence " came out.	我想先让你们看看我居住的地方及那地方的一张照片拍摄于我的书《涌现现象:蚂蚁、大脑、城市、和电脑软件的生命连接》（以下简称《涌现现象》）出版的那一周
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; Emergence:n.出现,浮现;发生;露头;
And it's a picture we've seen several times.	其实这是一张我们见过多次的照片
Basically, "Emergence" was published on 9/11.	因为《涌现现象》正好在9.11那一天出版
I live right there in the West Village, so the plume was luckily blowing west, away from us.	我就住在这儿,西村（一个曼哈顿的街区,以波希米亚风格出名）事故造成的巨大烟雾向西边飘去,所幸远离了我住的地方。
plume:vt.用羽毛装饰;n.羽毛;vi.骚首弄姿;
We had a two-and-a-half-day old baby in the house that was ours -- we hadn't taken it from somebody else.	那时我们家刚有一个出生2天半的婴儿。这当然是我们的孩子, 不是从别人那儿带走的。
(Laughter)	（笑声）
And one of the thoughts that I had dealing with these two separate emergences of a book and a baby, and having this event happen so close, that my first thought, when I was still kind of in the apartment looking out at it all	我当时需要同时处理新书和新生儿这两件不同的事, 而发生911的地方离我这么近, 当我从我家公寓王望出去
or walking out on the street and looking out on it just in front of our building, was that I'd made a terrible miscalculation in the book that I'd just written.	或者在公寓前面的街道边看出去, 我的第一个念头是:完了,我刚在新书中提出一个很糟糕的论断。
out on the street:无家可归;失业; miscalculation:n.算错;误算;
Because so much of that book was a celebration of the power and creative potential of density , of largely urban density , of connecting people and putting them together in one place,	因为那本书花了很多笔墨去赞扬人口高密度的力量和创新潜能,准确的说是城市人口的高密度。赞扬它把人们联系起来并置于同一场所
creative:adj.创造性的; potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; density:n.密度; largely:adv.主要地;大部分;大量地; urban:adj.城市的;都市的;城镇的;都市音乐的;
and putting them on sidewalks together and having them share ideas and share physical space together.	或同一街道,让人们交换信息并分享一起相处的物理空间。
sidewalks:n.人行道; physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查;
And it seemed to me looking at that -- that tower burning and then falling, those towers burning and falling -- that in fact, one of the lessons here was that density kills.	当看着世贸大厦燃烧和坍塌对我来说,学到的一课就是高人口密度反而会带来伤害
And that of all the technologies that were exploited to make that carnage come into being, probably the single group of technologies that cost the most lives	如果说所以曾被开发的技术都是被用在这场人类的悲剧中, 也许可以让最多生命消失的技术
technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); exploited:v.剥削;压榨;运用;利用;发挥(exploit的过去分词和过去式) carnage:n.大屠杀;残杀;大量绝灭;
were those that enable 50,000 people to live in two buildings 110 stories above the ground.	就是建造出2栋可以同时容纳五万人并且有110层高的大楼的技术。
enable:v.使能够;使有机会;使成为可能;使可行;
If they hadn't been crowded -- you compare the loss of life at the Pentagon to the Twin Towers, and you can see that very powerfully .	如果那里不是塞满了人, 你对比一下五角大楼和世贸的死亡人数, 就可以意识到高密度的悲剧程度。
compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较; Pentagon:n.五角形; powerfully:adv.强大地;强烈地;非常;
And so I started to think, well, you know, density, density --	因此我开始想高密度
I'm not sure if, you know, this was the right call.	是否是一个正确的提议。我不确定。
And I kind of ruminated on that for a couple of days.	好多天里我都陷入这样的沉思
And then about two days later, the wind started to change a little bit, and you could sense that the air was not healthy.	几天后,风向开始变化, 依然可以感到空气不是那么干净
And so even though there were no cars still in the West Village where we lived, my wife sent me out to buy a, you know, a large air filter at the Bed Bath and Beyond, which was located about 20 blocks away, north.	即使在西村的街上依然没有半辆车, 我老婆还是让我去 Bed Bath & Beyond (美国家居装饰零售巨头) 买个大点的空气过滤器。最近的店就在20个街区以北。
filter:n.滤波器;过滤器;滤光器;滤声器;v.过滤;渗入;(用程序)筛选;缓行; located:adj.位于; v.确定…的准确地点; (locate的过去分词和过去式)
And so I went out.	我只得出门。
And obviously I'm physically a very strong person, as you can tell, so I wasn't worried about carrying this thing 20 blocks.	很显然像我这样体格健壮的人, 根本不担心提着那鬼东西步行20个街区。
