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SkylarTibbits_2013U-_4d打印机的诞生_
This is me building a prototype for six hours straight. 这是我正在做一个模型 足足花了6个小时,
prototype:n.原型;雏形;最初形态;
This is slave labor to my own project. 完全是苦力活。
This is what the DIY and maker movements really look like. 这就是所谓的自己动手做和自造者运动。
And this is an analogy for today's construction and manufacturing world with brute-force assembly techniques . 这也是今日全球建筑和制造业的缩影: 到处可见费尽蛮力的组装技术。
analogy:n.类比;类推;类似; construction:n.建设;建筑物;解释;造句; manufacturing:n.制造业;工业;v.制造;生产(manufacture的现在分词); brute-force:n.强力攻击;蛮力; assembly:n.装配;集会,集合; techniques:n.技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;(technique的复数)
And this is exactly why I started studying how to program physical materials to build themselves. 这也是我为什么开始研究 如何让物理材料根据特定程序来组装自己。
physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查;
But there is another world. 但是,还有另外一个世界。
Today at the micro- and nanoscales, there's an unprecedented revolution happening. 如今在微观纳米级上, 正在发生一场空前的革命。
unprecedented:adj.空前的;无前例的; revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环;
And this is the ability to program physical and biological materials to change shape, change properties and even compute outside of silicon-based matter. 这就是通过编程使物理和生物材料 改变形状、改变属性的能力, 它的应用范围甚至超过了硅基物质。
biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品; compute:vt.计算;估算;用计算机计算;vi.计算;估算;推断;n.计算;估计;推断;
There's even a software called cadnano that allows us to design three-dimensional shapes like nano robots or drug delivery systems and use DNA to self-assemble those functional structures . 甚至已经有了一个叫cadnano的软件 我们可以用它来设计各种三維物体。 比如纳米机器人或者药物传输系统, 以及利用DNA自我组装各种功能结构。
three-dimensional:adj.三维的;立体的;真实的; nano:n.纳;毫微; delivery:n.[贸易]交付;分娩;递送; self-assemble:vi.自组装; functional:adj.功能的; structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式);
But if we look at the human scale, there's massive problems that aren't being addressed by those nanoscale technologies . 但是,如果我们再看宏观的人类社会生活, 还有很多问题没有被 这些纳米级技术解决。
massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; addressed:v.写(收信人)姓名地址:致函:演说:演讲:向…说话; (address的过去分词和过去式) nanoscale:n.纳米级; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
If we look at construction and manufacturing, there's major inefficiencies , energy consumption and excessive labor techniques. 如果我们看看建筑业和制造业, 有很多效率严重低下的地方,比如能源消耗 和过多的人工技能需求。
inefficiencies:无能; consumption:n.消费;消耗;肺痨; excessive:adj.过多的,极度的;过分的;
In infrastructure , let's just take one example. 在基础设施方面,我们举个例子,
infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造;
Take piping. 比如说铺设管道。
In water pipes, we have fixed-capacity water pipes that have fixed flow rates, except for expensive pumps and valves . 水管,我们的水管都是固定容积, 固定流量的,除了昂贵的水泵和水阀以外。
pumps:n.[机]泵; v.用泵送; valves:n.[机]阀门; v.装阀于…;
We bury them in the ground. 我们把它们埋在地底下,
bury:v.埋葬;隐藏;
If anything changes -- if the environment changes, the ground moves, or demand changes -- we have to start from scratch and take them out and replace them. 如果有任何变动 － 比如环境变化, 地基移动或者需求改变－ 我们就得从头再来, 把它们挖出来再换新的。
start from scratch:从头开始;白手起家;从起跑线开始;
So I'd like to propose that we can combine those two worlds, that we can combine the world of the nanoscale programmable adaptive materials and the built environment. 所以我建议把这两个世界结合起来, 把纳米级上可程序化、能自我调节的材料 和生产环境结合起来。
propose:v.建议;提议;求婚;打算; programmable:adj.[计]可编程的;可设计的; adaptive:adj.适应的,适合的;
And I don't mean automated machines. 我的意思不是自动化设备。
