返回首页

StephenPalumbi_2010Z-_追寻水银的踪迹_
It can be a very complicated thing, the ocean. 海洋是一个非常复杂的事物。
complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式)
And it can be a very complicated thing, what human health is. 人类的健康也是一件非常复杂的事情。
And bringing those two together might seem a very daunting task, but what I'm going to try to say is that even in that complexity , there's some simple themes that I think, if we understand, we can really move forward. 将两者统一起来看起来是一件艰巨的任务。 但我想要试图去说明的是 即使是如此复杂的情况, 也存在一些我认为简单的话题, 一些如果我们能理解,就很容易向前发展的话题。
daunting:adj.令人生畏的:令人胆怯的:v.使胆怯:使失去信心;(daunt的现在分词) complexity:n.复杂性;难以理解的局势
And those simple themes aren't really themes about the complex science of what's going on, but things that we all pretty well know. 这些简单的话题确实不是 有关那复杂的科学有了怎样的发展, 而是一些我们都恰好知道的事情。
And I'm going to start with this one: 接下来我就来说一个。
If momma ain't happy, ain't nobody happy. 如果老妈不高兴了,大家都别想开心。
momma:n.妈妈;
We know that, right? We've experienced that. 我们都知道,不是吗？我们都经历过。
And if we just take that and we build from there, then we can go to the next step, which is that if the ocean ain't happy, ain't nobody happy. 接下来如果我们能理解这一点 从这里出发, 可以得出下一步的, 那就是如果海洋不高兴了 大家也都别想开心。
That's the theme of my talk. 这就是我演讲的主题。
And we're making the ocean pretty unhappy in a lot of different ways. 我们正在通过许多不同的方法惹怒海洋。
This is a shot of Cannery Row in 1932. 这是1932年在坎纳里鲁夫拍的一副照片
Cannery:n.罐头工厂;
Cannery Row, at the time, had the biggest industrial canning operation on the west coast . 那时的坎纳里鲁夫, 有着西海岸最大的 工业化罐头工厂。
industrial:adj.工业的,产业的; n.工业股票; west coast:n.美国西海岸(尤指加利福尼亚州);
We piled enormous amounts of pollution into the air and into the water. 我们堆积了大量的污染物 在空气中和水中
piled:v.堆放;叠放;放置;装入;拥挤;(pile的过去分词和过去式) enormous:adj.庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的;
Rolf Bolin, who was a professor at the Hopkin's Marine Station where I work, wrote in the 1940s that "The fumes from the scum floating on the inlets of the bay were so bad they turned lead-based paints black." 我所工作的霍普金的海洋研究站的 罗尔夫·博林教授, 在二十世纪40年代指出, “海湾入口里浮沫所散发的臭气 特别难闻 那里有含铅的黑涂料。
Marine:adj.海的;海产的;海生的;海船的;n.(尤指美国或英国皇家)海军陆战队士兵; fumes:n.烟气;激动;空想的事物(fume的复数);v.蒸发;冒烟;发怒(fume的三单形式); scum:n.浮渣;泡沫;糟粕;v.产生泡沫;被浮渣覆盖;将浮渣去除掉; inlets:n.[地理][通信]入口;水湾(inlet的复数形式);
People working in these canneries could barely stay there all day because of the smell, but you know what they came out saying? 工作在罐头厂的人们 每天都只能待在这样的气味之中。 然而你知道他们说什么吗？
canneries:n.罐头工厂; barely:adv.仅仅,勉强;几乎不;公开地;贫乏地;
They say, "You know what you smell? 他们说:“你知道你闻到的是什么吗？
You smell money." 你闻到的是钱的气味。”
That pollution was money to that community , and those people dealt with the pollution and absorbed it into their skin and into their bodies because they needed the money. 污染来自于社区的金钱利益。 那些人们和污染生活在一起 并把污染吸入了它们的皮肤和身体 因为他们需要钱。
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; absorbed:adj.被…吸引住; v.吸收(液体、气体等); (absorb的过去分词和过去式)
We made the ocean unhappy; we made people very unhappy, and we made them unhealthy . 让海洋不高兴,人们也特别不高兴, 并且人类还不再健康。
unhealthy:不健康的
The connection between ocean health and human health is actually based upon another couple simple adages , and I want to call that " pinch a minnow , hurt a whale." 海洋的健康和人类健康之间的联系 确实就像另一组谚语说的那样。 我觉得这么说: “抓了小鱼,害死鲸鱼”
