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StefanoMancuso_2010G-_植物智能的起源_
Sometimes I go browsing 以前,在浏览
browsing:v.随便看看;浏览;翻阅;浏览信息;(browse的现在分词)
[through] a very old magazine. 一本很旧的杂志时,
I found this observation test about the story of the ark . 我发现了这个 有关“诺亚方舟故事”的观察测验。
observation:n.观察;观测;监视;(尤指据所见、所闻、所读而作的)评论; ark:n.约柜;方舟;(美)平底船;避难所;
And the artist that drew this observation test did some errors, had some mistakes -- there are more or less 12 mistakes. 绘制这幅图片的作者 设置了一些错误, 大概共有12个,
more or less:或多或少;
Some of them are very easy. 其中有一些很容易发现。
There is a funnel , an aerial part, a lamp and clockwork key on the ark. 在方舟上,有一个烟囱,一段天线, 一盏灯和一把时钟装置钥匙。
funnel:n.漏斗;烟囱;v.通过漏斗或烟囱等;使成漏斗形; aerial:adj.从飞机上的;空中的;空气中的;地表以上的;n.天线; lamp:n.灯;台灯;(理疗用的)发热灯; clockwork:n.发条装置;钟表装置;
Some of them are about the animals, the number. 其中的一些是有关动物数量的。
But there is a much more fundamental mistake in the overall story of the ark that's not reported here. 但是,这里有一个 关于诺也方舟故事更根本性、 却没有提出来的问题:
fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; overall:v.全部; n.外套; adj.全面的;
And this problem is: where are the plants? 植物在哪里？
So now we have God that is going to submerge Earth permanently or at least for a very long period, and no one is taking care of plants. 现在,上帝 准备永远地淹没地球, 或者至少要淹没很长一段时间, 而却没有人照管植物。
submerge:vt.淹没;把…浸入;沉浸;vi.淹没;潜入水中;湮没; permanently:adv.永久地,长期不变地;
Noah needed to take two of every kind of bird, of every kind of animal, of every kind of creature that moves, but no mention about plants. 对每种鸟类、 每种动物、 每种会动的生物,诺亚都要挽救两只, 却直口不提植物。
Noah:n.诺亚(圣经人物); creature:n.生物;动物;(具有某种特征的)人;
Why? 为什么？
In another part of the same story, all the living creatures are just the living creatures that came out from the ark, so birds, livestock and wild animals. 这个故事的另一部分, 所有活着的生物 都只是 从方舟上下来的, 因此有鸟类、牲畜和野生动物。
creatures:n.生物;动物;(具有某种特征的)人(creature的复数) livestock:n.家畜;牲畜;
Plants are not living creatures -- this is the point. 没有植物。 这就是问题所在。
That is a point that is not coming out from the Bible , but it's something that really accompanied humanity . 这一点从没有 在圣经中提及, 然而,植物 却自始至终伴随着人类的发展。
Bible:n.有权威的书; accompanied:v.陪同;陪伴;与…同时发生;为…伴奏;(accompany的过去式和过去分词) humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
Let's have a look at this nice code that is coming from a Renaissance book. 这个漂亮的密码 来自于文艺复兴时期时的一本书,
have a look at:看一看,看一眼; Renaissance:n.文艺复兴(欧洲14至17世纪);
Here we have the description of the order of nature. 是关于 自然等级的描述。
description:n.说明;形容;描写(文字);类型;
It's a nice description because it's starting from left -- you have the stones -- immediately after the stones, the plants that are just able to live. 这个描述很贴切,因为它从左侧开始—— 左侧是石头—— 紧随其后的是 仅仅具有生命的植物。
We have the animals that are able to live and to sense, and on the top of the pyramid, there is the man. 之后,是既有生命又能感知的动物; 在金字塔的顶端, 是人。
This is not the common man. 这不是普通人,
The " Homo studiosus" -- the studying man. 而是“智人”——读书人。
Homo:n.人,人类;同性恋者;
This is quite comforting for people like me -- I'm a professor -- this to be over there on the top of creation . 这令 像我这样的人——我是一名教授——颇感欣慰, 我们位于世界万物的顶端。
creation:n.创造,创作;创作物,产物;
But it's something completely wrong. 但是,这完全错了。
