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SophieRose_2020W-_新冠的人体受控感染试验是如何进行的，以及为什么我自愿参加_-
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| [Recorded on October 26, 2020. |
新冠疫苗研发进展 |
| COVID-19 vaccine development and ethical considerations around human challenge trials are constantly evolving .] |
新冠疫苗研发进展 以及围绕 人体受控感染试验的道德思考 依然在不断发展变化中。] |
| In April 2020, |
2020 年 4 月, |
| I made what many perceive as a risky decision. |
我做出了很多人认为是 非常冒险的决定。 |
| I volunteered to be deliberately infected with COVID-19. |
我自愿故意感染新冠。 |
| This infection would be part of what is called a human challenge trial, where young, healthy people are given a vaccine and are deliberately exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19. |
这种感染是所谓的人体受控感染试验 （亦称人体挑战试验）的一部分—— 健康的年轻人接受了疫苗注射, 并被故意暴露在 导致新冠的病毒中。[00:28] |
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vaccine:n.疫苗;牛痘苗;adj.疫苗的;牛痘的; ethical:adj.伦理的;道德的;凭处方出售的;n.处方药; considerations:n.考虑;注意事项(consideration的复数形式);体贴; constantly:adv.不断地;时常地; evolving:v.(使)逐渐形成,逐渐演变;进化形成;(evolve的现在分词) perceive:v.注意到;意识到;将…理解为;认为; volunteered:v.自愿做;义务做;自愿参军;(volunteer的过去分词和过去式) deliberately:adv.故意地;谨慎地;慎重地; infected:adj.带菌的; v.传染; (infect的过去分词和过去式) infection:n.感染;传染;(身体某部位的)感染;传染病; exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式)
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| These trials help researchers figure out more quickly if a vaccine is working. |
这些试验有助于 研究人员更快地确定 疫苗是否有效。 |
| I think this research is crucial , because today, I'm going to speak to you for six minutes. |
我认为这项研究很重要, 因为今天, 我会进行六分钟的演讲。 |
| In that time, roughly 1,250 people will be confirmed infected with COVID-19. |
在这段时间内, 将有大约 1250 人 确认感染了新冠。 |
| Twenty-one people will die. |
21 人将死去。 |
| And then this pattern will repeat hour after hour and day by day , until we're able to vaccinate most of the eight billion people affected by this global crisis . |
然后这种模式会一小时 接一小时,一天接一天地重复, 直到我们能够为受这场全球危机 影响的 80 亿人中的大多数 接种疫苗。 |
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crucial:adj.重要的;决定性的;定局的;决断的; roughly:adv.粗糙地;概略地; day by day:adj.每天的; vaccinate:vi.接种疫苗;vt.给…注射疫苗;n.被接种牛痘者; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; crisis:n.危机;危险期;决定性时刻;adj.危机的;用于处理危机的;
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| Scientists have been working around the clock to make those vaccines a reality. |
科学家们夜以继日地努力工作, 希望这些疫苗能够尽快问世。 |
| But what should we do when the human cost of waiting for those vaccines is rising by the day ? |
但是,当等待这些疫苗期间的 逝去的生命与日俱增时, 我们该怎么办？ |
| This is where human challenge trials come in. |
这就是人体受控感染试验 派上用场的地方。 |
| They're different from the traditional phase three vaccine trials taking place now, where people are given a vaccine or placebo and asked to go about their everyday lives. |
它们不同于现在正在进行的 传统的疫苗三期临床试验, 即给人们注射疫苗或安慰剂, 并要求他们继续他们的日常生活。 |
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vaccines:n.[药][计]疫苗; by the day:按日;按日计算; traditional:传统的,惯例的, phase:n.阶段;时期;月相;(月亮的)盈亏;v.分阶段进行;逐步做; placebo:n.安慰剂;为死者所诵的晚祷词;
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| Here, researchers have to wait to see how many people in each group become infected. |
这里,研究人员 要等着观察每一组中 有多少人被感染。 |
| Until enough of them get sick, we don't have enough data to know whether a vaccine is working. |
在没有足够多的人患病之前, 我们没有足够的数据 确认疫苗是否有效。 |
| Finding an effective vaccine with this method can take months or sometimes years, and it requires thousands of volunteers . |