And I walked out, and this really miraculous thing happened to me as I was walking north to buy this air filter, which was that the streets were completely alive with people.	我出门后发现了巨神奇的事情, 在我去买空气净化器的路上发现所有的街道都很有人气。
miraculous:adj.不可思议的,奇迹的;
There was an incredible -- it was, you know, a beautiful day, as it was for about a week after, and the West Village had never seemed more lively.	这很不可思议。那天天气很好, 也是911发生一周后西村从未显得如此有活力过。
incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的;
I walked up along Hudson Street, where Jane Jacobs had lived and written her great book that so influenced what I was writing in "Emergence,"	我沿着哈德逊街走, 简.雅各布斯大妈曾在住那里写出了她那本《美国大城市的死于生》（城市规划专业的必读书,书中简大妈把美国60年代的城市规划批了个底朝天）那本书也对我的著作《涌现现象》有很大的影响
Hudson:n.哈得孙河; influenced:v.影响;对…起作用;支配;左右;(influence的过去分词和过去式)
past the White Horse Tavern , that great old bar where Dylan Thomas drank himself to death, and the Bleecker Street playground was filled with kids.	经过白马酒馆 (在五、六十年代以波希米亚风闻名,很多作家,艺术家,及文艺女青常在此闲逛聚会), 狄兰·托马斯（英国超现实主义诗人）曾在这个古老的酒馆喝到挂, 许多孩子在布立克街（曼哈顿著名的夜店街）的儿童乐园玩耍
Tavern:n.酒馆;客栈;
And all the people who lived in the neighborhood , who owned restaurants and bars in the neighborhood , were all out there -- had them all open.	所有人包括这里的居民和餐馆酒吧的老板们都钻了出来,所有的餐厅和酒吧也都在营业
neighborhood:n.附近;地区;街坊;adj.附近的;
People were out.	人们都钻了出来。
There were no cars, so it seemed even better, in some ways.	街区没有车辆经过,从某种方面来说,甚至更好。
And it was a beautiful urban day, and the incredible thing about it was that the city was working.	那一天人们有着舒服的城市生活另外一件不可思议的就是城市依旧在正常的运转
The city was there.	城市依旧存在。
All the things that make a great city successful and all the things that make a great city stimulating -- they were all on display there on those streets.	所有让一个城市变得成功的因素, 所有让一个城市变得动感的因素, 都在那些街道上一一展现。
stimulating:adj.激励人的; v.促进; (stimulate的现在分词) on display:展览,公开展出;
And I thought, well, this is the power of a city.	我想这就是城市的力量
I mean, the power of the city -- we talked about cities as being centralized in space, but what makes them so strong most of the time is they're decentralized in function.	我想, 当说起城市,我们都认为它们是在空间上集中并逐步中心化。但是很多时候让城市如此强大是它们非中心化的活动
decentralized:adj.分散的; vt.使分散;
They don't have a center executive branch that you can take out and cause the whole thing to fail.	城市没有一个可以让你拿掉的枢纽中心从而造成所有活动停止
executive branch:n.(美国总统掌管的)政府行政部门;
If they did, it probably was right there at Ground Zero .	如果真有,它可能就是世贸中心。
Ground Zero:"爆心投影点"组织;着地点;
I mean, you know, the emergency bunker was right there, was destroyed by the attacks, and obviously the damage done to the building and the lives.	我的意思是, 紧急地下防空洞就在那里被袭击所毁灭对建筑和生命造成了明显的伤害。
emergency:n.紧急情况;突发事件;非常时刻;adj.紧急的;备用的; bunker:n.沙坑;煤仓;燃料库;vt.使陷入困境;把球击入沙坑;
But nonetheless , just 20 blocks north, two days later, the city had never looked more alive.	但是2天后,在距它以北二十个街区的地方, 城市好似从未如此的充满活力
nonetheless:adv.尽管如此,但是;
If you'd gone into the minds of the people, well, you would have seen a lot of trauma , and you would have seen a lot of heartache , and you would have seen a lot of things that would take a long time to recover.	如果你进入人们的内心许多心灵的创伤依然尚未平复。许多悲痛依然尚未消失。人们还需要长时间的恢复。
trauma:n.[外科]创伤(由心理创伤造成精神上的异常);外伤; heartache:n.心痛;悲叹;
But the system itself of this city was thriving .	但是这个城市自身的系统却在发展壮大。
thriving:v.兴旺发达;繁荣;旺盛;茁壮成长;(thrive的现在分词)
So I took heart in seeing that.	我仔细的想了想
So I wanted to talk a little bit about the reasons why that works so well, and how some of those reasons kind of map on to where the Web is going right now.	我想讲一点关于这个系统运行如此良好的原理和如何运用这些原理使得互联网发展到今天这个地步。
The question that I found myself asking to people when I was talking about the book afterwards is, when you've talked about emergent behavior, when you've talked about kind of collective intelligence ,	我发现自己在问别人问题时, 当我说到这《涌现现象》本书当说到涌现现象当说到群体智慧