You know very well about professors. 你确实对教授非常了解。
But it's also wrong about plants, because plants are not just able to live; they are able to sense. 但对植物来说,你仍然错了。 它们不仅具有生命, 它们也能够感知。
They are much more sophisticated in sensing than animals. 在感知方面, 它们比动物更加高级。
sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的;
Just to give you an example, every single root apex is able to detect and to monitor concurrently and continuously at least 15 different chemical and physical parameters . 举个例子, 任何一个根端 都能够 同时且持续地 感知并检测至少15种不同的化学 和物理参数。
apex:n.顶点;尖端; detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测; concurrently:adv.兼;同时发生地; continuously:adv.连续不断地; chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的; physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; parameters:n.决定因素;规范;范围;(parameter的复数)
And they also are able to show and to exhibit such a wonderful and complex behavior that can be described just with the term of intelligence . 此外,它们也能表现出 令人赞叹且复杂的行为; 如此行为非“智能”不能描述。
exhibit:v.展览;表现;展出;n.陈列品;(在法庭上出示的)物证; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) intelligence:n.智力;智慧;才智;(尤指关于敌国的)情报;
Well, but this is something -- this underestimation of plants is something that is always with us. 不过,这一点—— 对植物的低估—— 一直都伴随着我们。
underestimation:n.低估;过低之估价;
Let's have a look at this short movie now. 现在,我们来看个短片。
We have David Attenborough. 此人是大卫?阿滕伯勒,
Now David Attenborough is really a plant lover; he did some of the most beautiful movies about plant behavior. 一位真正的植物爱好者。 他制作了一些 有关植物行为的最美的影片。
Now, when he speaks about plants, everything is correct. 现在,当他谈论到植物时, 所有一切都没有问题。
When he speaks about animals, 当他谈到动物时,
[he] tends to remove the fact that plants exist. 却往往倾向于 认为植物不复存在了。
The blue whale , the biggest creature that exists on the planet -- that is wrong, completely wrong. 蓝鲸 是地球上最大的生物。 那是错误的,是完全错误的。
blue whale:n.[动]蓝鲸;
The blue whale, it's a dwarf if compared with the real biggest creature that exists on the planet -- that is, this wonderful, magnificent Sequoiadendron giganteum. 在巨大的加州红杉面前, 蓝鲸立刻变成了侏儒。 加州红杉 才真正是 地球上最大的生物。
dwarf:v.变矮小;n.侏儒,矮子;adj.矮小的; compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词) magnificent:adj.高尚的;壮丽的;华丽的;宏伟的;
(Applause) （掌声）
And this is a living organism that has a mass of at least 2,000 tons. 一棵活的加州红杉 至少重达2,000吨。
organism:n.生物;有机体;有机组织;(尤指)微生物; mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集;
Now, the story that plants are some low-level organisms has been formalized many times ago by Aristotle , that in "De Anima " -- that is a very influential book for the Western civilization -- wrote that the plants are on the edge between living and not living. 事实上, 在很久很久以前, 植物是低等生物的观点 就已经出现在亚里士多德的 《论灵魂》中了。 《论灵魂》一书对西方文明有着深远的影响。 在书中,亚里士多德认为植物 介于生命与非生命状态之间。
low-level:adj.低水平的;低级别的; organisms:n.[生物]生物体(organism的复数);[生物]有机体; formalized:adj.形式化的; v.使正式; Aristotle:n.亚里士多德; Anima:n.灵魂,生命;神圣之灵; influential:adj.有影响的;有势力的;n.有影响力的人物; civilization:n.文明;文明社会;文明世界;(特定时期和地区的)社会文明;
They have just a kind of very low-level soul. 它们不过是非常低级的灵魂,
It's called the vegetative soul, because they lack movement, and so they don't need to sense. 我们姑且称之为植物灵魂。 因为它们不动, 因此它们也不需要感知。