automated:adj.自动化的;v.(使)自动化;(automate的过去式和过去分词)
I don't just mean smart machines that replace humans. 我指的也不仅仅是让智能机器替代人类劳动,
But I mean programmable materials that build themselves. 而是那些可以可程序化的材料实现自我组装。
And that's called self-assembly , which is a process by which disordered parts build an ordered structure through only local interaction . 这就叫做自我组装, 一种把各个无序的零部件组成一个有序的结构的过程, 这一切都只通过材料自身的相互作用来完成。
self-assembly:adj.自己组装的;n.自装配; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; disordered:adj.混乱的;害了病的;发狂的;失调的; interaction:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;
So what do we need if we want to do this at the human scale? 那么要把它应用于人类社会生活,我们又需要些什么呢？
We need a few simple ingredients . 我们只需要一些简单的条件,
ingredients:n.成分;(尤指烹饪)原料;(成功的)要素;(ingredient的复数)
The first ingredient is materials and geometry , and that needs to be tightly coupled with the energy source . 第一个就是材料和几何形状, 这需要和能源材料紧密结合起来。
geometry:n.几何学;几何结构; tightly:adv.紧紧地;坚固地; source:n.来源;水源;原始资料;
And you can use passive energy -- so heat, shaking, pneumatics , gravity, magnetics . 我们可以用被动式能源 － 比如热力、抖动、气压、重力、磁力。
passive:adj.被动的,消极的;被动语态的;n.被动语态; pneumatics:n.[流]气体力学;充气轮胎(pneumatic的复数形式); magnetics:n.[电磁]磁学;
And then you need smartly designed interactions . 同时我们也需要设计得非常巧妙的交互方式。
smartly:adv.刺痛地;漂亮地;潇洒地;火辣辣地; interactions:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;(interaction复数)
And those interactions allow for error correction , and they allow the shapes to go from one state to another state. 而且这些交互方式可以纠错, 可以让已成型的物体改变状态。
error correction:un.纠错;错误校正;误差校正;误差修正;
So now I'm going to show you a number of projects that we've built, from one-dimensional , two-dimensional , three-dimensional and even four-dimensional systems. 我现在要为大家展示我们已经做好的一些项目, 从一维、二维、三维 甚至到四维的系统。
one-dimensional:adj.肤浅的;单面的;幻想的; two-dimensional:adj.二维的;缺乏深度的; four-dimensional:adj.四维的;四次元的;
So in one-dimensional systems -- this is a project called the self-folding proteins . 在一维系统里 － 我们有个项目叫 自我折叠蛋白质 。
proteins:n.[生化]蛋白质(protein复数);
And the idea is that you take the three-dimensional structure of a protein -- in this case it's the crambin protein -- you take the backbone -- so no cross-linking , no environmental interactions -- and you break that down into a series of components . 思路是我们拿一个蛋白质的三維结构模型 － 这里我们用的是花菜蛋白 － 我们拿出它的主链 － 没有交叉链接的地方或者与环境的相互作用 － 我们把它分解成一系列的组成部分。
backbone:n.支柱;主干网;决心,毅力;脊椎; cross-linking:n.交联;交叉结合;v.使交联;交叉耦合(cross-link的ing形式); series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; components:n.部件;组件;成份(component复数);
And then we embed elastic . 然后我们嵌入一定的弹性松紧度。
embed:vt.栽种;使嵌入,使插入;使深留脑中; elastic:n.橡皮圈;adj.有弹力(弹性)的;伸缩自如的;机变的;
And when I throw this up into the air and catch it, it has the full three-dimensional structure of the protein, all of the intricacies . 然后我把它抛向空中再接住, 它就变成了蛋白质本身复杂的三維结构。
intricacies:n.纷繁难懂之处;错综复杂的事物;
And this gives us a tangible model of the three-dimensional protein and how it folds and all of the intricacies of the geometry. 它为我们展示了一个形象的 三維蛋白质模型,它是如何折叠的 以及它的几何复杂性。
tangible:adj.有形的;切实的;可触摸的;n.有形资产;
So we can study this as a physical, intuitive model. 所以我们可以利用这个实际直观的模型来研究蛋白质。
intuitive:adj.直觉的;凭直觉获知的;
And we're also translating that into two-dimensional systems -- so flat sheets that can self-fold into three-dimensional structures. 同时我们也把这个想法应用到二维系统里－ 比如使平板能够自我折叠形成三維结构。
sheets:n.床单;被单;薄片,薄板;(sheet的复数) self-fold:自折叠;
