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SkylarTibbits_2019U-_让岛屿和海岸线「长大」的新方法_-
For nearly a decade, my collaborators and I at the Self-Assembly Lab have been working on material systems that transform themselves, assemble themselves and adapt to their environment. 近十年来, 我的合作伙伴和我 一直在自组装实验室 研究会自主变形、 自组装、 适应环境的材料系统。
collaborators:n.[劳经]合作者;投敌者(collaborator的复数); Self-Assembly:adj.自己组装的;n.自装配; transform:v.使改变;使改观;使转换;n.[数]变换式;[化]反式; assemble:vt.集合,聚集;装配;收集;vi.集合,聚集; adapt:vt.使适应;改编;vi.适应;
From our early work on 4D printing, where we printed objects, dipped them underwater , and they transform, to our active auxetics that respond to temperature and sunlight , to our more recent work on active textiles 我们早期从事 4D 列印的研究, 将物体列印出来,浸泡到水里, 然后他们自己会变形。 后来我们做出会因温度和阳光 做出反应的活性拉胀材料。 接着到我们更近期所做的活性布料,
dipped:v.蘸;浸;(使)下降;把(汽车前灯的)远光调为近光;(dip的过去分词和过去式) underwater:adj.在水中的;水面下的;adv.在水下;n.水下; respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和; sunlight:n.日光; textiles:n.纺织品;纺织业;(textile的复数)
that respond to body temperature and change porosity , to our rapid liquid printing work where we print inflatable structures that morph based on air pressure and go from one shape to another, or our self-assembly work where we dip objects underwater, 会根据体温调节布料的孔隙率。 我们还以快速液态列印, 制作出随气压 变出各种形状的可膨胀结构, 并且自行改变形状。 还有材料自行组装的研究, 我们将物体浸泡在水里,
porosity:n.有孔性,多孔性; inflatable:adj.膨胀的,可充气的;得意的; structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式); morph:n.词态;语素;变体;vt.在屏幕上变换图像;改变;
they respond to wave energy and assemble themselves into precise objects like furniture . 它们会对波能做出反应 而精准地自行组装成 各种东西,像是家具。
precise:adj.准确的;确切的;精确的;明确的; furniture:n.家具;设备;储藏物;
Or, at larger scales , using wind energy, we have meter-diameter weather balloons that assemble in the airspace above a construction site . 还有规模更大的, 像是利用风力, 我们做出米径气象气球, 它是在一个建筑工地上方的空中 自行组装起来的。
scales:n.规模范围; v.攀登; (scale的第三人称单数和复数) airspace:n.空域;领空;空间; construction site:na.建筑工地;
For dangerous environments or harsh , extreme places where it's hard to get people or equipment, they can assemble in the airspace, and as the helium dies, they then come back to the ground, and you're left with a big space frame structure. 在危险的环境 或条件严峻、极端的地方, 人或是设备很难到得了。 它们能在空中组装, 等到氦气消散时,就会降到地面, 留下一个空的大型框架结构。
harsh:adj.严厉的;严酷的;刺耳的;粗糙的;刺目的; extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; helium:n.[化学]氦(符号为He,2号元素); frame:n.框架; v.设计; adj.有木架的;
All of this research is about taking simple materials, activating them with forces in their environment -- gravity, wind, waves, temperature, sunlight -- and getting them to perform , getting them to transform, assemble, etc. 这些研究都是拿简单的材料, 利用环境中的力来活化它们 ──像是重力、风力、波力、 温度、阳光等外力── 设法让它们执行工作, 或让它们变形、组装等等。
activating:v.使活动(activate的ing形式); perform:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好);
How do we build smart things without complex electromechanical devices ? 要怎么制造智慧的东西, 却不需要用到复杂的电子机械设备？
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; electromechanical:adj.电机的;电机学的; devices:n.[机][计]设备;[机]装置;[电子]器件(device的复数);
But more recently we were approached by a group in the Maldives , and they were interested in taking some of this research and ways of thinking and applying it to some of the challenges that they've faced in terms of climate change. 但最近,马尔地夫 有个团体跟我们联系, 他们很有兴趣将这个研究和思考模式 应用到他们在气候变迁方面 所面临的挑战上。
recently:adv.最近;新近; approached:v.走近;临近;探讨;建议;(approach的过去分词和过去式) Maldives:n.马尔代夫(亚洲群岛国家名); applying:v.申请,请求;使用;应用;(apply的现在分词)