emergent:adj.紧急的;浮现的;意外的;自然发生的; collective:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词; intelligence:n.智力;智慧;才智;(尤指关于敌国的)情报;
the best way to get people to kind of wrap their heads around that is to ask, who builds a neighborhood?	让人们听懂的最好方式就是用城市作为比喻,询问他们谁造就了这些城市中街区？
wrap:v.缠绕;隐藏;掩护;包起来;缠绕;穿外衣;n.外套;围巾;
Who decides that Soho should have this personality and that the Latin Quarter should have this personality?	谁让Soho有这样的个性？让拉丁区有那样的特点？
Soho:abbr.在家上班族(SmallOffice;HomeOffice); personality:n.性格;个性;人格;魅力;气质;名人;特色;
Well, there are some kind of executive decisions, but mostly the answer is -- everybody and nobody.	固然其中有一些高层的战略决定但答案却是每个人和没有人
Everybody contributes a little bit.	每人都对它们都有一点贡献
contributes:[图情]投稿;[经]捐助;[经]捐献(contribute的第三人称单数);
No single person is really the ultimate kind of actor behind the personality of a neighborhood.	却没有人真正是这个街区的终极塑造者
ultimate:adj.最终的;极限的;根本的;n.终极;根本;基本原则;
Same thing to the question of, who was keeping the streets alive post 9/11 in my neighborhood?	同样的,如果问到,在911的悲剧之后,是谁还让我所居住的社区和街道充满了活力？
Well, it was the whole city.	对,就是整个城市本身。
The whole system kind of working on it, and everybody contributing a small little part.	整个系统使得它运转每个人都有一点点贡献。
contributing:v.捐献,捐赠(尤指款或物);捐助;增加;增进;(contribute的现在分词)
And this is increasingly what we're starting to see on the Web in a bunch of interesting ways.	我们把注意力转移到互联网上, 现在可以看到越来越多有趣的事情。
increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆;
Most of which weren't around, actually, except in very experimental things, when I was writing "Emergence" and when the book came out.	但当《涌现现象》出版之前后, 除了某些实验性的东西之外, 这些有趣的事情和现象大多还不具备普遍性。
experimental:adj.实验的;根据实验的;试验性的;
So it's been a very optimistic time, I think, and I want to just talk about a few of those things.	所以这是一个令人乐观的年代, 我只想讲其中的几件事。
optimistic:adj.乐观的;乐观主义的;
I think that there is effectively a new kind of model of interactivity that's starting to emerge online right now.	我相信在网络上开始出现了一种新的互动模式
interactivity:n.交互性;互动性;
And the old one looked like this -- this is not the future King of England, although it looks like it.	旧的模式是这样的这不是未来英伦之王,虽然看起来像
It's some guy, it's a GeoCities homepage of some guy that I found online who's interested, if you look at the bottom, in soccer and Jesus and Garth Brooks and Clint Beckham, my hometown -- those are his links.	这只是一男的,我在GeoCities（一个失败的网络产品,2009雅虎将其关闭）的主页上找到的。在下方你会看到,他对足球和耶稣感兴趣以及加思·布鲁克斯（美国乡村音乐的天王）,Clint Bickham（美国配音演员）,还有我的家乡。这些是他网站的链接
homepage:n.主页; Jesus:int.上帝啊:天哪:n.耶稣:耶稣基督: Garth:n.庭院;中庭;为捕鱼而筑的坝或堰; Clint:n.[地质]石芽;石灰岩岩脊;岩沟;
But nothing really says this model of interactivity, which was so exciting and captures the real, the kind of web Zeitgeist of 1995 -- than "Click here for a picture of my dog."	毋庸置疑这种曾让人兴奋而如此真实的互动模式类似于1995年的网络新潮玩意儿不像类似看我狗的照片请点这里
captures:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;争得;(capture的第三人称单数) Zeitgeist:n.时代思潮,时代精神;
That is -- you know, there's no sentence that kind of conjures up that period better than that, I think, which is that you suddenly have the power to put up a picture of your dog and link to it, and somebody reading the page has the power to click on that link or not click on that link.	这里没有任何句子我认为没有比这东西更能唤起对那个时代的想象因为突然你有能力把你家狗的照片链接上互联网,而其他人如果正在网上也有权力点击或不点击这个链接。
conjures:v.变魔术;变戏法;(conjure的第三人称单数)
And, you know, I don't want to belittle that -- that, in a sense , to reference , you know, what Jeff was talking about yesterday -- that was in a sense the kind of interface electricity that	我不想瞧不起这玩意儿。在某种程度上来说, 如果引用杰夫昨天说的话, 这是基本上是一种电子界面
belittle:vt.轻视;贬低;使相形见小; in a sense:在某种意义上; reference:n.参考,提及;参考书目;证明书;v.引用;
powered a lot of the explosion of interest in the Web -- that you could put up a link, and somebody could click on it, and it could take you anywhere you wanted to go.	极大的增加了人们对互联网的兴趣。你放上一个链接,其他人就可以去点击它你也可以去任何你想去的网站。