vegetative:adj.植物的;植物人状态的,无所作为的;促使植物生长的;有生长力的;
Let's see. 可事实又如何呢？
Okay, some of the movements of the plants are very well-known . 不错,众所周知,一些植物是可以运动的。
well-known:adj.著名的;众所周知的;清楚明白的;
This is a very fast movement. 这是非常快速的运动。
This is a Dionaea, a Venus fly trap hunting snails -- sorry for the snail. 这是捕蝇草,一株正在 捕食蜗牛的捕蝇草。 对不起了,蜗牛老弟。
Venus:n.[天]金星;维纳斯(爱与美的女神); trap:v.使陷入困境;卡住;夹住;收集;吸收;n.陷阱;圈套;捕捉器;诡计; snails:n.[无脊椎]蜗牛; v.使成蜗纹;
This has been something that has been refused for centuries, despite the evidence . 虽然证据确凿,数个世纪以来,人们 一直拒绝承认这一事实。
despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明;
No one can say that the plants were able to eat an animal, because it was against the order of nature. 没有人敢说植物可以吃动物, 因为这有悖于自然等级（规律）。
But plants are also able to show a lot of movement. 但植物还可以 表现出很多种运动。
Some of them are very well known , like the flowering. 其中一些是人所共知的,比如开花。
well known:adj.著名的;众所周知的;清楚明白的;
It's just a question to use some techniques like the time lapse . 不过,这需要借助一些技术才能看到, 比如快速播放。
techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数) lapse:n.(一时的)走神,判断错误;
Some of them are much more sophisticated. 而另外一些则非常高级。
Look at this young bean that is moving to catch the light every time. 请看这棵新生的豆子, 它时刻移动着去追寻阳光。
And it's really so graceful; it's like a dancing angel. 它如此优雅, 宛若一位翩翩起舞的天使。
They are also able to play -- they are really playing. 它们也玩耍, 它们真的会玩耍。
These are young sunflowers , and what they are doing cannot be described with any other terms than playing. 这些是向日葵幼苗, 它们的行为 除非“玩耍” 不能形容。
sunflowers:n.[作物]向日葵;葵花(sunflower的复数);
They are training themselves, as many young animals do, to the adult life where they will be called to track the sun all the day. 像许多年幼的动物一样, 这些向日葵也要不断的训练自己, 直到成年; 那时,它们要日日追随太阳 的方向。
track:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪;
They are able to respond to gravity, of course, so the shoots are growing against the vector of gravity and the roots toward the vector of gravity. 当然,它们也对地球引力做出回应。 所有幼苗 朝着反地球引力方向向上生长, 而根系则朝着引力方向向下延伸。
respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和; vector:n.矢量;带菌者;航线;vt.用无线电导航;
But they are also able to sleep. 植物也会睡觉。
This is one, Mimosa pudica. 这是种含羞草。
Mimosa:n.含羞草属植物;
So during the night, they curl the leaves and reduce the movement, and during the day, you have the opening of the leaves -- there is much more movement. 夜里, 它们卷起叶片, 减少运动; 天亮后,它们就舒展叶片—— 还有很多很多植物运动的例子。
curl:v.卷;蜷缩;鬈曲;(使)成拳曲状;n.(一绺)鬈发;(头发)拳曲;卷状物;螺旋状物;
This is interesting because this sleeping machinery , it's perfectly conserved . 这非常有趣, 因为这种睡眠机制 被完美地保存了下来,
machinery:n.机械;机器;机构;机械装置; conserved:adj.保守的;v.保存;保全(conserve的过去式);
It's the same in plants, in insects and in animals. 在植物、昆虫 和动物中,毫无差别。
And so if you need to study this sleeping problem, it's easy to study on plants, for example, than in animals and it's much more easy even ethically . 如果你需要研究睡眠问题, 研究植物 比研究动物要更容易; 甚至从伦理角度来看,也更可行。
ethically:adv.伦理上;
It's a kind of vegetarian experimentation . 这是植物 实验。
vegetarian:n.素食者;食草动物;adj.素食的; experimentation:n.实验;试验;
Plants are even able to communicate -- they are extraordinary communicators . 植物也能够彼此交流, 它们是非常出色的交流者。
extraordinary:adj.非凡的;特别的;离奇的;临时的;特派的; communicators:n.交流者;通讯器(communicator的复数);