adages:n.谚语;格言;(adages是adage的复数); pinch:v.拧;捏;掐;捏住;夹紧;偷摸;逮捕;n.捏;掐;拧;一撮; minnow:n.[鱼]鲦鱼(一种小淡水鱼);
The pyramid of ocean life ... 海洋生物的食物链……
Now, when an ecologist looks at the ocean -- I have to tell you -- we look at the ocean in a very different way, and we see different things than when a regular person looks at the ocean because when an ecologist looks at the ocean, we see all those interconnections . 现在……当一位生态学者看待海洋的时候——我承认—— 我们用一种十分不同的方式来看待海洋, 比起普通人,我们看待海洋时发现的不同之处更多。 因为当生态学家看待海洋的时候, 会看到其中的相互联系。
ecologist:n.生态学者; interconnections:n.相互连接;彼此连系;
We see the base of the food chain , the plankton , the small things, and we see how those animals are food to animals in the middle of the pyramid, and on so up this diagram. 我们看食物链的下层, 浮游生物这种小东西, 还会看这些小动物们 是如何成为位于金字塔中部动物们的食物的, 然后就这样一直向上走到这幅图的顶部。
food chain:n.食物链; plankton:n.浮游生物(总称);
And that flow, that flow of life, from the very base up to the very top, is the flow that ecologists see. 这种生命的流动 从最底部流向最顶部, 是生态学家们关注的。
ecologists:n.生态学家(ecologist的复数);
And that's what we're trying to preserve when we say, "Save the ocean. Heal the ocean." 并且这就是我们努力去保护的 当我们说:“救救海洋,给海洋治治病吧。”
preserve:vt.保存;保护;维持;腌;禁猎;n.保护区;禁猎地;加工成的食品;
It's that pyramid. 说的就是这金字塔。
Now why does that matter for human health? 那么为什么这与人类的健康有关系呢？
Because when we jam things in the bottom of that pyramid that shouldn't be there, some very frightening things happen. 因为,当我们把一些本不该在食物链底部存在 的东西塞进了金字塔食物链之后, 就出现了很可怕的事情。
frightening:adj.可怕的;骇人的;引起恐惧的;v.使惊吓;使惊恐(frighten的现在分词)
Pollutants , some pollutants have been created by us: molecules like PCBs that can't be br oken down by our bodies. 一些由我们制造的污染物, 像是PCB分子（多氯联苯,一种致癌物质） 是不能被我们的身体吸收的。
Pollutants:n.[环境]污染物(pollutant的复数);
And they go in the base of that pyramid, and they drift up; they're passed up that way, on to predators and on to the top predators, and in so doing, they accumulate . 它们进入到食物链金字塔的底部, 并不断向上,经过食物链, 到达肉食动物和顶端肉食动物这里。 这样的话, 就堆积起来了。
drift:v.漂移;漂流;飘;缓缓移动;n.趋势;大意;要点;流动; predators:n.捕食性动物;实行弱肉强食的人(或机构);掠夺者;(predator的复数) accumulate:vi.累积;积聚;vt.积攒;
Now, to bring that home, I thought I'd invent a little game. 然后,为了能彻底了解这个问题,我想邀请大家做个小游戏
We don't really have to play it; we can just think about it here. 我们并不是真的要玩,只是在这里想一下就好。
It's the Styrofoam and chocolate game. 这是个保丽龙发泡胶和巧克力的游戏。
Styrofoam:n.泡沫聚苯乙烯;
Imagine that when we got on this boat, we were all given two Styrofoam peanuts . 想象一下当我们登上这艘船, 我们都得到了 两个保丽龙的花生。
peanuts:花生(peanut的复数)
Can't do much with them: Put them in your pocket. 除了把它们放在兜里,你也做不了什么其他的。
Suppose the rules are: every time you offer somebody a drink, you give them the drink, and you give them your Styrofoam peanuts too. 因为规则是:每一次你请别人喝一杯的时候, 除了要给别人酒之外, 也要把你的保丽龙花生给别人。
Suppose:v.推断:假定:假设:设想:
What'll happen is that the Styrofoam peanuts will start moving through our society here, and they will accumulate in the drunkest , stingiest people. 接下来发生的事情就是保丽龙花生 会开始在我们的团体里流通。 并且它们会集中在 最吝啬的醉鬼身上
drunkest:头号酒鬼;
(Laughter) （笑声）
There's no mechanism in this game for them to go anywhere but into a bigger and bigger pile of indigestible Styrofoam peanuts. 这个游戏里面的机制 让人们什么也做不了 除了得到越来越大的一堆 无法消化的保丽龙花生。
mechanism:n.机制;原理,途径;进程;机械装置;技巧; indigestible:adj.难消化的;难理解的;