explosion:n.爆炸;爆发;激增;
But it's still a very one-to-one kind of relationship.	但这依然只是一对一的关系
one-to-one:adj.一对一的;一一对应的;
There's one person putting up the link, and there's one another person on the other end trying to decide whether to click on it or not.	有人放一个链接,其他人在另外一边决定着点击或不点击
The new model is much more like this, and we've already seen a couple of references to this.	新的模式却更像是这样的我们已经见过好几个例子
references:n.提到; v.查阅; (reference的第三人称单数和复数)
This is what happens when you search on "Steven Johnson" on Google .	当你在Google上搜索史蒂夫.约翰逊的时候,就会这样
Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎;
About two months ago, I had the great breakthrough one of my great, you know, kind of shining achievements, which is that my website finally became a top result for "Steven Johnson."	2个月前,我有了巨大的突破我想这会是我最大的成就之一我的个人网站终于排在了搜索结果的第一位
breakthrough:n.突破;开始取得成功之时;adj.突破性的; finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
There's some theoretical physicist at MIT named Steven Johnson who has dropped two spots, I'm happy to say.	这里有个叫史蒂夫.约翰逊的麻省理工理论物理学家他降了两位。我很开心。
theoretical:adj.理论的;理论上的;假设的;推理的; physicist:n.物理学家;物理学研究者;
(Laughter)	（笑）
And, you know, I mean, I'll look at a couple of things like this, but Google is obviously the greatest technology ever invented for navel gazing .	我以后还会再做类似的事情。对于这样的自我陶醉者,Google绝对是迄今最好用的技术
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; navel:n.[解剖]肚脐;中央;中心点; gazing:v.凝视;注视;盯着;(gaze的现在分词)
It's just that there's so many other people in your navel when you gaze .	只是你会在沉醉中也同时看到很多其他人的名字
gaze:v.凝视;注视;盯着;n.凝视;注视;
Because effectively, what's happening here, what's creating this page, obviously -- and we all know this, but it's worth just thinking about it -- is not some person deciding that I am the number one answer for Steven Johnson, but rather somehow the entire web of people	因为事实上创造这个搜索页面的,虽然我们都知道是怎么回事但是还是值得想一想并不是某个人。不是他来决定要让我出现在‘史蒂夫.约翰逊’的众多搜索结果中的头一个。而是所有的网民
answer for:因…而受罚;对…负责; somehow:adv.以某种方法;莫名其妙地;
putting up pages and deciding to link to my page or not link to it, and Google just sitting there and running the numbers.	我架上我的网页,网民决定着点击或不点击。 Google只是在家算着数字而已。
So there's this collective decision-making that's going on.	所以这是即时的群体决策。
decision-making:n.决策;
This page is effectively, collectively authored by the Web, and Google is just helping us kind of to put the authorship in one kind of coherent place.	整个互联网的网民集体编著了这个页面 Google只是帮助大家把这个‘著作’清晰的表现出来。
collectively:adv.共同地,全体地; authorship:n.(书等的)原创作者,来源;作者的身份;著述业; coherent:adj.连贯的,一致的;明了的;清晰的;凝聚性的;互相耦合的;粘在一起的;
Now, they're more innovative -- well, Google's pretty innovative -- but there's some new twists on this.	现在它们更创新的,当然Google一直都很具创新性。我发现有一些在这基础上的新的技术。
innovative:adj.革新的,创新的; twists:n.[力]扭曲,一扭(twist的复数形式);v.[力]扭曲,拧(twist的三单形式);
There's this incredibly interesting new site -- Technorati -- that's filled with lots of kind of little widgets that are expanding on these.	有个非常有趣的新网站 - 叫Technorati （一家专门搜索博客的搜索网站）充满了各种网络小应用程序并逐步扩展他们。
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; site:n.地点;位置;场所;v.设置;为…选址; Technorati:n.一种部落格搜索引擎; widgets:n.小工具(widget的复数);窗体小部件; expanding:v.扩大,增加,增强细谈;详述;(expand的现在分词)
And these are looking in the blog world and the world of weblogs.	它关注的是整个博客世界。
blog:n.博客;部落格;网络日志;
He's analyzed basically all the weblogs out there that he's tracking .	简单的说,就是分析他追踪所有博客
analyzed:v.分析(analyze的过去式和过去分词);检讨; tracking:n.追踪,跟踪;v.跟踪;(track的现在分词)
And he's tracking how many other weblogs linked to those weblogs, and so you a have kind of an authority -- a weblog that has a lot of links to it is more authoritative than a weblog that has few links to it.	同时也追踪有多少其他博客链接到之前所追踪的博客。因此得出一个所谓的权威榜一个被其他博客链接许多次的博客比一个只被链接几次而已的博客更具权威性。
