返回首页

SteveSilberman_2015-_自闭症被湮没的历史_
Just after Christmas last year, 132 kids in California got the measles by either visiting Disneyland or being exposed to someone who'd been there. 就在去年圣诞节过后, 加州有132个孩子感染了麻疹, 原因是他们去过了迪斯尼乐园, 或是接触了某些去过迪斯尼的孩子。
measles:n.[内科]麻疹;风疹; Disneyland:迪士尼乐园 exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式)
The virus then hopped the Canadian border, infecting more than 100 children in Quebec . 之后病毒还窜到了美加边境, 感染了在魁北克的100多个孩子。
hopped:v.单脚跳行;齐足(或双足)跳行;(hop的过去分词和过去式) infecting:v.传染;使携带病菌;使感染;(infect的现在分词) Quebec:n.魁北克(加拿大港市省名);
One of the tragic things about this outbreak is that measles, which can be fatal to a child with a weakened immune system , is one of the most easily preventable diseases in the world. 这次的麻疹爆发中让人非常痛心的是, 尽管麻疹对于抵抗力低的孩子可能致命, 它同时也是世界上最容易预防的疾病之一。
tragic:adj.悲剧的;悲痛的,不幸的; outbreak:n.(战争的)爆发;(疾病的)发作;vi.爆发; fatal:adj.致命的;灾难性的;毁灭性的;导致失败的; weakened:v.(使)虚弱,衰弱;减弱;削弱;动摇;(weaken的过去分词和过去式) immune system:n.免疫系统; preventable:adj.可预防的;可阻止的;可防止的; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
An effective vaccine against it has been available for more than half a century, but many of the kids involved in the Disneyland outbreak had not been vaccinated because their parents were afraid of something allegedly even worse: autism . 能够有效预防麻疹的疫苗 早在半个多世纪前就已经面世, 但在这次的迪斯尼麻疹大爆发中, 很多被感染的孩子都未接种过疫苗, 因为他们的家长担心 接种疫苗可能会导致一个更“严重”的问题: 自闭症。
effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象; vaccine:n.疫苗;牛痘苗;adj.疫苗的;牛痘的; involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) vaccinated:v.给…接种疫苗;(vaccinate的过去分词和过去式) allegedly:adv.依其申述;据说,据称; autism:n.[心理][内科]孤独症;自我中心主义;
But wait -- wasn't the paper that sparked the controversy about autism and vaccines debunked , retracted , and branded a deliberate fraud by the British Medical Journal ? 但是—— 回想一下,那篇 引发此争议的报道 不是早已经被英国医学周刊 揭发、撤回,并且被证实是 刻意的欺诈造谣吗？
sparked:v.点燃,发动(spark的过去式,过去分词);鼓舞; controversy:n.争论;论战;辩论; vaccines:n.[药][计]疫苗; debunked:v.批判;驳斥;揭穿…的真相;(debunk的过去分词和过去式) retracted:adj.可伸缩的; branded:adj.名牌商标的; v.铭刻; (brand的过去式和过去分词); deliberate:v.深思熟虑;仔细考虑;反复思考;adj.故意的;蓄意的;存心的;不慌不忙的; fraud:n.欺骗;骗子;诡计; Journal:n.杂志;日记;日志;(用于报纸名)…报;
Don't most science-savvy people know that the theory that vaccines cause autism is B.S.? 难道略懂些科学的人们 不知道所谓“疫苗引发自闭症”的理论是胡说八道吗？
I think most of you do, but millions of parents worldwide continue to fear that vaccines put their kids at risk for autism. 我相信大多数人是知道的。 但是世界上还是有很多家长 仍然担心注射疫苗会带来患上自闭症的风险。
worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地;
Why? 为什么会这样？
Here's why. 我来告诉你为什么。
This is a graph of autism prevalence estimates rising over time. 这是显示自闭症患者数量普遍性上升的一个统计图表。
prevalence:n.流行;普遍;广泛; estimates:n.估计;估价;估计的成本;v.估价;估算(estimate的第三人称单数和复数)
For most of the 20th century, autism was considered an incredibly rare condition. 在几乎整个20世纪, 自闭症都被认为是一种极其罕见的疾病。
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地;