And that's exactly what happens with PDBs in this food pyramid: 这就是和PDB分子（对二氯苯,化学合成药剂,致癌） 在食物链中的堆积一样。
They accumulate into the top of it. 它们富集在食物链的顶部。
Now suppose, instead of Styrofoam peanuts, we take these lovely little chocolates that we get and we had those instead. 然后假设不用保丽龙花生, 我们用这些可爱的巧克力 来替代它们。
Well, some of us would be eating those chocolates instead of passing them around, and instead of accumulating , they will just pass into our group here and not accumulate in any one group because they're absorbed by us. 嗯,我们之中的一些人会把巧克力吃了 而不给别人。 这样就不会产生堆积, 它们只会在人群中流通 但不会堆积在人群里。 因为巧克力可以被我们吸收。
accumulating:n.[数]累加;v.积累(accumulate的ing形式);
And that's the difference between a PCB and, say, something natural like an omega-3, something we want out of the marine food chain. 这与PCB分子是不同的, 可以说,就像ω- 3脂肪酸一样天然, 我们希望海洋食物链里有这些东西。
PCBs accumulate. PCB的富集。
We have great examples of that, unfortunately . 很不幸,有许多这种例子
unfortunately:adv.不幸地;
PCBs accumulate in dolphins in Sarasota Bay, in Texas, in North Carolina . PCB堆积在海豚体内 就发生在萨拉索塔湾,得克萨斯州,北卡罗来纳州。
Sarasota:n.萨拉索塔(美国西部城市); Carolina:n.卡罗莱纳州(在美国东南部);
They get into the food chain. PCB分子进入了食物链。
The dolphins eat the fish that have PCBs from the plankton, and those PCBs, being fat-soluble , accumulate in these dolphins. 海豚吃了小鱼 小鱼从浮游生物那里得到了PCB分子, 这些脂溶性的PCB分子 就富集在了海豚体内。
fat-soluble:adj.脂溶性的,可溶于油脂的;
Now, a dolphin , mother dolphin , any dolphin -- there's only one way that a PCB can get out of a dolphin. 现在,一只海豚, 海豚母亲,或者是任何的海豚 只有一种方法 排出PCB分子。
dolphin:n.海豚;
And what's that? 是什么呢？
In mother's milk. 通过母乳。
Here's a diagram of the PCB load of dolphins in Sarasota Bay. 这是一张萨拉索塔湾海豚 体内PCB含量的图表。
Adult males: a huge load. 成年雄性体内的含量巨大。
Juveniles : a huge load. 幼年海豚体内也有很大含量。
Juveniles:n.少年(juvenile的复数形式);稚气;
Females after their first calf is already weaned : a lower load. 雌性在第一次哺乳期之后 含量稍低。
calf:n.小牛;牛犊;腓肠;小腿肚; weaned:vt.使断奶;使断念;使放弃;n.(苏格兰)幼儿;
Those females, they're not trying to. 雌性海豚并不想这样。
Those females are passing the PCBs in the fat of their own mother's milk into their offspring , and their offspring don't survive. 它们将PCB分子 通过乳汁里面的脂肪 传递给了它们的后代。 而后代没有活下来。
offspring:n.后代,子孙;产物;
The death rate in these dolphins, for the first calf born of every female dolphin, is 60 to 80 percent. 这些海豚的死亡率, 每只雌性海豚的第一胎, 大约在60%到80％。
death rate:n.死亡率; female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物;
These mothers pump their first offspring full of this pollutant, and most of them die. 母亲们把污染物 都输送给了第一胎后代。 其中大部分都会死去。
pump:n.抽水机;泵;打气筒;v.用泵输送;涌出;奔流;快速摇动;
Now, the mother then can go and reproduce , but what a terrible price to pay for the accumulation of this pollutant in these animals -- the death of the first-born calf. 现在,雌性海豚可以继续繁殖了, 但这代价太大了 污染物富集在 这些动物体内 ——这要由第一胎后代的死来买单。
reproduce:v.繁殖;复制;再现;生育; accumulation:n.积聚,累积;堆积物; first-born:n.长子;长女;adj.头胎的;
There's another top predator in the ocean, it turns out. 原来,在海洋食物链里还有另外一个顶端捕食者
That top predator, of course, is us. 显然,这个顶端捕食者就是我们。
And we also are eating meat that comes from some of these same places. 我们也吃肉 来自于同样一些地方的肉。
This is whale meat that I photographed in a grocery store in Tokyo -- or is it? 这是鲸鱼肉 我在东京一家食品店拍到的 或者不是？
grocery:n.食品杂货店;食品杂货;
