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StephenCave_2013X-_生死自知_
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| I have a question: |
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| Who here remembers when they first realized they were going to die? |
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| I do. I was a young boy, and my grandfather had just died, and I remember a few days later lying in bed at night trying to make sense of what had happened. |
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make sense of:搞清…的意思;
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| What did it mean that he was dead? |
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| Where had he gone? |
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| It was like a hole in reality had opened up and swallowed him. |
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swallowed:v.吞下;咽下;吞没;淹没;侵吞(swallow的过去分词和过去式)
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| But then the really shocking question occurred to me: |
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occurred:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;(occur的过去分词和过去式)
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| If he could die, could it happen to me too? |
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| Could that hole in reality open up and swallow me? |
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| Would it open up beneath my bed and swallow me as I slept? |
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beneath:prep.在…之下;adv.在下方;
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| Well, at some point, all children become aware of death. |
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| It can happen in different ways, of course, and usually comes in stages. |
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| Our idea of death develops as we grow older. |
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| And if you reach back into the dark corners of your memory, you might remember something like what I felt when my grandfather died and when I realized it could happen to me too, that sense that behind all of this the void is waiting. |
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void:adj.空的;无效的;无人的;n.空虚;空间;空隙;v.使无效;排放;
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| And this development in childhood reflects the development of our species . |
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childhood:n.童年;幼年;孩童时期 reflects:v.反映;映出(影像);反射;表明,表达;(reflect的第三人称单数) species:n.[生物]物种;种类;
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| Just as there was a point in your development as a child when your sense of self and of time became sophisticated enough for you to realize you were mortal , so at some point in the evolution of our species, some early human's sense of self and of time became sophisticated enough for them to become the first human to realize, "I'm going to die." |
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sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的; mortal:adj.凡人的;致死的;终有一死的;不共戴天的;n.人类,凡人; evolution:n.演变;进化;发展;渐进;
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| This is, if you like, our curse . |
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curse:n.诅咒;咒骂;v.诅咒;咒骂;
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| It's the price we pay for being so damn clever. |
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damn:v.谴责;该死;n.诅咒;adj.可恶的;
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| We have to live in the knowledge that the worst thing that can possibly happen one day surely will, the end of all our projects, our hopes, our dreams, of our individual world. |
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individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
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| We each live in the shadow of a personal apocalypse . |
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personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词; apocalypse:n.启示;天启;
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| And that's frightening . It's terrifying . |
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frightening:adj.可怕的;骇人的;引起恐惧的;v.使惊吓;使惊恐(frighten的现在分词) terrifying:adj.令人恐惧的;骇人的;极大的;v.使害怕,使恐怖;(terrify的现在分词)
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| And so we look for a way out. |
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| And in my case, as I was about five years old, this meant asking my mum. |
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| Now when I first started asking what happens when we die, the grown-ups around me at the time answered with a typical English mix of awkwardness and half-hearted Christianity , and the phrase I heard most often was that granddad was now "up there looking down on us," |
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grown-ups:n.成人(grown-up的复数形式); typical:adj.典型的;特有的;象征性的; awkwardness:n.尴尬;笨拙; half-hearted:adj.半心半意的;缺乏热情的; Christianity:n.基督教;基督教精神,基督教教义; granddad:n.爷爷;外公;
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| and if I should die too, which wouldn't happen of course, then I too would go up there, which made death sound a lot like an existential elevator . |
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existential:adj.存在主义的;有关存在的;存在判断的; elevator:n.电梯;升降机;升降舵;起卸机;
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| Now this didn't sound very plausible . |
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plausible:adj.貌似可信的,花言巧语的;貌似真实的,貌似有理的;
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| I used to watch a children's news program at the time, and this was the era of space exploration . |
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era:n.新时期;纪元;年代;新时代; exploration:n.探索;勘探;探险;[医]探查术;