authority:n.权威;权力;当局; authoritative:adj.有权威的;命令式的;当局的;
And so at any given time, on any given page on the Web, actually, you can say, what does the weblog community think about this page?	所以在任何时间,任何网页上, 如果你想知道博客界如何看待这个网页。
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
And you can get a list.	你就可以得到这份列表。
This is what they think about my site -- it's ranked by blog authority.	这里可以看到博客界如何看我的网站 - 这是根据博客权威性的排名
You can also rank it by the latest posts.	也可以根据更新的帖子排名
So when I was talking in "Emergence,"	在《涌现现象》中
I talked about the limitations of the one-way linking architecture that basically, you could link to somebody else but they wouldn't necessarily know that you were pointing to them.	我提到单向链接的局限性基本上就是你可以链接到任何人但他们却对你的连接毫不知情。
limitations:n.局限性;(限制)因素;边界(limitation的复数形式); one-way:adj.单程的;单行道的;单方面的; architecture:n.建筑学;建筑风格;建筑式样;架构; necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地;
And that was one of the reasons why the web wasn't quite as emergent as it could be because you needed two-way linking, you needed that kind of feedback mechanism to be able to really do interesting things.	这也是为什么互联网还不具备本该有的涌现性。因为只有双向的链接和互动机制才能真正做到一些牛逼的事情。
two-way:adj.双向的;相互的;两路的; feedback:n.反馈;反馈意见;回授;[电子]反馈; mechanism:n.机制;原理,途径;进程;机械装置;技巧;
Well, something like Technorati is supplying that.	因此像Technorati类似的网站提供了这样服务
Now what's interesting here is that this is a quote from Dave Weinberger, where he talks about everything being purposive in the Web -- there's nothing artificial .	这里有段来自大卫?温伯格(美国著名的网络思想家）的话他认为所有互联网上的事物都是有目的性的都是人为而非自然的
quote:v.引用;报价;举例说明;开价;为(企业的股份)上市;n.引用; artificial:adj.人造的;仿造的;虚伪的;非原产地的;武断的;
He has this line where he says, you know, you're going to put up a link there, if you see a link, somebody decided to put it there.	他说,如果现在有一个链接在这里你看见那个链接是因为另外一个人决定放在这里,
And he says, the link to one site didn't just grow on the other page "like a tree fungus ."	一个网页的链接不会像树菌一样在另外一个网页上长出来。
fungus:n.真菌,霉菌;菌类;
And in fact, I think that's not entirely true anymore.	但我不认为这个理论完全正确
I could put up a feed of all those links generated by Technorati on the right-hand side of my page, and they would change as the overall ecology of the web changes.	如果在我主页右边放一个来自Technorati所有链接的订阅点(feed) 它会随着整个互联网的生态变化而变化
generated:v.产生;引起;(generate的过去式和过去分词) right-hand:adj.得力的;右手的,用右手的; overall:v.全部; n.外套; adj.全面的;
That little list there would change.	这个列表会变化
I wouldn't really be directly in control of it.	我却不能直接按照我的意志控制它
directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就;
So it's much closer, in a way, to a data fungus, in a sense, wrapped around that page, than it is to a deliberate link that I've placed there.	在某种程度上来看,这更像一个数据似的真菌在我的网页上不断的生长,而非一个我刻意放在这边并由我操控的的链接
wrapped:adj.极高兴的;十分满意的;v.用…包裹;用…缠绕;(wrap的过去分词和过去式) deliberate:v.深思熟虑;仔细考虑;反复思考;adj.故意的;蓄意的;存心的;不慌不忙的;
Now, what you're having here is basically a global brain that you're able to do lots of kind of experiments on to see what it's thinking.	这基本上就是个全球脑（地球是一个脑,每个人是一个神经元的理论）基于此你可以做很多不同的实验,看看这个‘脑’在想些什么。
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的;
And there are all these interesting tools.	现在有很多好玩的工具
Google does the Google Zeitgeist, which looks at search requests to test what's going on, what people are interested in, and they publish it with lots of fun graphs.	Google开发了Google Zeitgeist (google网络查询分析程序,分析搜索的关键词和热门网站）可以通过搜索的信息观察发生的事情和人们的喜好最后发布一些有趣的数据图像。
publish:v.出版;发表;公布;
And I'm saying a lot of nice things about Google, so I'll be I'll be saying one little critical thing.	我一直在为Google背书, 但现在我要提出一点批评
critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的;
There's a problem with the Google Zeitgeist, which is it often comes back with news that a lot of people are searching for Britney Spears pictures, which is not necessarily news.	Google Zeitgeist的一个问题就是通过它得到的信息往往都是众人都在搜索艳照门的照片,但这已经不是什么新知了。