In fact, what we did a few years ago was learn how to smuggle a molecular biology lab into Tokyo and use it to genetically test the DNA out of whale meat samples and identify what they really were. 实际上,我们做了几年的研究 研究如何偷运 一所分子生物实验室进东京 用于遗传学的检验 检验鲸鱼肉中去出的DNA样本 并鉴定它们到底是什么。
smuggle:v.走私;偷运; molecular:adj.[化学]分子的;由分子组成的; biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学; genetically:adv.从遗传学角度;从基因方面; identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现:
And some of those whale meat samples were whale meat. 一部分鲸鱼肉样本确实是鲸鱼肉。
Some of them were illegal whale meat, by the way . 顺带一说,另一部分检验出不合规格。
illegal:adj.不合法的;非法的;n.非法移民;非法劳工; by the way:顺便说一下;
That's another story. 这是另一个话题了。
But some of them were not whale meat at all. 但是有一些就根本不是鲸鱼肉。
Even though they were labeled whale meat, they were dolphin meat. 即使有着鲸鱼肉的幌子,实际上这些是海豚肉。
labeled:adj.有标签的; v.示踪; (label的过去分词和过去式)
Some of them were dolphin liver . Some of them were dolphin blubber . 有一些是海豚肝脏。有一些是海豚的鳍。
liver:n.肝;(动物供食用的)肝; blubber:n.鲸脂;哭泣;vi.又哭又闹;vt.又哭又闹;adj.肿大的;
And those dolphin parts had a huge load of PCBs, dioxins and heavy metals. 那些海豚肉 都含巨量的PCB分子, 二恶英（剧毒）和重金属。
And that huge load was passing into the people that ate this meat. 这些有害物质都流入到 食用这些肉的人身体内。
It turns out that a lot of dolphins are being sold as meat in the whale meat market around the world. 这证明许多海豚 在世界上的鲸肉市场里 都被当作肉食出售。
That's a tragedy for those populations, but it's also a tragedy for the people eating them because they don't know that that's toxic meat. 对海豚来说这是一场悲剧。 但对食用它们的人类来说 同样是一场悲剧 因为他们并不知道这是有毒的肉。
tragedy:n.悲惨的事;不幸;灾难;悲剧作品; toxic:adj.有毒的;中毒的;
We had these data a few years ago. 几年前的一天我们得出的这些数据。
I remember sitting at my desk being about the only person in the world who knew that whale meat being sold in these markets was really dolphin meat, and it was toxic. 我记得我坐在办公桌旁 作为世界上唯一的人 唯一知道在鲸鱼肉市场上卖的那些鲸鱼肉 实际上是海豚肉,并且含毒的人。
It had two-to-three-to-400 times the toxic loads ever allowed by the EPA. 含有的毒素是有史以来环保局允许的 2-3倍到400倍。
And I remember there sitting at my desk thinking, "Well, I know this. This is a great scientific discovery," 并且我记得我坐在办公桌之前想: “嗯,我发现了这个,这是个伟大的科学发现。”
scientific:adj.科学的,系统的;
but it was so awful. 但它如此可怕。
And for the very first time in my scientific career , 在我科学生涯中,我第一次
career:n.职业;事业;生涯;经历;
I broke scientific protocol , which is that you take the data and publish them in scientific journals and then begin to talk about them. 打破了科学的协议, 就是做出数据并发布在科学杂志上, 然后再谈论它们。
protocol:n.协议;草案;礼仪;vt.拟定;vi.拟定; publish:v.出版;发表;公布; journals:n.学术期刊(journal的复数);日记;日记账;
We sent a very polite letter to the Minister of Health in Japan and simply pointed out that this is an intolerable situation, not for us, but for the people of Japan because mothers who may be breastfeeding , who may have young children, 我们写了一封很客气的信 给日本卫生部长 并简单的指出 并非对于我们是一个不可忍受的情况, 而是对于日本人民。 因为需要哺乳的母亲们, 有小孩的母亲们,
Minister:n.部长;大臣;牧师;vi.执行牧师职务;辅助或伺候某人; intolerable:adj.无法忍受的;难耐的; breastfeeding:n.母乳哺育;v.用母乳喂养(breastfeed的现在分词);
would be buying something that they thought was healthy, but it was really toxic. 应该买她们认为健康的东西, 但这些东西实际上有毒。