And the first thing you do when you're approached by someone in the Maldives is say you want to go on a site visit. 有马尔地夫的人跟你联系时, 你要做的第一件事, 就是告诉他,你要现场勘查。
(Laughter) （笑声）
It is amazing. 太棒了。
So we went there and I actually walked away with a really different perspective on the future of climate change. 我们到了那裏, 而在离开时带走的, 是一种对气候变迁的未来 完全不同的看法,
perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的;
Because you would imagine, you know, the Maldives are sinking. 因为你会感觉到马尔地夫在下沉中。
They're screwed . What are they going to do? 他们惨了。他们要怎么办呢？
screwed:v.用螺丝固定;旋紧;拧紧;拧上去;(screw的过去分词和过去式)
But I walked away thinking, they might be the model, the future model of the built environment, where they can adapt and be resilient rather than our fixed, man-made infrastructure . 我离开时有个想法: 我们可以将马尔地夫 当作未来人工环境的范本, 而不受到传统硬体建设的局限。
resilient:adj.弹回的,有弹力的; man-made:adj.人造的;人工的;合成的; infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造;
But there's typically three main approaches to sea level rise and climate change. 因应海平面上升和气候变迁, 主要有三种典型的做法。
typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地; approaches:v.靠近,接近; n.方式,方法,态度; sea level:海平面;
One of them is that we can do nothing and we can run away. 第一种就是甚么也不做, 逃走就好了。
And that's a pretty bad idea. 这个主意太差了。
As more than 40 percent of the world's population is living in coastal areas, as sea levels rise and as storms get worse and worse, we're going to be more and more underwater. 超过 40% 的世界人口住在海边, 海平面上升,加上风暴越来越激烈, 越来越多地方会沉到海里。
coastal:adj.沿海的;海岸的;
So it's imperative that we solve this pretty demanding problem. 解决这个严重的问题事不宜迟。
imperative:adj.重要紧急的; n.重要紧急的事;
The second is that we can build barriers . 第二种做法就是建造屏障物。
barriers:n.障碍;栅栏;篱笆墙(barrier的复数形式);
We can build walls. 我们可以筑墙,
The problem here is that we take a static solution trying to fight against a superdynamic, high-energy problem, and nature is almost always going to win. 但问题是,用静态方法 来解决超动态、超不稳定的问题, 大自然总会战胜我们,
static:adj.静止的; n.[物]静电(干扰); solution:n.解决方案;溶液;溶解;解答; high-energy:高能的;
So that's likely not going to work either. 所以这可能也行不通。
The third approach is using dredging . 第三种做法是疏浚。
dredging:v.疏浚;挖掘;打捞;采捞;捞取;(dredge的现在分词)
So dredging is where you suck up a bunch of sand from the deep ocean and you pump it back onto the beaches. 疏浚就是将深海 海床的沙子大量吸上来, 放回海滩上。
suck:v.吸吮;吸取;n.吮吸; a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆; pump:n.抽水机;泵;打气筒;v.用泵输送;涌出;奔流;快速摇动;
If you go to any beach around the Northeast or Western Coast, you'll see that they use dredging year after year after year just to survive. 美国东北岸或西海岸年复一年, 靠着疏浚勉强维持沿岸的生存。
Northeast:adj.东北的;来自东北的;n.东北;adv.向东北;来自东北; year after year:年复一年地;每年;
It's really not a good solution. 这也不是很好的办法。
In the Maldives, they do the same thing, and they can build an island in a month, a brand new island they build from dredging. 马尔地夫也这么做, 一个月内就可用疏浚的沙子 造一个新的岛屿。
brand new:adj.崭新的;最近获得的;
But it's really, really bad for the marine ecosystem , and then they become addicted to dredging. 对于海洋生态系来说,这很糟糕。 到头来,不疏浚都不行,
marine:adj.海的;海产的;海生的;海船的;n.(尤指美国或英国皇家)海军陆战队士兵; ecosystem:n.生态系统; addicted:adj.上瘾的;上瘾;成瘾;有瘾;入迷;
They need to do that year after year. 他们必须年复一年,持续这样做。
But in the time that it took them to build that one island, three sandbars built themselves, and these are massive amounts of sand so big you can park your boat on it, and this is what's called a site visit. 但在他们建造好一个岛屿的同时, 三个沙洲也自动形成。 沙子的量多到 足以让一艘船搁在上面, 这就是我们说的现场勘查,
sandbars:n.沙洲;沙堤; massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的;
It's really hard work. 真的很辛苦。