用这种方法找到有效的疫苗 可能需要数月甚至数年时间, 而且需要成千上万的志愿者。 |
| A challenge trial works faster because researchers control exposure , instead of waiting for people to get sick. |
人体受控感染试验的速度更快, 因为研究人员可以控制 （与病毒的）接触, 而不是等待人们生病。 |
| So instead of a year, we could know in as little as a month whether a vaccine seems effective. |
因此,相比要等上一年, 我们只需一个月就能知道 疫苗是否有效。 |
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effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象; volunteers:n.志愿者; v.自愿做; (volunteer的第三人称单数和复数) exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临;
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| Instead of thousands of volunteers, a challenge trial relies on just 50 to 100. |
相比招募数千名志愿者, 受控感染试验仅需 50 到 100 人, |
| Because we know for certain when people are exposed and develop disease , these trials also allow us to gather data about the early stages of infection and our immune response . |
因为我们确切地知道 人们什么时候接触病毒并患病, 这些试验还使我们能够收集 有关感染早期阶段 和我们的免疫反应的数据。 |
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relies:信任; for certain:肯定地;确凿地; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; immune response:n.免疫应答(机体对抗原的应答);
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| This data is impossible to gather in any other way, especially for people who become infected but never show symptoms . |
这些数据是不可能 以任何其他方式收集的, 特别是对于那些感染了, 但从未出现症状的人。 |
| This knowledge is important for designing policies that limit COVID-19 transmission . |
这些知识在设计 限制新冠传播的策略时 非常重要。 |
| The time saved translates into precious months' head start on manufacturing , getting us more working COVID-19 vaccines faster. |
节省的时间可以 转化为提前几个月的 宝贵的生产启动时间, 使我们可以更快地生产 更多的新冠疫苗。 |
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especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数) policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数) transmission:n.传输;传染;播送;发射;广播;传动装置; precious:adj.宝贵的;珍贵的;矫揉造作的; head start:领先;抢先起步的优势;有利的开端; manufacturing:n.制造业;工业;v.制造;生产(manufacture的现在分词);
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| These trials are useful -- even though recent phase three results sound encouraging. |
这些试验非常有用, 尽管最近三期临床结果 听起来很令人鼓舞。 |
| The arrival of the first vaccine is going to be a monumental breakthrough . |
第一种疫苗的问世 将是个巨大的突破。 |
| It just isn't quite the fairytale ending we're all hoping for. |
这并不是我们所期待的 童话般的结局。 |
| We're going to need multiple vaccines, because we just don't have the infrastructure needed to immunize all eight billion people on the planet with just one kind. |
我们需要多种疫苗, 因为我们还没有 所需的基础设施 用一种疫苗为地球上 80 亿人提供免疫。 |
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monumental:adj.不朽的;纪念碑的;非常的; breakthrough:n.突破;开始取得成功之时;adj.突破性的; fairytale:adj.童话式的;童话中才有的;优美无比的; multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造; immunize:vt.使免疫;赋予免疫性;
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| Each type of vaccine requires its own special process and equipment to make, store and deliver it. |
每种疫苗都需要 特殊工艺和设备 来制造、储存和运送。 |
| If we had multiple working COVID-19 vaccines, we could make use of all of our equipment at the same time . |
如果我们有多种有效的新冠疫苗, 就可以同时使用所有设备进行生产。 |
| Some of the leading candidates need to be kept extremely cold before they are delivered to people. |
一些领先的候选疫苗 在被交付给人们之前 需要在极低的温度保存。 |
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process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; make use of:使用,利用; at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地;