That led to a whole series of other campaigns in Japan, and I'm really proud to say that at this point, it's very difficult to buy anything in Japan that's labeled incorrectly, even though they're still selling whale meat, which I believe they shouldn't. 这导致了日本一系列的其他运动。 在这一点上,我真的非常骄傲的说, 在日本买任何东西都很难 这是标签贴错了, 即使他们仍然在出售鲸肉, 而我认为他们不该这么做。
series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书;
But at least it's labeled correctly, and you're no longer going to be buying toxic dolphin meat instead. 但是至少标签帖对了 你就不回再去买 有毒的海豚肉。
It isn't just there that this happens, but in a natural diet of some communities in the Canadian arctic and in the United States and in the European arctic, a natural diet of seals and whales leads to an accumulation of PCBs that have gathered up from all parts of the world and ended up in these women. 并不是只有日本才这样, 而是在一些国家的自然食物链都这样 在加拿大北部,在美国 还有欧洲北部, 海豹和鲸鱼的自然食物链 导致了PCB分子的富集 从世界上的各个地方 聚集到妇女的身上。
communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) arctic:adj.北极的;北极地区的;极冷的;严寒的;n.北极;北极地区; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
These women have toxic breast milk. 这些妇女的乳汁含毒。
They cannot feed their offspring, their children, their breast milk because of the accumulation of these toxins in their food chain, in their part of the world's ocean pyramid. 她们不能用她们的乳汁 来喂养她们的孩子们 因为富集的毒素 在她们的食物链之中, 在她们世界中的一部分 在海洋金字塔食物链里。
toxins:n.[毒物]毒素,毒质;毒素类(toxin的复数);
That means their immune systems are compromised . 这说明她们的免疫系统已经受到危害。
immune:adj.免疫的;免于…的,免除的;n.免疫者;免除者; compromised:v.妥协,折中,让步; (compromise的过去分词和过去式)
It means that their children's development can be compromised. 这说明她们后代的生长发育 也会受到危害。
And the world's attention on this over the last decade has reduced the problem for these women, not by changing the pyramid, but by changing what they particularly eat out of it. 近十年世界上对这一问题的关注 已经帮助这些妇女 解决了这个问题, 不是通过改变食物链结构, 而是改变她们特有的饮食。
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地;
We've taken them out of their natural pyramid in order to solve this problem. 我们已经让这些妇女脱离自然的食物链 目的就是解决这个问题。
That's a good thing for this particular acute problem, but it does nothing to solve the pyramid problem. 对于这个特别尖锐的问题,这是个好办法, 但它对解决金字塔食物链问题没什么帮助。
acute:adj.严重的,[医]急性的;敏锐的;激烈的;尖声的;
There's other ways of breaking the pyramid. 还有另一种方法打破金字塔食物链。
The pyramid, if we jam things in the bottom, can get backed up like a sewer line that's clogged . 如果我们在金字塔食物链底部塞入一些东西, 食物链可以像下水道那样回堵上来。
sewer:n.下水道; vt.为…铺设污水管道; vi.清洗污水管; clogged:v.(使)阻塞,堵塞;(clog的过去分词和过去式)
And if we jam nutrients , sewage , fertilizer in the base of that food pyramid, it can back up all through it. 如果我们在食物链底部加入 营养物质、污水和化肥, 那将影响整个食物链。
nutrients:营养盐;[食品]营养素; sewage:n.污水;下水道;污物; fertilizer:n.[肥料]肥料;受精媒介物;促进发展者;
We end up with things we've heard about before: red tides , for example, which are blooms of toxic algae floating through the oceans causing neurological damage. 下面用我们之前听过的例子结束这件事: 赤潮, 赤潮里有大量有毒藻类, 漂浮在海洋之上的赤潮 能造成精神受损。
tides:n.[海洋]潮汐(tide的复数);v.随潮水漂浮(tide的第三人称单数); blooms:n.花朵(bloom的复数);[生态]水华;v.开花(bloom的三单形式); algae:n.[植]藻类;[植]海藻; neurological:adj.神经病学的,神经学上的;
We can also see blooms of bacteria , blooms of viruses in the ocean. 我们也可能会让海洋里的细菌, 和病毒大量繁殖。
bacteria:n.[微]细菌;
These are two shots of a red tide coming on shore here and a bacteria in the genus vibrio , which includes the genus that has cholera in it. 这里的两张照片都是红潮的 这里面有 一种弧菌, 带有霍乱细菌。
