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StefanAl_WoodenSkyscrapers_2020E-
Towering 85 meters above the Norwegian countryside, 米约萨塔高85公尺,位于挪威乡村,
Mj?st?rnet cuts a sleek shape in the rural skyline . 简约的外型在天际线上显得突出。
Housing 18 stories of restaurants, apartments, and hotel rooms, this modern building might seem out of place . 这栋18层建筑中有 餐厅、公寓和饭店房间, 如此现代的建筑可能会显得格格不入,
Norwegian:adj.挪威的;挪威人的;挪威语的;n.挪威人;挪威语; sleek:adj.圆滑的;井然有序的;vt.使…光滑;掩盖;vi.打扮整洁;滑动; rural:adj.农村的,乡下的;田园的,有乡村风味的; skyline:n.地平线;空中轮廓线;架空索;vt.天空映衬出…的轮廓; out of place:adj.不合适的;不相称的;不在适当的位置;
But a deeper look reveals it actually blends in quite well among the forested farmlands . 但细看会发现米约萨塔 其实相当融入周遭的森林农地。
This is likely because Mj?st?rnet is the world’s tallest wooden building, made almost entirely from the trees of neighboring forests. 这可能是因为米约萨塔 是全世界最高的木造建筑, 建材几乎完全来自邻近森林的树木。
Until the end of the 20th century, engineers thought it was impossible to build a wooden building over six stories tall. 直到20世纪末, 工程师都认为不可能 以木材建出超过六层的建筑。
reveals:v.揭示;显示;透露;展示;(reveal的第三人称单数) blends:n.混纺,混纺纤维; vt.使交融(blend的三单形式); vi.[天]混合,混杂; farmlands:n.农田; wooden:adj.木制的;木头的;木头似的;死板的 neighboring:adj.邻近的;接壤的;v.邻近;使接近;位于…附近;(neighbor的现在分词)
Traditional boards of lumber were fairly strong against forces parallel to the wood’s fiber growth. 传统的木头板材能够抵挡 和纤维方向平行的外力,
But they were vulnerable to forces applied perpendicular to this direction. 但碰到与纤维垂直的外力就容易断裂。
As a result , wood lacked steel’s tensile strength each necessary to support tall buildings and battle the powerful winds found at high altitudes . 因此,木材的抗拉强度不如钢, 而建材要有这两种强度才能撑起高楼, 在高空的强风中屹立不摇。
Traditional:传统的,惯例的, lumber:vi.伐木; vt.砍伐木材; n.木材; fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直; parallel:adj.平行的; v.与…相似; n.极其相似的人(或情况、事件等); fiber:n.纤维;光纤(等于fibre); vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的; applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式) perpendicular:adj.垂直的,正交的;直立的;陡峭的;n.垂线;垂直的位置; As a result:结果; tensile:adj.[力]拉力的;可伸长的;可拉长的; altitudes:n.高地;高度;[数]顶垂线;(等级和地位等的)高级;
But the early 1890s saw the invention of glue laminated timber , or glulam. 但集成材于1890年代初期问世,
And a century later, engineers developed cross-laminated timber, or CLT 一个世纪后, 工程师又研发出直交集成板。
These new wooden materials start out like all other lumber; a freshly cut log is sawed into smooth uniform boards of wood. 这些新型木材在制程初期 和一般木材类似, 刚砍下的木头会被锯成 相同大小的平滑木板,
glue:n.胶;胶水;v.粘贴; laminated:adj.层压的;层积的;薄板状的;v.分成薄片;用薄片覆盖(laminate的过去分词); timber:n.木材;木料; freshly:adv.新近;精神饱满地; log:原木,日志 uniform:adj.统一的;一致的;相同的;始终如一的;n.制服;v.使穿制服;使成一样;
Then, in the case of CLT, the boards are glued together in alternating orientations with each layer set at 90 degrees to its neighbors. 接着,若要制成直交集成板, 就将木板以方向交错的方式黏合, 每一层的方向都和上下层互相垂直。
The resulting material benefits from wood’s structural rigidity in every direction, allowing it to mimic the compressive strength of concrete and bear loads up to 20 times heavier than traditional lumber. 这样的制造方法利用木头结构 在各个方向上的刚性, 使木材能有和混凝土类似的抗压强度, 并承受比传统木材多20倍的重量。
glued:v.(用胶水)粘合,粘牢,粘贴(glue的过去分词和过去式) alternating:adj.交替的;交互的;v.使交替;依次(alternate的ing形式); orientations:方向;[测]定向;适应;情况介绍(orientation的复数); layer:n.层,层次; vt.把…分层堆放; vi.形成或分成层次; structural:adj.结构的;建筑的; rigidity:n.[物]硬度,[力]刚性;严格,刻板;僵化;坚硬; mimic:vt.模仿,摹拟;n.效颦者,模仿者;仿制品;小丑;adj.模仿的,模拟的;假装的; compressive:adj.压缩的;有压缩力的; concrete:n.混凝土;adj.混凝土制的;确实的,具体的;vt.用混凝土覆盖