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| There were always rockets going up into the sky, up into space, going up there. |
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| But none of the astronauts when they came back ever mentioned having met my granddad or any other dead people. |
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| But I was scared, and the idea of taking the existential elevator to see my granddad sounded a lot better than being swallowed by the void while I slept. |
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| And so I believed it anyway, even though it didn't make much sense. |
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| And this thought process that I went through as a child, and have been through many times since, including as a grown-up, is a product of what psychologists call a bias . |
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process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; psychologists:n.[心理]心理学家(psychologist的复数形式); bias:adv.使有偏见;n.偏见;偏心;偏爱;v.使有偏见;使偏向;adj.斜的;[电]偏动的;
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| Now a bias is a way in which we systematically get things wrong, ways in which we miscalculate , misjudge , distort reality, or see what we want to see, and the bias I'm talking about works like this: |
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systematically:adv.有系统地;有组织地; miscalculate:vt.算错;估计错误;vi.算错;判断错误; misjudge:v.形成错误认识;错看;对(时间、距离等)判断错误; distort:v.使变形;扭曲;使失真;歪曲;
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| Confront someone with the fact that they are going to die and they will believe just about any story that tells them it isn't true and they can, instead, live forever, even if it means taking the existential elevator. |
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Confront:v.直面;无法回避;降临于;处理;对抗;
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| Now we can see this as the biggest bias of all. |
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| It has been demonstrated in over 400 empirical studies. |
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demonstrated:v.证明;证实;论证;说明;表达;(demonstrate的过去分词和过去式) empirical:adj.经验主义的,完全根据经验的;实证的;
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| Now these studies are ingenious , but they're simple. |
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ingenious:adj.有独创性的;机灵的,精制的;心灵手巧的;
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| They work like this. |
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| You take two groups of people who are similar in all relevant respects, and you remind one group that they're going to die but not the other, then you compare their behavior. |
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relevant:adj.相关的;切题的;中肯的;有重大关系的;有意义的,目的明确的; remind:v.提醒;使想起; compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较;
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| So you're observing how it biases behavior when people become aware of their mortality . |
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observing:adj.观察的;注意的;观察力敏锐的;v.观察;遵守(observe的现在分词); biases:n.偏差,偏见(bias的复数形式);v.偏见(bias的三单形式); mortality:n.死亡数,死亡率;必死性,必死的命运;
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| And every time, you get the same result: |
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| People who are made aware of their mortality are more willing to believe stories that tell them they can escape death and live forever. |
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| So here's an example: One recent study took two groups of agnostics , that is people who are undecided in their religious beliefs. |
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agnostics:n.不可知论者;不可知派; undecided:adj.未定的;未决定的;不稳定的; religious:adj.宗教的;虔诚的;严谨的;修道的;n.修道士;尼姑;
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| Now, one group was asked to think about being dead. |
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| The other group was asked to think about being lonely. |
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| They were then asked again about their religious beliefs. |
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| Those who had been asked to think about being dead were afterwards twice as likely to express faith in God and Jesus . |
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express:v.表达; adj.特快的; n.特快列车; v.使用快速服务; faith:n.信心;信任;宗教信仰; Jesus:int.上帝啊:天哪:n.耶稣:耶稣基督:
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| Twice as likely. |
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| Even though the before they were all equally agnostic. |
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| But put the fear of death in them, and they run to Jesus. |
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| Now, this shows that reminding people of death biases them to believe, regardless of the evidence , and it works not just for religion, but for any kind of belief system that promises immortality in some form, whether it's becoming famous or having children or even nationalism , which promises you can live on as part of a greater whole. |
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reminding:v.提醒;使想起;(remind的现在分词) regardless:adj.不管的; v.不顾后果地; evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; immortality:n.不朽;不朽的声名;不灭; nationalism:n.民族主义;国家主义;民族特性;
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| This is a bias that has shaped the course of human history. |
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| Now, the theory behind this bias in the over 400 studies is called terror management theory, and the idea is simple. It's just this. |
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management:n.管理;管理人员;管理部门;操纵;经营手段;