genus:n.类,种;[生物]属; vibrio:n.[微]弧菌(一种S形霍乱菌); cholera:n.[内科]霍乱;
How many people have seen a "beach closed" sign? 有多少人见过“海岸禁入”的标志呢？
Why does that happen? 为什么会这样呢？
It happens because we have jammed so much into the base of the natural ocean pyramid that these bacteria clog it up and overfill onto our beaches. 因为我们把太多垃圾 扔到了海洋食物链的底部 这些细菌大量繁殖, 并回溢到我们的海滩上。
Often what jams us up is sewage. 一般困扰我们的都是污水。
Now how many of you have ever gone to a state park or a national park where you had a big sign at the front saying, "Closed because human sewage is so far over this park that you can't use it"? 那么有多少人曾经去过州立公园或是国家公园呢？ 在那的门口曾经看到一块大标志上这样写着吗？ “因垃圾太多 充斥公园 而关闭”
national park:n.国家公园;
Not very often. We wouldn't tolerate that. 不常见吧？我们不能容忍这种事情。
tolerate:v.容忍;忍受;容许;包容;
We wouldn't tolerate our parks being swamped by human sewage, but beaches are closed a lot in our country. 我们不能容忍公园 被垃圾堆满。 但是在我们国家海岸却关闭了很多。
swamped:v.使不堪承受;使疲于应对;淹没;(swamp的过去分词和过去式)
They're closed more and more and more all around the world for the same reason, and I believe we shouldn't tolerate that either. 世界各地越来越多,越来越多的海岸关闭都是因为同样的原因。 我相信这些我们也不应该容忍。
It's not just a question of cleanliness; it's also a question of how those organisms then turn into human disease . 这不只是清洁的问题。 同时也是 海洋有机物如何 进入到人类疾病中的问题。
organisms:n.[生物]生物体(organism的复数);[生物]有机体; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病;
These vibrios, these bacteria, can actually infect people. 那些弧菌和细菌确实可以感染人类。
infect:v.传染;使携带病菌;使感染(计算机病毒);
They can go into your skin and create skin infections . 它们可以进入皮肤并造成皮肤感染。
infections:n.传染病;口腔病害(infection复数形式);
This is a graph from NOAA's ocean and human health initiative , showing the rise of the infections by vibrio in people over the last few years. 这张图是来自美国国家气象局提议的海与人类健康法案, 说明过去几年中, 越来越多的人 受到弧菌感染。
initiative:n.倡议;主动性;积极性;主动权;adj.起始的;
Surfers , for example, know this incredibly . 举例来说,冲浪的人十分了解这一情况。
Surfers:n.冲浪运动员,乘冲浪板冲浪的人; incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地;
And if you can see on some surfing sites , in fact, not only do you see what the waves are like or what the weather's like, but on some surf rider sites , you see a little flashing poo alert . 如果你登录一些冲浪网站, 实际上不光能看到 海浪和天气如何, 有一些冲浪者网站, 还会有一些闪烁的警示。
surfing:v.冲浪;进行冲浪运动;(互联网上)浏览;(surf的现在分词) sites:n.网站(site的复数);遗址,举办地点;v.使...位于(site的单三形式); rider:n.骑手;附文;扶手; flashing:n.防雨板,盖片; v.闪光; (flash的现在分词) alert:n.警报; adj.警觉的; v.向…报警;
That means that the beach might have great waves, but it's a dangerous place for surfers to be because they can carry with them, even after a great day of surfing, this legacy of an infection that might take a very long time to solve. 这表示海边可能有大浪, 但这对冲浪者来说是危险的 因为他们会一直携带海洋中的细菌, 即使是在冲浪之后的很多天, 这些遗留物造成的感染也许要花很长时间去治疗。
legacy:n.遗赠,遗产;
Some of these infections are actually carrying antibiotic resistance genes now, and that makes them even more difficult. 现在其中的一些细菌确实携带了 抗生素抗体遗传因子。 这就使得治疗更加困难。
antibiotic:adj.抗生的;抗菌的;n.抗生素,抗菌素; resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力; genes:n.基因;(gene的复数)
These same infections create harmful algal blooms. 这些传染源 使得有害藻类大量繁殖。
algal:adj.海藻的;