They communicate with other plants. 它们和其他植物交流,
They are able to distinguish kin and non-kin. 并能够辨识出亲子植物与非亲子植物。
distinguish:vt.区分;辨别;使杰出,使表现突出;vi.区别,区分;辨别; kin:n.亲戚;家族;同族;adj.同类的;有亲属关系的;性质类似的;
They communicate with plants of other species and they communicate with animals by producing chemical volatiles , for example, during the pollination . 它们与 植物交流,也与其他物种交流。 比如,在传粉期间, 通过产生挥发性化合物, 它们与动物进行交流。
species:n.[生物]物种;种类; volatiles:n.挥发物,挥发成份; pollination:n.[农学]授粉(作用);
Now with the pollination, it's a very serious issue for plants, because they move the pollen from one flower to the other, yet they cannot move from one flower to the other. 传粉对植物来说是个非常严肃的问题, 因为它们要将花粉从一朵花传到另一朵花上, 而它们自己却无法从一朵花移动到另一朵花。
issue:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;发行; pollen:v.传授花粉给;n.[植]花粉;
So they need a vector -- and this vector, it's normally an animal. 因此,它们需要一个媒介, 而这个媒介 通常是动物。
normally:adv.正常地;通常地,一般地;
Many insects have been used by plants as vectors for the transport of the pollination, but not just insects; even birds, reptiles , and mammals like bats rats are normally used for the transportation of the pollen. 许多昆虫 是植物 传粉的媒介, 但传粉媒介又不限于昆虫;甚至鸟、爬行动物 以及哺乳动物,如老鼠和兔子, 都可以帮植物传播花粉。
vectors:n.[数]向量(vector的复数); v.推动…前进; reptiles:n.爬行动物(reptile的复数);[脊椎]爬行类;爬虫类; mammals:n.哺乳动物;(mammal的复数) transportation:n.运输;运输系统;运输工具;流放;
This is a serious business. 这是一项严肃的“生意”。
We have the plants that are giving to the animals a kind of sweet substance -- very energizing -- having in change this transportation of the pollen. 有些植物为动物提供 一种甘甜的物质—— 富含高能量—— 作为其传份的报偿。
substance:n.物质;实质;主旨;物品; energizing:v.激励(energize的现在分词);通电;
But some plants are manipulating animals, like in the case of orchids that promise sex and nectar and give in change nothing for the transportation of the pollen. 然而,有些植物则欺骗动物, 比如,有些兰花, 佯装可以（与传粉昆虫）发生性关系并提供花蜜, 而帮其传粉的昆虫 最终得不到任何好处。
manipulating:v.(暗中)控制,操纵,影响;正骨;治疗脱臼;(manipulate的现在分词) orchids:n.[园艺]兰花,淡紫色;称赞(orchid的复数); nectar:n.[植]花蜜;甘露;神酒;任何美味的饮料;
Now, there is a big problem behind all this behavior that we have seen. 现在, 在所有我们看到的这些行为背后,隐藏着一个重大的问题。
How is it possible to do this without a brain? 没有大脑,如何能够实现这一切？
We need to wait until 1880, when this big man, 直到1880年, 伟大的
Charles Darwin, publishes a wonderful, astonishing book that starts a revolution . 查尔斯?达尔文 发表了一部叹为观止、震惊世人的著作, 从此开启了一场革命。
astonishing:adj.令人十分惊讶的;v.使十分惊讶;使吃惊;(astonish的现在分词) revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环;
The title is "The Power of Movement in Plants." 书的名字叫《植物运动的力量》。
No one was allowed to speak about movement in plants before Charles Darwin. 在查尔斯?达尔文之前,没有人敢谈论 植物的运动。
In his book, assisted by his son, Francis -- who was the first professor of plant physiology in the world, in Cambridge -- they took into consideration every single movement for 500 pages. 本书 是在他儿子弗朗西斯的协助下完成的。 弗朗西斯是世界上第一位植物生理学教授,曾任职于剑桥大学。 在书中,他们用了500页,考虑了 植物的每一个运动。
physiology:n.生理学;生理机能; Cambridge:n.剑桥(英国城市);坎布里奇(美国马萨诸塞州城市); consideration:n.顾及;报酬;斟酌;仔细考虑;
And in the last paragraph of the book, it's a kind of stylistic mark, because normally Charles Darwin stored, in the last paragraph of a book, the most important message. 本书的最后一段, 应该算是文体标记。 因为,通常来说,查尔斯?达尔文都是 在一本书的最后一段写下 最重要的信息。