The few psychologists and pediatricians who'd even heard of it figured they would get through their entire careers without seeing a single case. 少数几个听说过它的心理学家和儿科医生, 觉得可能在他们的整个职业生涯中 也不会遇到一个这样的病例。
psychologists:n.[心理]心理学家(psychologist的复数形式); pediatricians:n.儿科医师;[儿科]儿科医生(pediatrician的复数); careers:n.职业(career的复数);事业;职业生涯;v.全速前进(career的三单形式);
For decades, the prevalence estimates remained stable at just three or four children in 10,000. 几十年间,自闭症患者的统计数量都维持稳定, 在1万个孩子中大概有3到4例。
stable:n.马厩;牛棚;adj.稳定的;牢固的;坚定的;vi.被关在马厩;赶入马房;
But then, in the 1990s, the numbers started to skyrocket . 但是到了90年代, 数字开始飞速上升。
skyrocket:n.流星烟火;冲天火箭;vi.飞涨,突然高升;vt.使…猛然上涨;
Fundraising organizations like Autism Speaks routinely refer to autism as an epidemic , as if you could catch it from another kid at Disneyland. 像Autism Speaks这样的募款机构 常常将自闭症描述为一种流行病, 就好像你去趟迪斯尼乐园就能被传染一样。
Fundraising:n.筹款;募捐; organizations:n.组织,构造,有机体(organization的复数);组织机构; routinely:adv.例行公事地;老一套地; refer:v.参考;涉及;提到;查阅; epidemic:n.流行病;蔓延;adj.传染病;流行性的;
So what's going on? 那么到底发生了什么呢？
If it isn't vaccines, what is it? 如果不是疫苗的问题,那原因究竟何在？
If you ask the folks down at the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta what's going on, they tend to rely on phrases like " broadened diagnostic criteria " 如果你去问亚特兰大疾控中心的人, 这究竟是怎么回事, 他们的解释多半是“评估标准变松了”,
Atlanta:n.亚特兰大(美国城市); rely:vi.依靠;信赖; broadened:v.拓展,扩大(broaden的过去分词); diagnostic:adj.诊断的;特征的;n.诊断法;诊断结论; criteria:n.标准,条件(criterion的复数);
and "better case finding" 或是“找到病例的能力变强了”,
to explain these rising numbers. 所以统计数量上升了。
But that kind of language doesn't do much to allay the fears of a young mother who is searching her two-year-old's face for eye contact . 但是这些话 并不能减轻年轻母亲们的恐惧, 尤其是当她发现自己两岁的孩子目光游移不定时。
allay:vt.减轻;使缓和;使平静; contact:n.接触,联系;v.使接触,联系;
If the diagnostic criteria had to be broadened, why were they so narrow in the first place ? 如果诊断标准需要放宽, 为什么标准在一开始如此严苛？
narrow:adj.狭窄的; v.使窄小; n.峡谷; (场所,物品等的)狭窄部分; in the first place:首先;起初;
Why were cases of autism so hard to find before the 1990s? 为什么自闭症的病例 在1990年代之前如此难找？
Five years ago, I decided to try to uncover the answers to these questions. 五年前,我决定试着找出这些问题的答案。
uncover:v.揭开盖子;发现;揭露;揭发;
I learned that what happened has less to do with the slow and cautious progress of science than it does with the seductive power of storytelling . 我的发现是, 这个数量的上升并非是由于科学进展的缓慢和谨慎, 更多的是因为故事叙述在诱导大众。
cautious:adj.谨慎的;十分小心的; seductive:adj.有魅力的;性感的;引人注意的; storytelling:n.讲故事;说谎话;adj.讲故事的;说谎的;
For most of the 20th century, clinicians told one story about what autism is and how it was discovered, but that story turned out to be wrong, and the consequences of it are having a devastating impact on global public health. 在整个20世纪, 医学界都用一个故事来解释 什么是自闭症以及它的发现过程。 但是那个故事后来被证明是错的, 而这个故事所造成的后果 正对全球公共健康带来灾难性的影响。
clinicians:临床医生(clinician的名词复数); consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数); devastating:adj.毁灭性的; v.毁灭; (devastate的现在分词) impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的;