Those blooms are generating other kinds of chemicals . 繁殖会产生其他的化学物质。
generating:v.产生;引起;(generate的现在分词) chemicals:n.化学制品;化学品;(chemical的复数)
This is just a simple list of some of the types of poisons that come out of these harmful algal blooms: shellfish poisoning,fish ciguatera , diarrheic shellfish poisoning -- you don't want to know about that -- neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, paralytic shellfish poisoning. 这是几种有毒物质的清单 说明了这些有毒海藻的危害: 贝毒、甲藻鱼毒、 痢疾性贝毒——你不会想了解这种毒的—— 神经性贝毒、麻痹性贝毒。
shellfish:n.甲壳类动物;贝类等有壳的水生动物; ciguatera:n.鱼肉毒; neurotoxic:adj.毒害神经的; paralytic:adj.麻痹的;瘫痪的;中风的;n.中风患者;麻痹患者;
These are things that are getting into our food chain because of these blooms. 这些有害物质因为海藻大量繁殖 而进入到我们的食物链中。
Rita Calwell very famously traced a very interesting story of cholera into human communities, brought there, not by a normal human vector , but by a marine vector , this copepod . 丽塔·卡威尔成功的 追寻到一个有趣的故事 是关于人类感染霍乱的, 他们不是被 正常人传染 而是被海上的一种桡足动物传染的。
famously:adv.著名地;极好地; traced:v.发现;追踪;追究;描绘;记述;(trace的过去分词和过去式) vector:n.矢量;带菌者;航线;vt.用无线电导航; copepod:n.桡足动物;adj.桡脚类动物的;
Copepods are small crustaceans . 桡足动物是小甲壳动物。
Copepods:n.桡足类;挠脚类; crustaceans:n.甲壳类;甲壳纲动物(crustacean的复数);
They're a tiny fraction of an inch long, and they can carry on their little legs some of the cholera bacteria that then leads to human disease. 只有几分之一英寸长。 弧菌会依附在 它们细小的腿上 然后使人类得病。
fraction:n.分数;小部分;小数;少量;
That has sparked cholera epidemics in ports along the world and has led to increased concentration on trying to make sure shipping doesn't move these vectors of cholera around the world. 这引发了霍乱病 沿着港口传向整个世界 并迫使人们注意到 要努力不让船只 成为向世界传播 霍乱病的传染源。
sparked:v.点燃,发动(spark的过去式,过去分词);鼓舞; epidemics:n.流行病;蔓延(epidemic的复数);时疫; concentration:n.浓度;含量;集中;专心; vectors:n.[数]向量(vector的复数); v.推动…前进;
So what do you do? 我们该做点什么呢？
We have major problems in disrupted ecosystem flow that the pyramid may not be working so well, that the flow from the base up into it is being blocked and clogged. 我们主要的问题是生态系统运转遭到破坏 金字塔食物链也运转不畅, 食物链从底部开始 就处于阻塞状态。
disrupted:破坏;使瓦解;使分裂;使中断;使陷于混乱(disrupt的过去分词形式); ecosystem:n.生态系统;
What do you do when you have this sort of disrupted flow? 该怎么处理这种流通不畅的问题呢？
Well, there's a bunch of things you could do. 其实有很多能做的事。
a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆;
You could call Joe the Plumber , for example. 例如,可以叫水管工来修理。
Plumber:n.水管工;堵漏人员;
And he could come in and fix the flow. 他就会进来 并疏通管道。
But in fact, if you look around the world, not only are there hope spots for where we may be able to fix problems, there have been places where problems have been fixed, where people have come to grips with these issues and begun to turn them around. 但实际上,如果放眼世界 就不光是希望解决 我们能解决的问题, 有些地方的问题已经解决了, 有些地方的人们已经了解了这些问题 并开始寻求解决办法。
come to grips with:去面对,着手处理; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数)
Monterey is one of those. 蒙特雷就是其中之一。
Monterey:n.蒙特利(美国一座城市);
I started out showing how much we had distressed the Monterey Bay ecosystem with pollution and the canning industry and all of the attendant problems. 在开始的时候我展示了 蒙特雷海岸生态系统已经被破坏的程度 这是因为污染和罐头工厂 还有随之而来的各种问题。
distressed:adj.烦恼的; v.使忧虑; (distress的过去分词和过去式) attendant:adj.伴随的;侍候的;n.服务员,侍者;随员,陪从;