stylistic:adj.体裁上的;格式上的;文体论的;
He wrote that, "It's hardly an exaggeration to say that the tip of the radical acts like the brain of one of the lower animals." 他写道, “说 根尖相当于 低等动物的大脑 并不夸张”。
exaggeration:n.夸张;夸大之词;夸张的手法; tip:n.小窍门,小费;v.给…小费;使倾斜; radical:n.自由基;激进分子;游离基;adj.根本的;彻底的;完全的;全新的;
This is not a metaphor . 这并非比喻。
metaphor:n.暗喻,隐喻;比喻说法;
He wrote some very interesting letters to one of his friends who was J.D. Hooker , or at that time, president of the Royal Society, so the maximum scientific authority in Britain speaking about the brain in the plants. 他曾写过一些非常有趣的信笺给他的朋友 J.D.胡克讨论植物大脑的问题。 那时,胡可是皇家学院的主席, 也就是英国科学的最高权威。
Hooker:n.(橄榄球并列争球时的)钩球队员;卖淫者;妓女; Royal:adj.国王的;女王的;皇家的;n.王室成员; maximum:n.最大限度;最大量;最高限度;adj.最高的;最多的;最大极限的; scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; authority:n.权威;权力;当局;
Now, this is a root apex growing against a slope . 现在,这是 倚斜坡生长的根端。
slope:n.斜坡;坡度;坡地;山坡;v.倾斜;有坡度;悄悄地走;潜行;
So you can recognize this kind of movement, the same movement that worms , snakes and every animal that are moving on the ground without legs is able to display . 容易看出,这种运动 与蠕虫、蛇 和所有其他 没有脚、在地上蠕动的动物相比 没有差别。
recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到; worms:n.蠕虫;寄生虫;幼虫;v.蠕动,曲折行进;(worm的第三人称单数和复数) display:n.显示;炫耀;vt.显示;表现;陈列;vi.[动]作炫耀行为;adj.展览的;陈列用的;
And it's not an easy movement because, to have this kind of movement, you need to move different regions of the root and to synchronize these different regions without having a brain. 这种运动并不容易, 因为这 要求根的不同区域都要运动, 并且在没有大脑控制的情况下, 完成这些区域的协同运动。
regions:n.地区;地域;行政区;左近;(region的复数) synchronize:vt.使…合拍;使…同步;vi.同步;同时发生;
So we studied the root apex and we found that there is a specific region that is here, depicted in blue -- that is called the " transition zone." 因此,我们研究了根端, 并发现了一个特殊区域, 即蓝色标记的部分—— 我们姑且称之为过渡区。
specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; depicted:vt.描述;描画; transition:n.过渡;转变;变革;变迁;v.经历转变过程;过渡;
And this region, it's a very small region -- it's less than one millimeter . 这个区域非常之小, 长度不足1毫米。
millimeter:n.毫米;
And in this small region you have the highest consumption of oxygen in the plants and more important, you have these kinds of signals here. 但它却是 植物中耗氧最高 的区域。 更重要的是, 各种信号都产生于此。
consumption:n.消费;消耗;肺痨;
The signals that you are seeing here are action potential , are the same signals that the neurons of my brain, of our brain, use to exchange information. 你所见的这些信号是动作电势, 这与 我大脑、我们大脑中的神经元 用来进行信息交换的信号相同。
potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; exchange:n.交换;交流;交易所;兑换;v.交换;交易;兑换;
Now we know that a root apex has just a few hundred cells that show this kind of feature, but we know how big the root apparatus of a small plant, like a plant of rye. 现在我们知道,一个根端 只有几百个 具有此种特征的细胞, 但我们更知道, 一小株植物,比如一棵黑麦,
apparatus:n.装置,设备;仪器;器官;
We have almost 14 million roots. 有多么庞大数量的根端—— 差不多14,000,000个根。
We have 11 and a half million root apex and a total length of 600 or more kilometers and a very high surface area. 因此,共有11,500,000个 根端, 其总长度达到甚至超过600公里, 同时具有巨大的表面积。
Now let's imagine that each single root apex is working in network with all the others. 我们假想 每一个根端 都与所有其他的根端在网络中一起工作。