In three dimensions , we did a project last year at TEDGlobal with Autodesk and Arthur Olson where we looked at autonomous parts -- so individual parts not pre-connected that can come together on their own. 对于三維系统,我们去年在TEDGlobal和Autodesk(欧特克) 以及Arthur Olson做了一个项目。 我们研究了分散独立的零件 － 就是怎样让各自分散的部分自发的组合在一起。
dimensions:n.规模,大小; autonomous:adj.自治的;自主的;自发的; individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
And we built 500 of these glass beakers . 我们一共做了500个这样的烧杯。
beakers:n.烧杯(beaker的复数形式);
They had different molecular structures inside and different colors that could be mixed and matched. 里面有不同的分子结构 以及不同的可以相互混杂搭配的颜色。
molecular:adj.[化学]分子的;由分子组成的;
And we gave them away to all the TEDsters. 我们把它们给了所有在场的TED观众。
And so these became intuitive models to understand how molecular self-assembly works at the human scale. 这些形象的模型帮助我们 在宏观上理解分子是如何自我组装的。
This is the polio virus. 这个是脊髓灰质炎病毒。
polio:n.小儿麻痹症(等于poliomyelitis);脊髓灰质炎;
You shake it hard and it breaks apart. 你使劲儿一摇,它就散架了。
And then you shake it randomly and it starts to error correct and built the structure on its own. 然后你随便摇瓶子 它就开始纠错然后自己组合成本来的结构形状。
randomly:adv.随便地,任意地;无目的,胡乱地;未加计划地;
And this is demonstrating that through random energy, we can build non-random shapes. 这个例子说明了我们可以利用不规则的运动能量 形成规则的物体形状。
demonstrating:n.演示;v.证明;示威;显示;(demonstrate的现在分词) non-random:非随机的;
We even demonstrated that we can do this at a much larger scale. 我们甚至证明了它同样适用于更加宏观的层面。
demonstrated:v.证明;证实;论证;说明;表达;(demonstrate的过去分词和过去式)
Last year at TED Long Beach, we built an installation that builds installations . 去年在TED的 Long Beach, 我们做了一个可以制造其它设备的装置。
installations:n.[军]设施;装置(installation的复数形式);[机]设备;
The idea was, could we self-assemble furniture-scale objects? 想法就是我们能不能自我组装家具大小的物体呢？
So we built a large rotating chamber , and people would come up and spin the chamber faster or slower, adding energy to the system and getting an intuitive understanding of how self-assembly works and how we could use this as a macroscale construction or manufacturing technique for products. 所以我们做了一个大的滚动的空间, 然后人们过来或快或慢的滚动它 来给这个系统增加能量 从而更形象的理解了自我组装是怎么一回事, 以及我们怎样 在产品的宏观建设或制造技术上利用它。
rotating:v.(使)旋转,转动;(工作)由…轮值;(rotate的现在分词) chamber:n.(身体或器官内的)室,膛; adj.室内的; vt.把…关在室内; spin:v.旋转;纺纱;吐丝;纺线;n.头晕;(快速)旋转;常用于英式英语;晕头转向; macroscale:n.宏观尺度;大规模;
So remember, I said 4D. 还记得我刚才提到了四维,
So today for the first time, we're unveiling a new project, which is a collaboration with Stratasys, and it's called 4D printing. 今天我们首次向大家展示一个新项目, 这是和Stratasys公司一同合作的, 它叫做4D(四维)打印。
unveiling:n.揭幕;计划公布;v.为…揭幕;(首次)展示,介绍;(unveil的现在分词) collaboration:n.合作;勾结;通敌;
The idea behind 4D printing is that you take multi-material 3D printing -- so you can deposit multiple materials -- and you add a new capability , which is transformation , that right off the bed, the parts can transform from one shape to another shape directly on their own. 4D(四维)打印指的是 我们利用多材料进行三維打印 － 就是我们可以使用多种材料 － 同时我们又新加一种能力, 就是变形。 一但从车床上下来, 这些不同的零部件就可以直接自发的变成其他的形状,
multi-material:多材质,混合材质; deposit:n.订金; v.放下; multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; capability:n.才能,能力;性能,容量; transformation:n.转变;(用于南非)民主改革; directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就;
And this is like robotics without wires or motors. 就像是没有电线或者马达驱动的机器人。
robotics:n.机器人学;
So you completely print this part, and it can transform into something else. 所以我们把一个部分完整的打印出来, 它就可以自己变成其它的物体形状。
We also worked with Autodesk on a software they're developing called Project Cyborg . 我们也和Autodesk（欧特克）合作了他们正在开发的Project Cyborg软件。