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| We develop our worldviews, that is, the stories we tell ourselves about the world and our place in it, in order to help us manage the terror of death. |
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| And these immortality stories have thousands of different manifestations , but I believe that behind the apparent diversity there are actually just four basic forms that these immortality stories can take. |
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manifestations:n.临床表现(manifestion的复数);显示;证明; apparent:adj.显然的;表面上的; diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化:
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| And we can see them repeating themselves throughout history, just with slight variations to reflect the vocabulary of the day. |
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throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; slight:adj.轻微的;略微的;细小的;纤细的;n.侮慢;冷落;轻视;v.侮慢;冷落;轻视; variations:n.变奏曲,变更;[生物]变种(variation的复数形式);
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| Now I'm going to briefly introduce these four basic forms of immortality story, and I want to try to give you some sense of the way in which they're retold by each culture or generation using the vocabulary of their day. |
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briefly:adv.简要地;简短地;暂时地; retold:vt.再讲(retell的过去式和过去分词);
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| Now, the first story is the simplest. |
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| We want to avoid death, and the dream of doing that in this body in this world forever is the first and simplest kind of immortality story, and it might at first sound implausible , |
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implausible:adj.难以置信的,不像真实的;
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| but actually, almost every culture in human history has had some myth or legend of an elixir of life or a fountain of youth or something that promises to keep us going forever. |
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myth:n.神话;虚构的人,虚构的事; legend:n.传奇;说明;图例;刻印文字; elixir:n.不老长寿药;万能药;炼金药; fountain:n.喷泉,泉水;源泉;
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| Ancient Egypt had such myths , ancient Babylon , ancient India. |
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myths:神话;谬见; Babylon:n.巴比伦(古代巴比伦王国Babylonia的首都);繁华的都市,罪恶之都;
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| Throughout European history, we find them in the work of the alchemists , and of course we still believe this today, only we tell this story using the vocabulary of science. |
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alchemists:n.炼金师(alchemist的复数形式);
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| So 100 years ago, hormones had just been discovered, and people hoped that hormone treatments were going to cure aging and disease , and now instead we set our hopes on stem cells, genetic engineering , and nanotechnology . |
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hormones:n.[生理]激素;荷尔蒙;性激素;荷尔蒙制剂(hormone的复数); treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数) disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; genetic engineering:n.基因工程;遗传工程(学); nanotechnology:n.纳米技术;
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| But the idea that science can cure death is just one more chapter in the story of the magical elixir, a story that is as old as civilization . |
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civilization:n.文明;文明社会;文明世界;(特定时期和地区的)社会文明;
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| But betting everything on the idea of finding the elixir and staying alive forever is a risky strategy . |
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betting:n.打赌;赌钱;v.下赌注(于);用…打赌;敢说;(bet的现在分词) strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;
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| When we look back through history at all those who have sought an elixir in the past, the one thing they now have in common is that they're all dead. |
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sought:v.seek(寻求、寻找)的过去式和过去分词形式;
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| So we need a backup plan, and exactly this kind of plan B is what the second kind of immortality story offers, and that's resurrection . |
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backup:n.后援;增援;(文件等的)备份;adj.后补的;支持性的;伴奏的; resurrection:n.复活;恢复;复兴;
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| And it stays with the idea that I am this body, |
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| I am this physical organism . |
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physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; organism:n.生物;有机体;有机组织;(尤指)微生物;
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| It accepts that I'm going to have to die but says, despite that, |
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despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱;
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| I can rise up and I can live again. |
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| In other words, I can do what Jesus did. |
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| Jesus died, he was three days in the [tomb], and then he rose up and lived again. |
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| And the idea that we can all be resurrected to live again is orthodox believe, not just for Christians but also Jews and Muslims. |
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resurrected:使复活;使(断层等)复露;复苏(resurrect的过去式和过去分词); orthodox:adj.正统的;传统的;惯常的;东正教的;n.正统的人;正统的事物;
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| But our desire to believe this story is so deeply embedded that we are reinventing it again for the scientific age, for example, with the idea of cryonics . |