Glulam on the other hand , glues boards together in the same direction, forming massive beams with tensile strength comparable to steel. 而集成材则是将木板 以方向相同的方式黏合, 制造出抗拉强度堪比钢材的木樑。
Glulam isn’t as versatile as CLT, but its incredible strength along one direction makes it superior for load-bearing beams and columns . 集成材的运用范围不如直交集成板广, 但在单一方向上的强度优异, 因此更适合用于需要承重的梁柱上。
These engineered forms of wood could finally compete with traditional materials while also bringing their own unique set of advantages . 木材经过这些设计, 终于能和其他传统建材竞争, 而且还有自己独有的优势。
on the other hand:另一方面; glues:n.[胶粘]胶水;胶类;v.粘;固着(glue的第三人称单数); massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; beams:[建]梁; comparable to:可比较的,比得上的; versatile:adj.多才多艺的;通用的,万能的;多面手的; incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的; superior:n.上级;上司;adj.(在品质上)更好的;占优势的;更胜一筹的; load-bearing:[建]承载;承重; columns:n.柱:(通常为)圆形石柱:(书,报纸印刷页上的)栏(column的复数) finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; compete:v.竞争;对抗;参加比赛(或竞赛); unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物; advantages:n.有利条件; v.有利于;
At one-fifth the weight of concrete, building with CLT requires smaller cranes , smaller foundations , and fewer construction workers. 直交集成板的重量 是混凝土的五分之一, 以其建造可用较小的起重机, 地基也可以造得比较小, 需要的工人也比较少。
While concrete has to undergo a time-intensive process of casting and curing in a mold , timber can be shaped quickly using computer directed cutting machines. 混凝土需要大量时间 入模并凝固成型; 木材则能以电脑控制的机器快速裁切。
And where concrete requires certain weather and timing conditions to be poured on site, engineered wood can be prefabricated in a factory, creating standardized parts with clear instructions for assembly . 且混凝土需要特定的天气和时间条件, 才能在工地上施作; 工程木材则可以预先在工厂制作, 做出标准化、有明确组装指示的零件。
cranes:n.起重机; v.伸长(脖子)以便看得更清楚; (crane的复数) foundations:n.基础;地基;基金会;粉底;(foundations是foundation的复数) construction:n.建设;建筑物;解释;造句; undergo:vt.经历,经受;忍受; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; mold:n.模具;模型;霉菌;类型;v.用可塑材料塑成;浇铸;发霉; poured:v.使(液体)连续流出;倾倒;倒出;喷发;(pour的过去分词和过去式) prefabricated:adj.预制构件的;v.预先建造组合(prefabricate的过去分词); standardized:adj.标准的; v.使合乎标准; assembly:n.装配;集会,集合;
Taken together, these materials allow for faster and quieter construction, with more biodegradable materials and less waste. 综合以上,使用这些木材 能让工程更快速安静, 材料比较能生物降解, 产生的废弃物也较少。
Once constructed , CLT and glulam buildings are also more resilient to some natural disasters . 直交集成板及集成材建筑建成后 也较能抵挡某些自然灾害。
An earthquake can crack concrete, permanently weakening an entire structure . 混凝土若因地震破裂, 整个结构都会受到永久损害,
biodegradable:adj.生物所能分解的,能进行生物降解的; constructed:v.修建;建造;组成;编制,绘制;(construct的过去分词和过去式) resilient:adj.弹回的,有弹力的; disasters:n.灾难(disaster的复数); crack:v.使破裂;打开;变声;n.裂缝;声变;噼啪声;adj.最好的;高明的; permanently:adv.永久地,长期不变地; weakening:v.(使)虚弱;减弱;动摇;犹豫;(weaken的现在分词) structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造;
But cracked wood panels can be easily replaced. 但木板即使破裂,也能轻易替换。
The same is true for fire safety. 火灾的情形下也是一样,
As temperatures rise in a CLT building, the material’s outer layer will char , insulating the inner layers for up to three hours. 直交集成板建筑中温度上升时, 木材的外层会先炭化, 能替内层的材质隔绝热长达三小时。