(Laughter) （笑声）
In Boston winters. 波士顿那头正值冬天。
Boston:n.波士顿(美国城市);
This is massive amounts of sand that naturally accumulates just based on the forces of the waves and the ocean topography . 这是大量沙子 藉着波浪的力量和海洋地形 自然堆积起来的。
naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地; accumulates:vi.累积;积聚;vt.积攒; topography:n.地势;地形学;地志;
So we started to study that. Why do sandbars form? 所以我们就开始研究 沙洲是怎么形成的。
If we could tap into that, we could understand it and we could utilize it. 如果能深入探究, 我们就能了解它和利用它。
utilize:v.利用;运用;使用;应用;
It's based on the amount of energy in the ocean and the topography in the landscape that promotes sand accumulation . 它是藉由海洋的波能 加上地形的因素,将沙堆积起来的。
landscape:n.景观;乡村风景画;(文件的)横向打印格式;v.对…做景观美化;美化…的环境; promotes:v.促进;推动;促销;推销;提升;晋升;(promote的第三人称单数) accumulation:n.积聚,累积;堆积物;
So what we're proposing is to work with the forces of nature to build rather than destroy, and in my lab at MIT, we set up a wave tank, a big tank that's pumping waves, and we placed geometries underwater. 所以我们建议运用大自然的力量 来建造而不是摧毁。 在我麻省理工的实验室, 我们装设了一个波浪槽。 一个会制造波浪的大水槽。 然后我们将几何构造放到水中。
proposing:v.提议;建议;打算;计划;求婚;(propose的现在分词) pumping:v.用泵输送;涌出;奔流;快速摇动;(pump的现在分词) geometries:n.几何图形,几何体;几何尺寸(geometry的复数);
We tried all sorts of different geometries. 我们试了各种不同的几何构造。
The waves interact with the geometry , and then create turbulence and start to accumulate the sand so the sand starts to form these sandbars on their own. 波浪和这些几何构造交互作用, 造成乱流,并开始堆积起沙子, 这些沙子就开始自己堆积起沙洲。
interact:v.互相影响;互相作用;n.幕间剧;幕间休息; geometry:n.几何学;几何结构; turbulence:n.骚乱,动荡;[流]湍流;狂暴;
Here's an aerial view. 这是个空拍的视角。
aerial:adj.从飞机上的;空中的;空气中的;地表以上的;n.天线;
On the left-hand side, you'll see the beach that's growing. 在左手边,你们会看到 海岸往外推进。
left-hand:adj.左手的;左侧的;
In the middle you'll see the sandbar that formed. 中间,你们会看到形成的沙洲。
So these are geometries that collaborate with the force of the wave to build. 这些是几何结构和波浪的力量 合力造出来的。
collaborate:vi.合作;勾结,通敌;
We then started to fabricate one. This was in February in Boston. 然后我们就开始如法泡制, 建造一个沙洲。
fabricate:vt.制造;伪造;装配;
We have large rolls of canvas . 我们有大卷的帆布,
canvas:n.帆布;(帆布)画布;油画;vt.用帆布覆盖;
It's a biodegradable material, it's super cheap, easy to work with. 用可生物分解的材料做的, 超便宜,又好用。
biodegradable:adj.生物所能分解的,能进行生物降解的;
We then sew it into these large bladders , and then we flew over there. 我们将帆布缝制成这些大囊袋, 然后我们就飞到那儿。
sew:v.缝;缝制;缝补;做针线活; bladders:n.膀胱;皮囊,气囊(如球胆);(bladder的复数)
And I know what you're thinking. This is not the Fyre Festival. 我知道你们在想甚么。 这不是骗人的音乐节。
(Laughter) （笑声）
This is real life. It's real. 这是真实生活。是真的。
And we flew there with these canvas bladders in our suitcases , we got sunburned because it was Boston winter, and then we filled them with sand and we placed them underwater. 我们飞到那里, 行李装的是这些帆布囊袋。 我们曬伤了,因为波士顿还是冬天。 我们将这些帆布袋 装满沙子,放到水里。
suitcases:n.(旅行用的)手提箱;(suitcase的复数) sunburned:adj.晒黑的;日灼的;v.晒伤(sunburn的过去分词);晒黑;
These are exactly the same geometries that you saw in the tank, they're just human scale. 这些跟在模拟水槽中的 是一样的几何结构, 只是这些是实际的比例大小。
Large objects filled with sand, we'd place them underwater, they're just really simple geometries. 装满沙子, 放到水中,这些都只是 很简单的几何结构。
In the front of them, you'll see it's clear water. 在这些帆布袋前, 你们可以看到清澈的水。
The waves are crashing over. 波浪打过来,
It's quite clear. 水很清澈。
And then on the backside , there's turbulence. 但它们的后方有乱流。
backside:n.背部;后方;臀部;
The water and the sand is mixing up. 水和沙子混和在一起,
mixing:n.混合;混频;录音;v.混合,掺和,融合;调配;配制;相容;(mix的现在分词)
It's causing sediment transport , and then the sand is accumulating . 把原本沉淀的沙子移动并堆积,