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embedded:adj.嵌入式的;植入的;内含的;v.嵌入(embed的过去式和过去分词形式); reinventing:v.以新形象示人;以新形式出现;(reinvent的现在分词) scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; cryonics:n.人体冷冻法;
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| That's the idea that when you die, you can have yourself frozen, and then, at some point when technology has advanced enough, you can be thawed out and repaired and revived and so resurrected. |
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advanced:adj.先进的; v.前进; (advance的过去式和过去分词形式) thawed:v.使融解,暖和(thaw的过去形式);adj.(已)解冻的; revived:v.(使)苏醒,复活;重新使用;使重做;重新上演;(revive的过去分词和过去式)
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| And so some people believe an omnipotent god will resurrect them to live again, and other people believe an omnipotent scientist will do it. |
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omnipotent:adj.无所不能的;全能的;有无限权力的;
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| But for others, the whole idea of resurrection, of climbing out of the grave , it's just too much like a bad zombie movie. |
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grave:adj.重大的;严肃的;黯淡的;n.墓穴,坟墓;死亡;v.雕刻;铭记; zombie:n.行尸走肉;蛇神;木讷呆板的人;
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| They find the body too messy , too unreliable to guarantee eternal life, and so they set their hopes on the third, more spiritual immortality story, the idea that we can leave our body behind and live on as a soul. |
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messy:adj.肮脏的;凌乱的;不整洁的; unreliable:adj.不可靠的;靠不住的; guarantee:n.保证;担保;保证人;保证书;抵押品;v.保证;担保; eternal:adj.永恒的;不朽的; spiritual:n.圣歌(尤指美国南部黑人的);adj.精神的,心灵的;
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| Now, the majority of people on Earth believe they have a soul, and the idea is central to many religions. |
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majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人:
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| But even though, in its current form, in its traditional form, the idea of the soul is still hugely popular, nonetheless we are again reinventing it for the digital age, for example with the idea that you can leave your body behind by uploading your mind, your essence , the real you, onto a computer, and so live on as an avatar in the ether . |
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traditional:传统的,惯例的, nonetheless:adv.尽管如此,但是; digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键; uploading:v.上载;上传;(upload的现在分词) essence:n.本质;实质;精髓;香精; avatar:n.电影《阿凡达》; ether:n.乙醚;[有化]以太;苍天;天空醚;
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| But of course there are skeptics who say if we look at the evidence of science, particularly neuroscience , it suggests that your mind, your essence, the real you, is very much dependent on a particular part of your body, that is, your brain. |
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skeptics:n.疑论者,怀疑主义者(skeptic的复数形式); particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; neuroscience:n.神经系统科学(指神经病学,神经化学等); dependent on:依赖于;依靠;
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| And such skeptics can find comfort in the fourth kind of immortality story, and that is legacy , the idea that you can live on through the echo you leave in the world, like the great Greek warrior Achilles, who sacrificed his life fighting at Troy so that he might win immortal fame. |
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legacy:n.遗赠,遗产; echo:vt.反射;重复;vi.随声附和;发出回声;n.回音;效仿; warrior:n.勇士; sacrificed:v.牺牲:献出:以(人或动物)作祭献:(sacrifice的过去分词和过去式)
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| And the pursuit of fame is as widespread and popular now as it ever was, and in our digital age, it's even easier to achieve. |
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pursuit:n.追求;追赶;追捕;跟踪; widespread:adj.普遍的,广泛的;分布广的;
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| You don't need to be a great warrior like Achilles or a great king or hero. |
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| All you need is an Internet connection and a funny cat. (Laughter) |
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| But some people prefer to leave a more tangible , biological legacy -- children, for example. |
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prefer:v.更喜欢;宁愿;提出;提升; tangible:adj.有形的;切实的;可触摸的;n.有形资产; biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品;
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| Or they like, they hope, to live on as part of some greater whole, a nation or a family or a tribe , their gene pool . |
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tribe:n.部落;族;宗族;一伙; gene pool:n.基因库(某物种的全部基因);
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| But again, there are skeptics who doubt whether legacy really is immortality. |
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| Woody Allen, for example, who said, "I don't want to live on in the hearts of my countrymen . |
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Woody:adj.木质的;多树木的;木头似的; countrymen:n.同胞;国民(countryman的复数形式);乡下人;
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| I want to live on in my apartment." |
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| So those are the four basic kinds of immortality stories, and I've tried to give just some sense of how they're retold by each generation with just slight variations to fit the fashions of the day. |
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| And the fact that they recur in this way, in such a similar form but in such different belief systems, suggests, I think, that we should be skeptical of the truth of any particular version of these stories. |