There was a second, more accurate story of autism which had been lost and forgotten in obscure corners of the clinical literature . 然后又有了第二个关于自闭症的故事, 其准确性更高,但却鲜为人知, 仅在临床研究文献中偶尔提及。
accurate:adj.精确的; obscure:n.朦胧; adj.无名的; v.使模糊; clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的; literature:n.文学;文献;文艺;著作;
This second story tells us everything about how we got here and where we need to go next. 第二个故事叙述了我们是如何走到了今天这个地步, 以及我们之后应该做些什么。
The first story starts with a child psychiatrist at Johns Hopkins Hospital named Leo Kanner. 第一个故事开始于约翰霍普金斯医院,一位叫做 Leopard Kanner的儿童精神病医生。
psychiatrist:n.精神病学家,精神病医生;
In 1943, Kanner published a paper describing 11 young patients who seemed to inhabit private worlds, ignoring the people around them, even their own parents. 在1943年,Kanner发表了一篇论文, 描述了11个活在他们自己世界的孩子, 他们忽略身边的所有人, 甚至他们的父母。
describing:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的现在分词) patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数) inhabit:v.居住在;栖居于; ignoring:v.忽略,忽视;(ignore的现在分词);
They could amuse themselves for hours by flapping their hands in front of their faces, but they were panicked by little things like their favorite toy being moved from its usual place without their knowledge. 他们可以自娱自乐长达几个小时, 仅仅只是自己拍手, 但他们很容易被小事惊扰, 比如他们最喜欢的玩具 没有被放到通常的位置。
amuse:v.逗乐;逗笑;(提供)消遣;(使)娱乐; flapping:n.拍动;摇摆运动;adj.摇摆运动的;挥动的;v.拍打,轻拍(flap的现在分词); panicked:v.(使)惊慌,惊慌失措;(panic的过去分词和过去式)
Based on the patients who were brought to his clinic, 基于他所接触的这些病患的情况,
Kanner speculated that autism is very rare. Kanner推测自闭症非常罕见。
speculated:v.推测;猜测;推断;投机;做投机买卖;(speculate的过去分词和过去式)
By the 1950s, as the world's leading authority on the subject, he declared that he had seen less than 150 true cases of his syndrome while fielding referrals from as far away as South Africa. 到50年代,他作为世界上研究自闭症的权威, 宣称自己只接触了不到150个“真正病例”, 而慕名而来的诸多患者中甚至有人来自南非。
authority:n.权威;权力;当局; syndrome:n.[临床]综合征;综合症状;并发症状;校验子;并发位; referrals:n.推荐;下线(referral的复数);参考;
That's actually not surprising, because Kanner's criteria for diagnosing autism were incredibly selective . 这其实也不奇怪。 因为Kanner诊断自闭症的标准 非常苛刻。
diagnosing:n.诊断;v.诊断(diagnose的现在分词); selective:adj.选择性的;有选择的;认真挑选的;严格筛选的;
For example, he discouraged giving the diagnosis to children who had seizures but now we know that epilepsy is very common in autism. 比如他不主张对将患有癫痫的孩子诊断为自闭症, 但现在我们知道癫痫在自闭症中很常见。
discouraged:adj.泄气的; v.阻拦; (discourage的过去分词和过去式) diagnosis:n.诊断; seizures:n.癫痫,痉挛;发作(seizure的复数); epilepsy:n.[内科]癫痫,癫痫症;
He once bragged that he had turned nine out of 10 kids referred to his office as autistic by other clinicians without giving them an autism diagnosis. 他曾经吹嘘说其他医生介绍来的 疑似自闭症的患者中,十个有九个 都不应该被诊断为自闭症。
bragged:v.吹嘘;自吹自擂;(brag的过去分词和过去式) referred:v.提到;引用;认为;指示;涉及;(refer的过去式和过去分词) autistic:adj.[心理][内科]孤独症的;孤僻的;n.孤独症患者(常指儿童);
Kanner was a smart guy, but a number of his theories didn't pan out. Kanner是个很聪明的医生, 但他的许多理论都经不起推敲。