Here were have on the left, the Internet and on the right, the root apparatus. 这里,左侧是英特网, 右侧是根组织。
They work in the same way. 它们有着相同的工作方式。
They are a network of small computing machines, working in networks. 它们都是由 小的计算机构成的网络, 并在网络中工作。
computing:n.计算;计算机技术;信息处理技术;v.计算;求出;(compute的现在分词)
And why are they so similar? 为什么它们会如此相似？
Because they evolved for the same reason: to survive predation . 因为它们有着 相同的进化原因: 在捕食中生存下来。
evolved:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;(evolve的过去分词和过去式) predation:n.捕食;掠夺;
They work in the same way. 它们的工作方式一致。
So you can remove 90 percent of the root apparatus and the plants [continue] to work. 因此,你可以去除90%的根组织, 而植物依旧可以存活;
You can remove 90 percent of the Internet and it is [continuing] to work. 你也可以出去90%的因特网, 它也仍然能够工作。
So, a suggestion for the people working with networks: plants are able to give you good suggestions about how to evolve networks. 由此, 对于和网络打交道的人,这里有一个建议: 植物可以 对如何实现网络进化 提供不错的建议。
And another possibility is a technological possibility. 另外一个可能性 是技术方面的。
technological:adj.技术[工程](上)的;因工艺技术高度发展而引起的;
Let's imagine that we can build robots and robots that are inspired by plants. 我们假想, 有一天,我们可以 受植物的启发而制造出机器人。
inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式)
Until now, the man was inspired just by man or the animals in producing a robot. 到目前为止, 人们制造机器人 的灵感仅仅来自与人 或动物。
We have the animaloid -- and the normal robots inspired by animals, insectoid, so on. 我们有动物机器人—— 受动物启发而制造的机器人, 昆虫机器人,等等。
We have the androids that are inspired by man. 我们也有受人启发 而制造的人形机器人。
androids:n.机器人;
But why have we not any plantoid? 但是,为什么没有植物机器人？
Well, if you want to fly, it's good that you look at birds -- to be inspired by birds. 是的,如果你想飞, 你应该观察鸟类, 受鸟类的启发。
But if you want to explore soils, or if you want to colonize new territory , to best thing that you can do is to be inspired by plants that are masters in doing this. 但如果你想探察土壤, 或在一个 新的地区定居, 那你最好是跟植物学习, 因为植物深谙此道。
explore:v.探索:探测:探险: colonize:vt.将…开拓为殖民地; vi.开拓殖民地; territory:n.领土,领域;范围;地域;版图;
We have another possibility we are working [on] in our lab, 在我们实验室,另外一个可能性 是制造
[which] is to build hybrids . “杂交体”。
hybrids:n.杂交(hybrid的复数形式);混血;混合物;
It's much more easy to build hybrids. 制造杂交体比制造机器人更容易得多。
Hybrid means it's something that's half living and half machine. 杂交体是指 一半具有生命,而另一半是机器。
It's much more easy to work with plants than with animals. 与动物相比,用植物做实验 容易得多。
They have computing power, they have electrical signals. 植物有计算力, 也有电子信号,
electrical:adj.有关电的;电气科学的;
The connection with the machine is much more easy, much more even ethically possible. 因此,植物与机器的连结更加容易, 甚至在伦理上也更可行。
And these are three possibilities that we are working on to build hybrids, driven by algae or by the leaves at the end, by the most, most powerful parts of the plants, by the roots. 目前,我们 制造 杂交体的三种可能包括: 用藻类, 用叶片 以及用植物最强大的部分—— 根系。
algae:n.[植]藻类;[植]海藻;
Well, thank you for your attention. 谢谢大家！
And before I finish, 在结束演讲前,
I would like to reassure that no snails were harmed in making this presentation . 我想再次申明,并没有蜗牛因 此次演讲而受到伤害。
reassure:vt.使…安心,使消除疑虑; presentation:n.展示;描述,陈述;介绍;赠送;
Thank you. 谢谢！
(Applause) （掌声）