The Columbia blows up, suddenly there are a lot of searches on Columbia.	当哥伦比亚号航天飞机遇难后,突然出现很多关于哥伦比亚号的搜索
Well, you know, we should expect to see that.	当然我们可以预估到它的发生
That's not necessarily something we didn't know already.	这不是我们以前未知的。
So the key thing in terms of these new tools that are kind of plumbing the depths of the global brain, that are sending kind of trace dyes through that whole bloodstream -- the question is, are you finding out something new?	这些新工具它们可以探测‘全球脑’的深度也可以释放类似于染色原料在血液循环系统中,去追踪和分析趋势。但问题的关键是,我们是不是可以从中找到一些新的东西？
plumbing:n.管路系统;水暖工的工作;v.探索;钻研;探究;(plumb的现在分词) trace:追溯,追踪 dyes:n.[染料]染料,染色(dye复数形式);v.给…染色;被着色(dye的第三人称单数); bloodstream:n.[生理]血流,血液的流动;
And one of the things that I experimented with is this thing called Google Share which is basically, you take an abstract term, and you search Google for that term, and then you search the results that you get back for somebody's name.	我曾经试过的一个叫GoogleShare的新玩意儿。实际上就是你放一个词在google上搜索, 然后把这个词和某人名字再一起搜索。
abstract:n.摘要; adj.抽象的; vt.摘要; vi.做摘要;
So basically, the number of pages that mention this term, that also mention this page, the percentage of those pages is that person's Google Share of that term.	所以这个词的搜索页面数和它加了到某人名字的搜索页面数的百分比即为这个人的关于这个词的GoogleShare.（其实就是这个人和这个词的关联度）
percentage:n.百分比;百分率;利润的分成;提成;
So you can do kind of interesting contests.	你可以搞个有趣的比赛
Like for instance , this is a Google Share of the TED Conference .	比如TED大会的GoogleShare
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; Conference:n.会议;研讨会;商讨会;体育协会(或联合会)
So Richard Saul Wurman has about a 15 percent Google Share of the TED conference.	理查德·沃尔曼（TED大会的创始人）拥有15%TED大会的GoogleShare
Our good friend Chris has about a six percent -- but with a bullet , I might add.	我们的好朋友克里斯也占有6%,但我也许会加一个小数点
bullet:n.子弹;只选某党全部候选人的投票;豆子;vi.射出;迅速行进;
(Laughter)	（笑声）
But the interesting thing is, you can broaden the search a little bit.	好玩的是,如果你把搜索扩展一点
broaden:v.加宽;变宽;(broaden的现在分词)
And it turns out, actually, that 42 percent is the Mola mola fish.	会发现曼波魚居然占42%。
I had no idea.	我被雷到了。
No, that's not true.	你们被忽悠了。
(Laughter)	（笑声）
I made that up because I just wanted to put up a slide of the Mola mola fish.	这是我编的,因为我只想放一张曼波魚的照片
(Laughter)	（笑声）
I also did -- and I don't want to start a little fight in the next panel -- but I did a Google Share analysis of evolution and natural selection .	我不想和下一组人马打起来, 但我在Google Share中做了一个进化与物竞天择的分析
panel:n.镶板;仪表盘;钣金;(衣服上的)镶条;v.镶板(用木或玻璃板等镶嵌或装饰); analysis:n.分析;分解;验定; evolution:n.演变;进化;发展;渐进; natural selection:n.自然选择;物竞天择;
So right here -- now this is a big category , you have smaller percentages , so this is 0.7 percent -- Dan Dennett, who'll be speaking shortly.	你可以看到,由于这是个很大的范畴,所以只得到很小的百分比。 Dan Dennett（美国感知哲学教授）占0.7%,他等会儿会登台演说。
category:n.种类,分类;[数]范畴; percentages:n.[数]百分率,百分比;命中率(percentage的复数);
Right below him, 0.5 percent, Steven Pinker.	在他之后,Steven Pinker（美国心理学届大牛）占0.5%
So Dennett's in the lead a little bit there.	所以Dannett领先一点点。
But what's interesting is you can then broaden the search and actually see interesting things and get a sense of what else is out there.	如果把搜索的结果扩展一些, 实际上你会看到一些有趣的搜索结果
So Gary Bauer is not too far behind -- has slightly different theories about evolution and natural selection.	比如Gary Bauer（美国政治家,和基督教关系密切）的百分比只落后一点点当然他对进化论和自然选择有不同的见解
slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地;
And right behind him is L. Ron Hubbard . So --	在他下面就是L. Ron Hubbard（美国的李大师）,所以。。。
Hubbard:n.(美)笋瓜;
(Laughter)	（笑声）
you can see we're in the ascot , which is always good.	我们好像置身于赛马场,
ascot:n.领巾状领带;(大写)英国阿斯科特赛马会;
And by the way , Chris, that would've been a really good panel,	多说一句,克里斯,这会是非常好的一组演讲者。
by the way:顺便说一下;
I think, right there.	我想,现在...