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| This can be really hard, especially in countries where there isn't reliable electricity or a secure method to store them. |
做到这一点很难, 尤其是在那些没有可靠电力 或安全储存方法的国家。 |
| Scientists have been using human challenge trials for hundreds of years. |
科学家们进行 人体受控感染试验 已有数百年的历史。 |
| They've sped up the development of vaccines against typhoid and cholera , and they've helped us better understand how immunity develops to things like the flu, malaria and dengue . |
这些试验加快了 伤寒和霍乱疫苗的研发, 并帮助我们更好地 了解了人体对流感、 疟疾和登革热等疾病的 免疫力是如何发展的。 |
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reliable:adj.可信赖的;可依靠的;真实可信的;可靠的; electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪; typhoid:adj.伤寒的;斑疹伤寒症的;n.伤寒; cholera:n.[内科]霍乱; immunity:n.免疫力;豁免权;免除; malaria:n.[内科]疟疾;瘴气; dengue:n.[内科]登革热;
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| We've even used them for other types of coronavirus before. |
我们以前甚至用这种方法 对付过其他类型的冠状病毒。 |
| There's been a lot of debate about whether challenge trials are too risky. |
关于受控感染试验 是否风险太大 一直存在很多争论。 |
| I happen to think that those risks are worth taking. |
我倒是认为,这些风险值得冒。 |
| A challenge trial would only recruit young and healthy participants -- think between the ages of 20 and 29. |
受控感染试验只招募 年轻、健康, 且年龄在 20 岁 到 29 岁之间的受试者。 |
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coronavirus:n.冠状病毒;日冕形病毒; debate:n.辩论;争论;考虑;v.辩论;争论;考虑; recruit:n.新兵; v.吸收(新成员); (通过招募)组成; participants:n.参与者(participant的复数形式);
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| Fewer than one percent of people in that age-group need to be taken to hospital after becoming infected with COVID-19. |
在这个年龄组中, 只有不到 1% 的人 在感染新冠后需要住院治疗。 |
| So it would likely be even lower in a challenge trial, because researchers check to make sure that participants have no preexisting conditions. |
因此,在受控感染试验中, 这个数值可能会更低, 因为研究人员会检查参与者, 以确定其是否存在现有疾病。 |
| The risk of a young healthy person dying of COVID-19 is around five thousandths of a percent. |
健康的年轻人死于 新冠的风险约为 一个百分点的千分之五 （十万分之五）。 |
| That means for every 100,000 20-year-olds who become infected with COVID-19, about five die. |
这意味着每 10 万名 感染新冠的 20 岁人群中, 大约会有 5 人死亡。 |
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preexisting:adj.先前存在的;先于…而存在的;
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| If I were to give birth in the United States, my risk of dying would be higher than that. |
如果我要在美国生孩子, 我的死亡风险比这更高。 |
| Or you could choose to think about it this way. |
或者你可以选择这样想。 |
| If my little sister needed a kidney , |
如果我妹妹需要一个肾, |
| I wouldn't hesitate for a moment before I offered her mine. |
我会毫不犹豫地把我的肾给她。 |
| And if I can take on that risk to benefit a loved one, it makes sense to allow people to take on a similar risk to speed up the development of a vaccine that would benefit not just their loved ones, but everyone around them as well. |
如果我能承担这种风险, 使亲人受益, 那么让人们承担类似的风险, 加快疫苗的研制就是有意义的, 这不仅能造福亲人, 也造福了身边的每一个人。[04:44] |
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United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) kidney:n.[解剖]肾脏;腰子;个性; hesitate:v.(对某事)犹豫,迟疑不决;顾虑;疑虑;
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| There's a lot we still don't know, especially about the long-term effects of COVID-19 infection. |
还有很多我们未知的信息, 尤其是关于新冠感染的长期影响。 |
| I volunteered despite that uncertainty because like many of you, I feel frustrated knowing that hundreds of thousands of people are dying. |