He classified autism as a form of infantile psychosis caused by cold and unaffectionate parents. 他将自闭症归类于一种儿童精神错乱, 是由于缺少来自父母的关爱。
classified:adj.机密的; v.将…分类; (classify的过去分词和过去式) infantile:adj.婴儿的;幼稚的;初期的; psychosis:n.精神病;精神错乱;
These children, he said, had been kept neatly in a refrigerator that didn't defrost . 他说,这些孩子 就像被放到了一个无法解冻的冰箱里。
neatly:adv.整洁地;熟练地;灵巧地; defrost:vt.除霜;vi.解冻;
At the same time , however, 然而同时,
At the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
Kanner noticed that some of his young patients had special abilities that clustered in certain areas like music, math and memory. Kanner也注意到他的一些幼年患者 在某些领域有着特殊的天赋, 比如音乐,数学和记忆力方面。
clustered:adj.成群的;成簇的;v.群聚;聚集;(cluster的过去式和过去分词)
One boy in his clinic could distinguish between 18 symphonies before he turned two. 他的诊所中的一个男孩 在两岁前就可以辨别18首交响乐。
distinguish:vt.区分;辨别;使杰出,使表现突出;vi.区别,区分;辨别; symphonies:n.交响曲(symphony的复数);
When his mother put on one of his favorite records, he would correctly declare, " Beethoven !" 当他的母亲播放他最喜欢的曲子, 他会正确地说出 “贝多芬！”
Beethoven:n.贝多芬(德国作曲家);
But Kanner took a dim view of these abilities, claiming that the kids were just regurgitating things they'd heard their pompous parents say, desperate to earn their approval . 但是Kanner对这些能力并不感冒, 声称孩子们只是在重复 他们爱慕虚荣的父母所说的话, 急切地想要赢得父母的赞许。
dim:adj.暗淡的,昏暗的; v.使暗淡,使失去光泽; n.笨蛋,傻子; claiming:v.声称;要求给予;理应获得;(claim的现在分词) regurgitating:vi.回流;回涌;反胃;反刍;vt.使回流;使回涌;使反刍; pompous:adj.自大的;浮夸的;华而不实的;爱炫耀的; desperate:adj.不顾一切的;令人绝望的;极度渴望的; approval:n.批准;认可;赞成;
As a result , autism became a source of shame and stigma for families, and two generations of autistic children were shipped off to institutions for their own good, becoming invisible to the world at large. 因此,自闭症患儿成了家庭的耻辱, 整整两代自闭症儿童 都被送到了精神病院接受治疗, 对整个世界而言,他们几乎是不存在的。
As a result:结果; source:n.来源;水源;原始资料; stigma:n.[植]柱头;耻辱;污名;烙印;特征; institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数) invisible:adj.看不见的;n.看不见的人或物;
Amazingly, it wasn't until the 1970s that researchers began to test Kanner's theory that autism was rare. 直到上世纪70年代, 研究人员才开始质疑Kanner所谓“自闭症罕见”的理论。
Lorna Wing was a cognitive psychologist in London who thought that Kanner's theory of refrigerator parenting were " bloody stupid," as she told me. Lorna Wing是伦敦一位认知心理学家, 她认为Kanner的“冰箱养育”的理论 “极其愚蠢”, 她这么对我说。
cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的; bloody:adj.血腥的;血淋淋的;v.血染;
She and her husband John were warm and affectionate people, and they had a profoundly autistic daughter named Susie. 她和她的丈夫John是温暖热情的人, 而他们有一个极度自闭的女儿Susie。
affectionate:adj.深情的;充满深情的; profoundly:adv.深刻地;深深地;极度地;
Lorna and John knew how hard it was to raise a child like Susie without support services, special education , and the other resources that are out of reach without a diagnosis. Lorna和John知道养育Susie这样的孩子困难重重, 他们无法获得支持性服务, 也不能让她接受特殊教育, 因为没有自闭症的诊断书,很多资源都无法获取。
special education:n.特殊教育(为有身体障碍或学习障碍的儿童而设); resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数);