cracked:adj.疯狂;破裂的;有裂纹的;v.破裂;裂开;断裂;(crack的过去分词和过去式) panels:n.面板(panel的复数); v.嵌镶(panel的第三人称单数形式); outer:adj.外面的,外部的;远离中心的;n.环外命中; char:n.炭; v.把…烧成炭; insulating:adj.起隔热(或隔音、绝缘)作用的; v.使免除; (insulate的现在分词) inner:n.内部;射中接近靶心部分的一发;adj.里面的;向内的;内部的;接近中心的; layers:n.层;表层;层次;阶层;v.把…分层堆放;(layer的第三人称单数和复数)
This is more than enough time to evacuate most buildings, and once the smoke has settled , charred panels can be swapped out— unlike melted steel beams. 对大部分建筑来说, 这段时间很足以用来疏散, 而且在烟雾散去后, 炭化的木板也能被换掉, 不像熔化的钢材难以替换。
But perhaps the biggest benefits of CLT and glulam are outside the construction site . 不过直交集成板和集成材最大的优势 可能不在于施工现场。
Building construction is responsible for 11% of annual global carbon emissions , and the production of steel, concrete, iron, and glass are major contributors to that figure. 建筑工程在每年全球 碳排放量中占11%, 其中钢、混凝土、铁和玻璃的生产 都是提高碳排量的主要因素。
evacuate:v.疏散,撤退;排泄;vi.疏散;撤退;排泄; settled:adj.稳定的; v.结束; (settle的过去分词和过去式) charred:adj.烧焦的; v.(使)烧黑,烧焦; (char的过去分词和过去式) swapped:交换;调换; melted:v.(使)熔化,融化;(使)软化,变得温柔;(melt的过去分词和过去式) construction site:na.建筑工地; responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的; annual:n.年报;年鉴;年刊;adj.每年的;年度的;一年的; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; carbon:n.[化学]碳;碳棒;复写纸;adj.碳的;碳处理的; emissions:n.(光、热、气等的)发出,排放;排放物;散发物;(emission的复数) contributors:n.贡献者;参与者;编著者(contributor的复数形式);
Timber, however, is a renewable resource that can be made carbon-neutral if trees are planted to replace those cut down. 然而木材属于可再生资源, 只要种植树木来代替砍下的树, 就能达到碳中和。
Wood also has low thermal conductivity , making it easier to heat and cool buildings with less energy waste. 木材的热导率也较低, 因此使建筑升温或降温较容易, 浪费的能源也较少。
Despite these advantages, CLT requires vastly more lumber than traditional wooden construction. 不过虽然有这些优势, 制造直交集成板所需的木头 却比传统木造结构多很多。
renewable:adj.可再生的;可更新的;可继续的;n.再生性能源; resource:n.资源;资料;才智;财力;v.向…提供资金(或设备); carbon-neutral:adj.碳平衡的(指碳排放量减低为零,或通过环保措施抵消排放) thermal:adj.热的;热量的;保热的;n.上升的热气流; conductivity:n.导电性;[物][生理]传导性; Despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; vastly:adv.极大地;广大地;深远地;
And when compared in similar quantities , neither CLT or glulam is as strong as steel or concrete. 而且在数量相近的前提下, 直交集成板和集成材的强度 都不如钢或混凝土。
Even Mj?st?rnet isn’t made entirely of wood, as it contains concrete slabs to reinforce the upper floors. 就连米约萨塔也并非完全以木材建成, 而是以混凝土板来强化高楼层的结构。
Taken together, it’s unlikely that a purely wooden structure would be strong enough to support a 40-story building— the minimum height for a formal skyscraper . 总结以上,完全木造的结构不太可能 撑起40层以上的建筑, 达到摩天大楼的标准。
compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词) quantities:n.数量;数目;大量;大宗;(quantity的复数) slabs:n.[木]平板; v.把…切成厚片; reinforce:vt.加强,加固; vi.求援; n.加强; upper:adj.上面的;内陆的;n.靴面;兴奋剂; unlikely:adj.不大可能发生的;非心目中的;非想象的;难以相信的; purely:adv.完全;仅仅; minimum:n.最低限度;最小值;最少量;极小量;adj.最低的;最小的;最低限度的; formal:adj.适合正式场合的; n.(美)须穿礼服的社交集会; (口)夜礼服; skyscraper:n.摩天楼,超高层大楼;特别高的东西;
But even if only buildings under 30 stories were built from wood, it would reduce the carbon footprint of those structures by more than 25%. 但就算只有那些30层以下的建筑 是以木材建成, 也能为这些建筑 减少超过25%的碳足迹。
So no matter how tall these wooden buildings rise, each one contributes to the health of our concrete jungles. 因此这些木造建筑不论有多高, 都能对这片水泥丛林的健康做出贡献。
footprint:n.足迹;脚印; structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式); contributes:[图情]投稿;[经]捐助;[经]捐献(contribute的第三人称单数);