In 1932, that's the picture. 这是1932年的照片。
In 2009, the picture is dramatically different. 2009年的照片中已经有明显不同。
dramatically:adv.戏剧地;引人注目地;adv.显著地,剧烈地;
The canneries are gone. The pollution has abated . 罐头工厂迁走了,污染也减轻了。
abated:vt.减轻;减少;废除;vi.减轻;失效;
But there's a greater sense here that what the individual communities need is working ecosystems . 但更有意义的是 社区居民所需的 是一个健全的生态系统。
individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; ecosystems:n.生态系统(ecosystem的复数);
They need a functioning pyramid from the base all the way to the top. 他们需要从下到上功能良好的金字塔食物链。
And that pyramid in Monterey, right now, because of the efforts of a lot of different people, is functioning better than it's ever functioned for the last 150 years. 目前在蒙特雷 这条食物链, 在各方人士的努力之下, 功能前所未有的健全 150年来从未如此。
It didn't happen accidentally . 这不是突然发生的。
accidentally:adv.意外地:偶然,偶然地;
It happened because many people put their time and effort and their pioneering spirit into this. 这是因为许多人付出了时间和精力 并投入了先驱者的精神。
pioneering spirit:创业精神;
On the left there, Julia Platt, the mayor of my little hometown in Pacific Grove . 左边这位,朱丽娅·普拉特 是我家乡小镇葛洛芙洋的镇长
mayor:n.市长;镇长; Grove:n.小树林;果园;
At 74 years old, became mayor because something had to be done to protect the ocean. 她在74岁的时候当选镇长 因为她做了一些 保护海洋的事情。
In 1931, she produced California's first community-based marine protected area, right next to the biggest polluting cannery, because Julia knew that when the canneries eventually were gone, the ocean needed a place to grow from, that the ocean needed a place to spark a seed, and she wanted to provide that seed. 1931年,她设计了加州第一个 基于社区的海洋保护区, 紧挨着污染最重的罐头厂 因为朱丽娅知道 当罐头厂最终迁走之后, 海洋需要一块地方来复原, 换句话说海洋需要一块地方抛砖引玉。 她想要成为这先驱者。
community-based:adj.社区的;以社区为基础的; eventually:adv.最后,终于;
Other people, like David Packard and Julie Packard, who were instrumental in producing the Monterey Bay aquarium to lock into people's notion that the ocean and the health of the ocean ecosystem were just as important to the economy of this area as eating the ecosystem would be. 其他人像大卫·帕卡德和朱莉·帕卡德, 他们帮助筹建了蒙特雷湾水族馆 以此让人们了解 这片海洋 和海洋生态系统的健康 和当地的经济发展一样重要 但经济发展却侵害了海洋生态。
instrumental:n.工具格;器乐曲;工具词;adj.起重要作用;用乐器演奏的;为乐器谱写的; aquarium:n.水族馆;养鱼池;玻璃缸; notion:n.观念;信念;理解; economy:n.经济;节约;理财;
That change in thinking has led to a dramatic shift , not only in the fortunes of Monterey Bay, but other places around the world. 这种思想上的转变已经导致了巨大的变化, 不仅改变了蒙特雷湾的命运 还影响了世界上的其他地方。
shift:n.移动;变化;手段;轮班;v.移动;转变;转换; fortunes:n.命运,机遇(fortune复数形式); v.给…以大宗财富(fortune的第三人称单数形式);
Well, I want to leave you with the thought that what we're really trying to do here is protect this ocean pyramid, and that ocean pyramid connects to our own pyramid of life. 接下来,我希望让你们知道, 我们正在尝试去做的事情 是保护海洋金字塔食物链。 而海洋食物链 和我们的食物链紧密相连。
It's an ocean planet, and we think of ourselves as a terrestrial species , but the pyramid of life in the ocean and our own lives on land are intricately connected. 这是个海洋星球, 虽然我们认为自己是陆地生物。 但是海洋生物的食物链 和我们陆地生物 有着紧密的联系。
terrestrial:adj.地球的;陆地的,[生物]陆生的;人间的;n.陆地生物;地球上的人; species:n.[生物]物种;种类; intricately:adv.杂乱地;
And it's only through having the ocean being healthy that we can remain healthy ourselves. 只有让海洋健康 我们才能确保自身的健康。
Thank you very much. 十分感谢。
(Applause) （掌声）