To make the case to the National Health Service that more resources were needed for autistic children and their families, 为了向国家医疗保健系统证明, 自闭症儿童和他们的家庭需要更多的资源,
National Health Service:n.(英国)国民医疗服务体系;
Lorna and her colleague Judith Gould decided to do something that should have been done 30 years earlier. Lorna和她的同事Judith Gould 决定去做一些三十年前就应该被完成的事情,
colleague:n.同事,同僚;
They undertook a study of autism prevalence in the general population. 他们在普通人群中进行了自闭症普及性的研究,
undertook:v.承担(undertake的过去式);着手做; in the general:通常,一般;
They pounded the pavement in a London suburb called Camberwell to try to find autistic children in the community . 他们在伦敦Camberwell郊区四处奔走, 去寻找社区中的自闭症儿童。
pavement:n.路面;人行道;石板铺的地面; suburb:n.郊区;城外; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
What they saw made clear that Kanner's model was way too narrow, while the reality of autism was much more colorful and diverse . 他们的发现证实了Kanner的理论模式过于狭隘, 而自闭症的现实情况却十分丰富和多元化。
diverse:adj.不同的;多种多样的;变化多的;
Some kids couldn't talk at all, while others waxed on at length about their fascination with astrophysics , dinosaurs or the genealogy of royalty . 有些孩子完全不能说话, 而有些孩子却能对天文物理学,恐龙或者皇室族谱 这些他们感兴趣的事情侃侃而谈。
waxed:v.给…打蜡;用蜡除去…上的毛;(wax的过去分词和过去式) fascination:n.魅力;魔力;入迷; astrophysics:n.天体物理学; genealogy:n.宗谱;血统;家系;系谱学; royalty:n.皇室;版税;王权;专利税;
In other words, these children didn't fit into nice, neat boxes, as Judith put it, and they saw lots of them, way more than Kanner's monolithic model would have predicted . 也就是说,这些孩子并非一个模子里刻出来的, Judith这样形容道, 他们看到了很多自闭症儿童, 远远超出了Kanner单一的理论模型所能涵盖的范围。
monolithic:adj.整体的;巨石的,庞大的;完全统一的;n.单块集成电路,单片电路; predicted:v.预言;预告;预报;(predict的过去分词和过去式)
At first, they were at a loss to make sense of their data. 一开始,他们对自己的数据感到茫然。
at a loss:亏本地;困惑不解; make sense of:搞清…的意思;
How had no one noticed these children before? 之前怎么会没人注意到这些孩子呢？
But then Lorna came upon a reference to a paper that had been published in German in 1944, the year after Kanner's paper, and then forgotten, buried with the ashes of a terrible time that no one wanted to remember or think about. 但是Loran提到了在1944年发表的 一篇德语论文, 就在Kanner论文发表的一年后, 而这篇文章却被人遗忘, 被一段可怕时光的余烬埋葬, 没人愿意记得或者想起这段时光。
reference:n.参考,提及;参考书目;证明书;v.引用;
Kanner knew about this competing paper, but scrupulously avoided mentioning it in his own work. Kanner知道这篇观点不同的文章, 但是在他自己的文章中完全没有提及。
competing:adj.相互冲突的;相互矛盾的;v.竞争;对抗;参加比赛;(compete的现在分词) scrupulously:adv.严谨地;小心翼翼地;多顾虑地;
It had never even been translated into English, but luckily, Lorna's husband spoke German, and he translated it for her. 这篇德语论文甚至没有被译成英文, 但幸运的是,Lorna的丈夫懂德语, 他为Lorna翻译了这篇文章。
The paper offered an alternate story of autism. 这篇论文讲述了有关自闭症的另一个故事。
alternate:vi.交替;轮流;vt.使交替;使轮流;adj.交替的;轮流的;n.替换物;
Its author was a man named Hans Asperger, who ran a combination clinic and residential school in Vienna in the 1930s. 故事的作者叫做Hans Asperger, 他在1930年代在Vienna地区 开了一家综合诊所和一所寄宿学校。
combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; residential:adj.住宅的;与居住有关的;
Asperger's ideas about teaching children with learning differences were progressive even by contemporary standards . Asperger对于不同孩子采取不同教学方法的理念 即便在现代也非常先进。
progressive:adj.进步的;先进的;开明的;稳步的;n.进步人士;开明人士;改革派; contemporary:n.同时代的人;同时期的东西;adj.当代的;同时代的;属于同一时期的; standards:n.标准,水平,规格(standard的复数)
Mornings at his clinic began with exercise classes set to music, and the children put on plays on Sunday afternoons. 在他的诊所,孩子们早上练习音乐, 星期天下午会进行表演。
Instead of blaming parents for causing autism, Asperger没有责备父母导致了自闭症,
Asperger framed it as a lifelong, polygenetic disability that requires compassionate forms of support and accommodations over the course of one's whole life. 而是将自闭症描述为一种多诱因的终身缺陷。 这种缺陷一生都需要人们 同情的支持和理解。
framed:v.给…做框;给…镶边;制订;拟订;(frame的过去分词和过去式) disability:n.残疾;无能;无资格;不利条件; compassionate:adj.慈悲的;富于同情心的;vt.同情;怜悯; accommodations:n.住处;办公处;住宿;调解;(accommodation的复数)
Rather than treating the kids in his clinic like patients, 在Asperger的诊所里,他没有把孩子当做病人,
treating:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;处理;讨论;(treat的现在分词)
Asperger called them his little professors, and enlisted their help in developing methods of education that were particularly suited to them. 而是把他们叫做小教授们, 并且在教育方法的建立上寻求他们的帮助, 而这也正是他们所需要的。
enlisted:adj.士兵的;v.争取;(使)入伍;征募;从军;(enlist的过去分词和过去式) particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地;
Crucially , Asperger viewed autism as a diverse continuum that spans an astonishing range of giftedness and disability. 重要的是,Asperger认为自闭症是一种多元的疾病, 包括了无数的不同缺陷和天赋。
Crucially:adv.关键地;至关重要地; continuum:n.[数]连续统;[经]连续统一体;闭联集; spans:n.[建]跨度;一段时间(span的复数);v.跨越;持续;贯穿(span的第三人称单数); astonishing:adj.令人十分惊讶的;v.使十分惊讶;使吃惊;(astonish的现在分词)
He believed that autism and autistic traits are common and always have been, seeing aspects of this continuum in familiar archetypes from pop culture like the socially awkward scientist and the absent-minded professor. 他相信自闭症和自闭症的特征都很常见, 自始至终都如此, 可以在身边熟悉的原型中找到这种共性, 比如有社交障碍的科学家 和心不在焉的教授。
traits:n.特性,特质,性格(trait的复数); aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数); familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友; archetypes:n.[生物]原型(archetyp的复数形式);基模; awkward:adj.尴尬的;笨拙的;棘手的;不合适的; absent-minded:adj.心不在焉的;健忘的;出神的;
He went so far as to say, it seems that for success in science and art, a dash of autism is essential . 他得出的结论是, 要在科学或者艺术方面获得成功, 一定程度的自闭是至关重要的。
so far as:只要;就…而言;在…范围内; essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的;
Lorna and Judith realized that Kanner had been as wrong about autism being rare as he had been about parents causing it. Lorna和Judith意识到Kanner在“自闭症是罕见的”和“父母导致了自闭症” 这两点上同样都是错误的。
Over the next several years, they quietly worked with the American Psychiatric Association to broaden the criteria for diagnosis to reflect the diversity of what they called "the autism spectrum ." 之后的若干年里, 他们低调地和美国精神病学会合作, 拓宽了诊断自闭症的标准, 来反映他们所说的“自闭症谱图”的多样性。