(Laughter)	（笑声）
Hubbard apparently started to reach, but besides that,	除了这,Hubbard显然已经开始着手准备了。
apparently:adv.显然地;似乎,表面上; besides:adv.此外;而且;prep.除…之外;
I think it would be good next year.	我想明年的大会将很有趣
Another quick thing -- this is on slightly different thing, but this analysis some of you may have seen.	另外一件事,和这个主题有点不同的事你们可能已经看过这个分析报告。
It just came out. This is bursty words, looking at the historical record of State of the Union Addresses.	它才被发表。就是关于热门词。关于历届美国国情咨文的演说的热门词。
historical:adj.历史的;史学的;基于史实的;
So these are words that suddenly start to appear out of nowhere , so they're kind of, you know, memes that start taking off, that didn't have a lot of historical precedent before.	这些次不知从哪里突然冒出来的好像随机显示储存的信息似的。却在历史上没有什么先例。
nowhere:v.无处; n.无处; adj.不存在的; memes:模因(meme的复数); precedent:n.先例;前例;adj.在前的;在先的;
So the first one is -- these are the bursty words around 1860s -- slaves, emancipation , slavery , rebellion , Kansas .	第一组,这是1860年热门词。奴隶,解放,奴隶制,反抗,堪萨斯
emancipation:n.解放;释放; slavery:n.奴隶制;奴隶身份;蓄奴;adj.流口水的;被口水弄脏的; rebellion:n.谋反;叛乱;反叛;反抗;叛逆; Kansas:n.堪萨斯州(美国州名);
That's Britney Spears. I mean, you know, OK, interesting.	这是那个年代的‘艳照门’（2008搜索热门词）。
They're talking about slavery in 1860.	1860年他们关心的是奴隶制,很有趣。
1935 -- relief , depression , recovery banks.	1935年,解脱,抑郁,银行业复苏
relief:n.救济;减轻,解除;安慰;浮雕; depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁; recovery:n.恢复,复原;痊愈;重获;
And OK, I didn't learn anything new there as well -- that's pretty obvious .	我没有了解到什么新的东西,因为这太显而易见了。
obvious:adj.明显的;显著的;平淡无奇的;
1985, right at the center of the Reagan years -- that's, we're, there's, we've, it's.	1985年,里根执政期间, ‘那是’、‘我们是’、’这里是‘、‘我们曾经’、‘它是’
(Laughter)	（笑声）
Now, there's one way to interpret this, which is to say that "emancipation" and "depression" and "recovery" all have a lot of syllables .	用一种方式来解读它们就是‘解放’、‘抑郁’、‘复苏’这些词都有很多音节
interpret:v.诠释;说明;口译;把…理解为; syllables:n.[语]音节;(syllable的复数)
So you know, you can actually download -- it's hard to remember those.	可以下载存储,但很难人为的记住它们。
But seriously, actually, what you can see there, in a way that would be very hard to detect otherwise, is Reagan reinventing the political language of the country	但另一方面,你可以看到当然这方面很难察觉到的是里根重新改造这个国家的政治语言。
detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测; reinventing:v.以新形象示人;以新形式出现;(reinvent的现在分词)
and shifting to a much more intimate , much more folksy , much more telegenic -- contracting all those verbs .	逐步过渡到更亲切,更简单,更适于广播的口语动词
shifting:adj.不断移动的;流动的;v.转移;赶快;快速移动;变换;(shift的现在分词) intimate:n.知己; v.暗示; adj.亲密的; folksy:adj.有民间风味的;和气的;无拘束的; telegenic:adj.适于电视广播的,适于上镜头的; contracting:adj.缔约的;承包的;收缩的; verbs:n.[语]动词(verb的复数);
You know, 20 years before it was still, "Ask not what you can do,"	20年前,大家喜欢嚷嚷着‘不要问国家为你做了什么...’（肯尼迪总统的名言）
but with Reagan, it's, "that's where, there's Nancy and I," that kind of language.	但里根却喜欢用 ‘那是’、‘那是’、这里有南希和我‘,这类的语句。
Nancy:adj.柔弱的;搞同性关系的;n.假娘儿们;
And so something we kind of knew, but you didn't actually notice syntactically what he was doing.	我们也许知道这些但你根本不会在语法上注意到他是这样使用的。
I'll go very quickly.	我会说的非常快。
The question now -- and this is the really interesting question -- is, what kind of higher-level shape is emerging right now in the overall web ecosystem -- and particularly in the ecosystem of the blogs because they are really kind of at the cutting edge .	现在的问题是,这是一个相当有趣的问题: 怎样的一种更高级的形态正在兴起在整个网络生态系统中,特别是在博客的生态系统中因为它们似乎真正处在最前沿
emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词) ecosystem:n.生态系统; particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; blogs:n.网志;博客;v.写网志;写博客;(blog的第三人称单数和复数) cutting edge:n.(刀片的)刃口;尖端;前沿;adj.先进的,尖端的;
And I think what happens there will also happen in the wider system.	我认为发生在博客界的事,将来也会发生在外部的系统中。
Now there was a very interesting article by Clay Shirky that got a lot of attention about a month ago, and this is basically the distribution of links on the web to all these various different blogs.	克莱·舍基（写《未来是湿的》的那位帅哥）写了一篇很有趣的文章在近一个月内吸引了很多眼球, 之后这篇文章分散出很多网络链接链接到不同的博客上。
Clay:n.黏土;陶土; distribution:n.分布;分配;分发;分销;
It follows a power law, so that there are a few extremely well-linked to, popular blogs, and a long tail of blogs with very few links.	它也遵循了冪次法则（长尾理论和80/20定律的数学原理）,因此少数出名的博客被大量很多链接, 而大部分博客只被极少链接。
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地;
So 20 percent of the blogs get 80 percent of the links.	所以20%的博客有拥有80%的链接
Now this is a very interesting thing.	这是一件有趣的事?