sediment:n.沉积;沉淀物; transport:n.运输;输送;运送;运输机;v.输送;传播;使产生身临其境的感觉;(旧时)流放; accumulating:n.[数]累加;v.积累(accumulate的ing形式);
You'll see some friendly stingrays here that visited us. 你们可以看到 友善的魟鱼群来造访我们。
stingrays:n.黄貂鱼(stingray复数);
On the left is day one, the right is day three. 左边的是第一天,右边是第三天。
You'll see the sand ripples in the light areas where the sand is accumulating just after two days. 可以看到沙子 在浅色的区域呈波浪状, 这就是沙子正在堆积当中, 而且只花了两天的时间。
ripples:n.涟漪;波纹(ripple的复数);v.呈波状(ripple的单三形式);
So this was last February, and it's very much ongoing work. 这是去年二月的事, 而且还在持续进行当中。
ongoing:n.发展; adj.持续存在的;
This is just in the beginning of this research. 这只是这项研究的起始阶段。
Over the next year and longer, we're going to be studying this through satellite imagery and bathymetry data to understand what the short-term and long-term impacts are of natural sand accumulation in the environment. 明年和接下来的几年当中, 我们打算透过卫星影像 和回声深度量测学来做研究, 以便了解环境中 天然的沙子堆积的 短程和长程冲击情况。
imagery:n.像;意象;比喻;形象化; bathymetry:n.海洋测深学(术);海洋生物分布学; short-term:adj.短期的; long-term:adj.长期的;从长远来看; impacts:n.影响; v.有影响,有作用;
And the bigger vision , though, is that we want to build submersible geometries, almost like submarines that we can sink and float. 我们还有更大的远景, 也就是建造可潜水的几何构造, 就像潜水艇一样可浮可沉。
vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见; submersible:adj.能潜水的;能沉入水中的; submarines:n.潜艇;(submarine的第三人称单数和复数)
Like adaptable artificial reefs , you could deploy them if there's a storm coming from one direction or another or if the seasons are changing, you can use these adaptable reef structures to use the force of the waves to accumulate sand. 像是可适应变化的人工礁石, 某个方向有风暴来临时, 可以让它们就位。 季节改变时, 就以这些结构利用波力来堆积沙子。
adaptable:adj.适合的;能适应的;可修改的; artificial:adj.人造的;仿造的;虚伪的;非原产地的;武断的; reefs:n.礁石(reef的复数形式); v.收帆; deploy:v.部署;利用;[军事]展开;(使)张开;
And we think this could be used in many coastal regions and many island nations around the world. 我们认为这适用于许多海岸区域, 以及全球的许多岛国。
regions:n.地区;地域;行政区;左近;(region的复数)
But when we think about building smarter environments, think of smarter buildings or smarter cars or smarter clothing, that typically means adding more power, 但我们在思考如何建造智慧环境时, 像是建造智慧建筑、 智慧汽车、智慧服装, 通常都是要耗用更多能量——
more batteries , more devices, more cost, more complexity and ultimately more failure. 更多电池、更多设备、 更多成本、更复杂, 到头来也更多的失败。
batteries:n.电池;炮组;炮列;[法]殴打;(batteries是battery的复数) complexity:n.复杂性;难以理解的局势 ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究;
So we're always trying to think about how do we build smarter things with less? 所以我们现在不断努力 设法用更少的资源建造智慧的东西,
How do we build smarter things that are simple? 简单又智慧的东西。
And so what we're proposing at the lab and with this project specifically is to use simple materials like sand that collaborates with forces in the environment like waves to accumulate and adapt. 所以我们在实验室 和在这个特定的计画中的提案, 是利用简单的材料,像是沙子, 借助环境中的力量,像是波浪, 来堆积和适应。
specifically:adv.特别地;明确地; collaborates:v.合作;(国家间的)协调;与敌合作;勾结;(collaborate的第三人称单数)
And we'd like to work with you, collaborate with us, to develop this, to scale it and apply this way of thinking. 我想邀请各位跟我们同心协力, 来发展这项技术, 来推广并运用这样的思考模式。
We think it's a different model for climate change, one that's about adaptation and resilience rather than resistance and fear. 我认为这是一个 对抗气候变迁的新模型, 提高我们的适应力和韧性, 而不再抵抗和恐惧。
adaptation:n.适应;改编;改编本,改写本; resilience:n.恢复力;弹力;顺应力; resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力;
So help us turn natural destruction into natural construction. 请幫助我们将大自然的破坏力 转化成建设力。
destruction:n.破坏,毁灭;摧毁;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）