Psychiatric:adj.精神病学的;精神病治疗的; Association:n.协会;关联;联想;交往; reflect:v.反映;映出(影像);反射;表明,表达; diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化: spectrum:n.光谱;频谱;范围;余象;
In the late '80s and early 1990s, their changes went into effect, swapping out Kanner's narrow model for Asperger's broad and inclusive one. 在80年代晚期和90年代初期, 他们提出的改变有了成效, 换掉了Kanner狭隘的模型, 取而代之的是Asperger广泛又更全面的模型。
swapping:v.交换(东西);交换(工作);用…替换;(swap的现在分词) inclusive:adj.包括的,包含的;
These changes weren't happening in a vacuum . 这些改变并不是凭空出现的。
vacuum:n.真空; adj.真空的; v.用真空吸尘器清扫;
By coincidence , as Lorna and Judith worked behind the scenes to reform the criteria, people all over the world were seeing an autistic adult for the first time. 巧合的是,当Lorna和Judith私下努力进行 评估标准的改革时, 全世界的人们第一次见到了一位患有自闭症的成年人。
coincidence:n.巧合,巧事;同时存在;并存;相同; behind the scenes:adj.幕后的; reform:v.改革;改进;改良;(使)悔改;n.改革;改良;改善;
Before "Rain Man" came out in 1988, only a tiny, ingrown circle of experts knew what autism looked like, but after Dustin Hoffman's unforgettable performance as Raymond Babbitt earned "Rain Man" four Academy Awards, pediatricians, psychologists, teachers and parents all over the world knew what autism looked like. 在1988年“雨人”（电影）出现之前, 只有一小部分内部专家了解自闭症的症状。 但在Dustin Hoffman扮演了Raymond Babbitt之后, 这场令人难忘的表演给“雨人”赢得了四项奥斯卡大奖, 全世界的儿科医生,心理学家, 老师们和家长们都知道了自闭症的症状。
ingrown:adj.向内生长的;天赋的;生进肉内的; unforgettable:adj.难忘的; performance:n.性能;表现;业绩;表演; Babbitt:n.巴氏合金;vt.给…浇巴氏合金; Academy:n.学院;研究院;学会;专科院校;
Coincidentally , at the same time, the first easy-to-use clinical tests for diagnosing autism were introduced. 巧合的是,与此同时, 第一个简便的诊断自闭症的临床测试出现了。
Coincidentally:adv.巧合地;一致地; easy-to-use:adj.易用的;好用的;
You no longer had to have a connection to that tiny circle of experts to get your child evaluated . 你不再需要认识那一小部分专家 来给自己的孩子进行诊断。
evaluated:v.估计;评价;评估;(evaluate的过去分词和过去式)
The combination of "Rain Man," “雨人”,
the changes to the criteria, and the introduction of these tests created a network effect, a perfect storm of autism awareness . 评估标准的变化,以及这些测试的组合, 产生了一种网络效应, 一场对自闭症认知的完美风暴。
perfect storm:n.祸不单行;屋漏偏逢连夜雨; awareness:n.意识,认识;明白,知道;
The number of diagnoses started to soar , just as Lorna and Judith predicted, indeed hoped, that it would, enabling autistic people and their families to finally get the support and services they deserved . 自闭症患者的确诊数目开始激增, 就像Lorna和Judith预测而且希望的那样, 自闭症患者和他们的家庭 最终会得到他们应得的支持和服务。
diagnoses:n.诊断;调查分析;评价(diagnosis的复数形式); soar:v.翱翔;高飞;猛增;高耸;n.翱翔;上升高度;高飞范围; enabling:adj.授权的;v.使能够;授权给(enable的现在分词); finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; deserved:adj.值得的;该奖[罚]的;v.值得;应得;应受;(deserve的过去分词和过去式)
Then Andrew Wakefield came along to blame the spike in diagnoses on vaccines, a simple, powerful, and seductively believable story that was as wrong as Kanner's theory that autism was rare. 之后Andrew Wakefield出现了, 将自闭症归咎于疫苗接种, 这是一个简单,有力, 又容易令人信服故事, 这故事和Kanner的 自闭症很罕见的理论一样错误。