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recur:vi.复发;重现;采用;再来;循环;递归; skeptical:adj.怀疑的;怀疑论的,不可知论的;
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| The fact that some people believe an omnipotent god will resurrect them to live again and others believe an omnipotent scientist will do it suggests that neither are really believing this on the strength of the evidence. |
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on the strength of:adv.基于;凭借…;依赖…;
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| Rather, we believe these stories because we are biased to believe them, and we are biased to believe them because we are so afraid of death. |
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biased:adj.有偏见的;结果偏倚的,有偏的;
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| So the question is, are we doomed to lead the one life we have in a way that is shaped by fear and denial , or can we overcome this bias? |
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doomed:adj.注定的;命定的;v.使…注定失败(doom的过去分词和过去式) denial:n.否认;否定;剥夺(应有的权利);拒不承认(令人不快、痛苦的事); overcome:vt.克服;胜过;vi.克服;得胜;
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| Well the Greek philosopher Epicurus thought we could. |
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philosopher:n.哲学家;深思的人;善于思考的人;
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| He argued that the fear of death is natural, but it is not rational . |
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rational:n.理性;人类;合理的事物;[数]有理数;adj.合理的;理性的;明智的;理智的;
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| '"Death," he said, "is nothing to us, because when we are here, death is not, and when death is here, we are gone." |
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| Now this is often quoted , but it's difficult to really grasp , to really internalize , because exactly this idea of being gone is so difficult to imagine. |
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quoted:v.引用;引述;举例说明;开价;(quote的过去分词和过去式) grasp:n.抓住;理解;控制;v.抓住;领会; internalize:vt.使(习俗等经吸收同化而)内在化;使藏在心底;
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| So 2,000 years later, another philosopher, |
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| Ludwig Wittgenstein, put it like this: "Death is not an event in life: |
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| We do not live to experience death. |
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| And so," he added, "in this sense, life has no end." |
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| So it was natural for me as a child to fear being swallowed by the void, but it wasn't rational, because being swallowed by the void is not something that any of us will ever live to experience. |
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| Now, overcoming this bias is not easy because the fear of death is so deeply embedded in us, yet when we see that the fear itself is not rational, and when we bring out into the open the ways in which it can unconsciously bias us, then we can at least start to try to minimize the influence it has on our lives. |
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overcoming:v.克服;解决;战胜;(overcome的现在分词) bring out:出版,生产;使显示;说出; unconsciously:adv.不知不觉;无意识地; minimize:v.使减少到最低限度;降低;贬低;使显得不重要; influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变;
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| Now, I find it helps to see life as being like a book: |
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| Just as a book is bounded by its covers, by beginning and end, so our lives are bounded by birth and death, and even though a book is limited by beginning and end, it can encompass distant landscapes , exotic figures, fantastic adventures. |
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limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式) encompass:vt.包含;包围,环绕;完成; distant:adj.遥远的;远处的;久远的; landscapes:n.风景; v.从事庭园设计; exotic:adj.异国的;外来的;异国情调的; fantastic:奇异的,空想的
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| And even though a book is limited by beginning and end, the characters within it know no horizons . |
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horizons:n.地平线;范围,眼界;(horizon的复数)
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| They only know the moments that make up their story, even when the book is closed. |
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| And so the characters of a book are not afraid of reaching the last page. |
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| Long John Silver is not afraid of you finishing your copy of "Treasure Island." |
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Silver:n.银; v.给…镀(或包)银; adj.银色的;
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| And so it should be with us. |
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| Imagine the book of your life, its covers, its beginning and end, and your birth and your death. |
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| You can only know the moments in between, the moments that make up your life. |
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| It makes no sense for you to fear what is outside of those covers, whether before your birth or after your death. |
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| And you needn't worry how long the book is, or whether it's a comic strip or an epic . |
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comic strip:n.(常登载于报纸上的)连环漫画; epic:adj.史诗的,叙事诗的;n.史诗;叙事诗;史诗般的作品;
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| The only thing that matters is that you make it a good story. |
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| Thank you. |
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| (Applause) |
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