尽管存在不确定性, 我还是自愿参加了, 因为和你们中的许多人一样, 了解到成千上万的人正在死去, 让我感到很沮丧。 |
| And that's without mentioning the millions more who are struggling as measures to stop the spread take a toll on their physical , emotional and mental well-being . |
更不用说还有 数以百万计的人在挣扎, 防疫措施对他们的身体、 情感和心理健康都造成了伤害。 |
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long-term:adj.长期的;从长远来看; despite:prep.尽管,不管;n.轻视;憎恨;侮辱; uncertainty:n.不确定,不可靠; frustrated:adj.失意的,挫败的;泄气的;v.挫败;阻挠;(frustrate的过去式和过去分词) toll:n.伤亡人数; v.(缓慢而有规律地)敲(钟); (尤指)鸣(丧钟); physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的; well-being:n.幸福;康乐;
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| It turns out I'm not alone in feeling this way. |
事实证明,有类似感受的 不只我一个人。 |
| Since May, over 39,000 people from across the world have volunteered to participate in potential COVID-19 challenge trials through a nonprofit I helped found called 1Day Sooner. |
自 5 月以来, 世界各地有 39000 多人 通过我协助成立的非营利组织 “早一天（1Day Sooner）” 自愿报名参与可能的 新冠受控感染试验。 |
| We advocate for challenge trial participants and have been encouraging stakeholders to begin preparing for these trials. |
我们鼓励人们参与试验, 并鼓励利益相关方 开始为这些试验做准备。 |
| As early as May, when challenge trials were still being considered for their role in the fight against COVID-19, the World Health Organization cited 1Day Sooner |
早在 5 月, 当人们仍在考虑受控感染试验 在对抗新冠上面的作用时, 世界卫生组织就开始以“早一天” |
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participate:v.参加;参与; potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; nonprofit:adj.非赢利的;不以赢利为目的的; advocate:v.拥护;支持;提倡;n.支持者;提倡者;辩护律师;出庭辩护人; stakeholders:n.利益相关者;赌款保存人(stakeholder的复数); Organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体; cited:v.提及(原因);举出(示例);列举;引用;传讯;(cite的过去分词和过去式)
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| as an example of the kind of public engagement needed to run a challenge trial. |
作为进行受控感染试验所需的 公众参与的例子。 |
| In mid-October, the UK government formally announced their intention to conduct a challenge trial at the beginning of 2021. |
10 月中旬, 英国政府正式宣布, 打算在 2021 年初 进行受控感染试验。 |
| It is clear that the COVID-19 pandemic is a global crisis. |
显然,新冠大流行 是一场全球性危机。 |
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engagement:n.婚约;约会;交战;诺言;n.参与度; intention:n.意图;目的;意向;愈合; conduct:v.实施;执行;表现;引导;n.举止;管理方法;经营方式;实施办法; at the beginning of:在…的开始; pandemic:adj.(疾病等)全国流行的;普遍的;n.流行性疾病;
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| It has inspired record-shattering innovation , and it has highlighted the heroic acts of many frontline workers, but is has also taken a catastrophic toll. |
它激发了破纪录的创新, 也凸显了许多 一线工作人员的英勇行为, 但也造成了灾难性的损失。 |
| The arrival of each new vaccine brings us one step closer to rebuilding. |
每一种新疫苗的到来都使我们 离重建又近了一步。 |
| But the true global solution lies in those vaccines being in the hands of people all over the world. |
但真正的全球解决方案在于, 这些疫苗应掌握在 全世界人民手中。 |
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inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式) innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法; highlighted:adj.突出的;v.使显著;照亮(highlight的过去分词); heroic:adj.英雄的;英勇的;记叙英雄及其事迹的;夸张的;n.史诗;英勇行为; frontline:n.前线;锋线(包括大前锋,小前锋,中锋); catastrophic:adj.灾难的;悲惨的;灾难性的,毁灭性的; solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; in the hands of:由…掌握;在…掌握中;
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| Challenge trials could be a part of that solution. |
受控感染试验可以是 解决方案的一部分。 |
| Thank you. |
非常感谢。 |