Wakefield:n.韦克菲尔德(英格兰北部城市); spike:n.长钉,道钉;钉鞋;细高跟;vt.阻止;以大钉钉牢;用尖物刺穿; seductively:adv.诱惑地;勾引地;
If the CDC's current estimate, that one in 68 kids in America are on the spectrum, is correct, autistics are one of the largest minority groups in the world. 如果疾控中心目前的 “美国每68个孩子中就有一个患有自闭症”的估计是正确的, 自闭症患者就是世界上最大的少数群体之一。
autistics:adj.[心理][内科]孤独症的;孤僻的;n.孤独症患者(常指儿童); minority:n.少数民族;少数派;未成年;adj.少数的;属于少数派的;
In recent years, autistic people have come together on the Internet to reject the notion that they are puzzles to be solved by the next medical breakthrough , coining the term " neurodiversity " 在最近几年里,自闭症患者在网上聚集起来, 来反驳他们是“下一代医学进展 才能解决的谜题”的说法, 他们创造了一个词,“神经多样性”,
reject:v.排斥;拒收;拒绝接受;不予考虑;n.废品;次品;不合格者;被剔除者; notion:n.观念;信念;理解; puzzles:智力游戏;谜题(puzzle的第三人称单数和复数) breakthrough:n.突破;开始取得成功之时;adj.突破性的; neurodiversity:神经多元性;神经系统多元化;
to celebrate the varieties of human cognition . 来赞美人类认知的多元化。
cognition:n.认识;知识;认识能力;
One way to understand neurodiversity is to think in terms of human operating systems. 一种理解“神经多样性”的方法 是从人类的（大脑）操作系统来思考。
Just because a P.C. is not running Windows doesn't mean that it's broken. 一个电脑不运行Windows系统并不表示它坏了。
By autistic standards, the normal human brain is easily distractable, obsessively social, and suffers from a deficit of attention to detail. 从自闭的标准来说,正常的人类大脑 很容易分心, 喜欢社交, 而且对细节不太关注。
obsessively:adv.过分地;着迷地,着魔似地; deficit:n.赤字;逆差;亏损;不足额;
To be sure , autistic people have a hard time living in a world not built for them. 诚然,自闭症患者痛苦地生活在 一个不是为他们创造的世界里。
To be sure:诚然;的确;哎呀(表惊奇);
[Seventy] years later, we're still catching up to Asperger, who believed that the "cure" for the most disabling aspects of autism is to be found in understanding teachers, accommodating employers , supportive communities , and parents who have faith in their children's potential . （七十）年以后,我们还在努力追随Asperger的先进想法, 他认为对于自闭症最糟糕的那些方面的“治疗方法” 是让患者有体贴的老师, 有包容心的上司, 支持他们的社会, 以及相信他们孩子潜力的父母。
disabling:v.使不能;使失去能力;致残疾(disable的ing形式); accommodating:adj.乐于助人的; v.容纳; (accommodate的现在分词) employers:n.雇主;雇用者;(employer的复数) supportive:adj.支持的;支援的;赞助的; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) faith:n.信心;信任;宗教信仰; potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的;
An autistic woman named Zosia Zaks once said, "We need all hands on deck to right the ship of humanity ." 一个患有自闭症的女性Zosia Zaks曾经说过, “我们需要双手扶着甲板来扶正人性的船舶。”
deck:n.甲板;舱面;层面;一副(为52张);v.装饰;打扮;布置;用力击倒; humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
As we sail into an uncertain future, we need every form of human intelligence on the planet working together to tackle the challenges that we face as a society. 当我们走向未知的未来时, 我们需要地球上每个拥有智慧的人类, 以集体的方式一起努力解决遇到的问题。
uncertain:adj.无常的;含糊的;靠不住的;迟疑不决的; intelligence:n.智力;智慧;才智;(尤指关于敌国的)情报; tackle:v.处理; n.用具;
We can't afford to waste a brain. 每个人的智慧都举足轻重。
afford:v.给予,提供;买得起;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）