It's caused a lot of controversy because people thought that this was the ultimate kind of one man, one modem democracy , where anybody can get out there and get their voice heard.	也引起许多争议因为人们认为互联网是一种现代民主的终极形式, 每个人在其中都可以发出自己的声音并让这个世界听到。
controversy:n.争论;论战;辩论; modem:n.调制解调器(等于modulator-demodulator); democracy:n.民主,民主主义;民主政治;
And so the question is, "Why is this happening?"	所以我们不仅会问,‘这样的现象为什么会发生？’
It's not being imposed by fiat from above.	这不是外界强加的秩序,
imposed:adj.强加的;施加的;应用的;v.欺骗(impose的过去分词);把…强加于; fiat:n.命令; vt.批准; n.(Fiat)人名; n.菲亚特(意大利汽车品牌);
It's an emergent property of the blogosphere right now.	而是当今博客界出现的一种涌现现象。
blogosphere:n.博客圈(网络上博客的总称);博客世界;
Now, what's great about it is that people are working on -- within seconds of Clay publishing this piece, people started working on changing the underlying rules of the system so that a different shape would start appearing.	现在,很棒现象就是人们持续的作着贡献。在克莱·舍基发表那篇文章几秒钟后,人们开始持续改变系统的潜在规则,因此一个不同的形状开始呈现。
underlying:adj.根本的; v.构成…的基础; (underlie的现在分词)
And basically, the shape appears largely because of a kind of a first-mover advantage .	这样的形状出现的原因是基于先下手为强的原则。
advantage:n.有利条件:优势:优点:
if you're the first site there, everybody links to you.	如果你是第一个站点,每个人都会链接到你。
If you're the second site there, most people link to you.	如果你是第二个,大多数人都会链接到你。
And so very quickly you can accumulate a bunch of links, and it makes it more likely for newcomers to link to you in the future, and then you get this kind of shape.	你可以在很短时间内积累一大堆链接, 并使得未来的新进者很有可能也链接到你的站点上。然后我们可以看到这样的形状出现。
accumulate:vi.累积;积聚;vt.积攒; newcomers:n.新来的人(newcomer的复数);
And so what Dave Sifry at Technorati started working on, literally as Shirky started -- after he published his piece -- was something that basically just gave a new kind of priority to newcomers.	大卫·西弗里（Technorati的创始人）在Technorati开始做的就是在克莱·舍基发表那篇文章之后把链接优先权给新来者。
literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: priority:n.优先;优先权;[数]优先次序;优先考虑的事;
And he started looking at interesting newcomers that don't have a lot of links, that suddenly get a bunch of links in the last 24 hours.	他开始着眼于一些没有太多链接的新来者随之这些新来者在24小时内获得大堆链接。
So in a sense, bursty weblogs coming from new voices.	所以在某种意义上,热门的博客来自于新人。
So he's working on a tool right there that can actually change the overall system.	因此他实际在开发一种可以改变整个体系的工具
And it creates a kind of planned emergence.	一种预设的涌现现象
You're not totally in control, but you're changing the underlying rules in interesting ways because you have an end result which is maybe a more democratic spread of voices.	虽然你依旧不能完全控制, 但是你在从有趣的方式改变着游戏规则因为你最终看到的也许是一个更民主的方式传播大众的声音。
end result:n.最终结果; democratic:adj.民主的;民主政治的;大众的;
So the most amazing thing about this -- and I'll end on this note -- is, most emergent systems, most self-organizing systems are not made up of component parts that are capable of looking at the overall pattern and changing their behavior based on whether they like the pattern or not.	所以这件事最牛逼的地方在于,我的演说会结束在这里这样最具涌现性,最有内在组织性的系统却不存在特定的组成部分和具有窥探到博客链接形成的型态全貌的能力。并基于喜欢这个形状与否去相应的改变他们的行为
self-organizing:n.[计]自组织; made up of:由…组成,由…构成; component:n.成分;部件;组成部分;adj.构成的; capable:adj.能干的,能胜任的;有才华的;
So the most wonderful thing, I think, about this whole debate about power laws and software that could change it is the fact that we're having the conversation.	所以关于这场讨论,最爽的事情如果幂法则和软件可以改变它就是事实上我们正在对话
debate:n.辩论;争论;考虑;v.辩论;争论;考虑;
I hope it continues here.	我希望对话从这里继续下去
Thanks a lot.	非常感谢

StevenJohnson_2003-_互联网就像一个城市_