Cyborg:abbr.(部分机能由各种电子或电机装置代替的)半机械人;
And this allows us to simulate this self-assembly behavior and try to optimize which parts are folding when. 这个项目让我们可以模拟自我组装这种行为 以及优化哪些部件应该在何时折叠变形。
simulate:vt.模仿;假装;冒充;adj.模仿的;假装的; optimize:vt.使最优化,使完善;vi.优化;持乐观态度;
But most importantly, we can use this same software for the design of nanoscale self-assembly systems and human scale self-assembly systems. 但是,最重要的是,我们可以利用同样的软件 设计纳米级的自我组装系统 以及人类生活中的自我组装系统。
These are parts being printed with multi-material properties. 这些是用多材料属性打印出来的零件
Here's the first demonstration . 这是第一个演示,
demonstration:n.示范;演示;论证;证明;
A single strand dipped in water that completely self-folds on its own into the letters M I T. 把一条链子浸在水里 它可以完全自我折叠成 字母M. I. T （美国麻省理工学院）。
strand:n.(线、绳、金属线、毛发等的)股; v.使滞留; dipped:v.蘸;浸;(使)下降;把(汽车前灯的)远光调为近光;(dip的过去分词和过去式)
I'm biased . 我确实偏心。
biased:adj.有偏见的;结果偏倚的,有偏的;
This is another part, single strand, dipped in a bigger tank that self-folds into a cube, a three-dimensional structure, on its own. 另外一个演示,把一条链子浸在一个大缸里, 它会自我折叠变成一个三維结构的立方体,
So no human interaction. 没有任何人力的影响。
And we think this is the first time that a program and transformation has been embedded directly into the materials themselves. 我们认为这是首次 把一个程序软件和变形 一起直接的嵌入（应用）到材料中去。
embedded:adj.嵌入式的;植入的;内含的;v.嵌入(embed的过去式和过去分词形式);
And it also might just be the manufacturing technique that allows us to produce more adaptive infrastructure in the future. 或许这将是一种制造技术, 能让我们在未来生产更多的可自我调节的基础设施设备。
So I know you're probably thinking, okay, that's cool, but how do we use any of this stuff for the built environment? 我知道大家现在大概会想, 好吧,看着挺酷的,但是我们怎么把它应用到生产环境里？
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
So I've started a lab at MIT, and it's called the Self-Assembly Lab. 我在MIT（美国麻省理工学院）开展了一个实验室, 它叫做“自我组装实验室”。
And we're dedicated to trying to develop programmable materials for the built environment. 我们致力于为实际生产环境开发 可程序化的材料。
dedicated:adj.献身的; v.把…奉献给; (dedicate的过去分词和过去式)
And we think there's a few key sectors that have fairly near-term applications. 我们认为有几个关键部分 它们可以在相当短期内得到应用。
sectors:n.部门; v.把…划成扇形; fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直; near-term:adj.近期的;
One of those is in extreme environments. 其中之一就是在极限环境下。
extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物;
These are scenarios where it's difficult to build, our current construction techniques don't work, it's too large, it's too dangerous, it's expensive, too many parts. 有些情况是建造起来非常困难, 我们现有的建造技术行不通的。 它太大,太危险,太昂贵,太庞杂。
scenarios:n.情节;脚本;情景介绍(scenario的复数);
And space is a great example of that. 太空就是一个非常好的例子。
We're trying to design new scenarios for space that have fully reconfigurable and self-assembly structures that can go from highly functional systems from one to another. 我们正在为太空环境设计新的 可以完全重置和自我组装的结构。 它们可以自我转化成各种功能强大的系统。
reconfigurable:可重构性;可重配置;可重构的; highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地;
Let's go back to infrastructure. 我们再回到基础设施建设。
In infrastructure, we're working with a company out of Boston called Geosyntec. 在这个领域,我们正和波士顿一家叫Geosyntec的公司合作,
Boston:n.波士顿(美国城市);
And we're developing a new paradigm for piping. 正在开发一种新的管道模板。
paradigm:n.范例;词形变化表;
Imagine if water pipes could expand or contract to change capacity or change flow rate, or maybe even undulate like peristaltics to move the water themselves. 想象一下如果水管可以膨胀或者收缩 来改变容积、改变流量、 它甚至可以自己起伏蠕动来传输水。
expand:v.扩张;使膨胀;详述;发展;张开,展开; contract:v.收缩;感染;订约;n.合同;婚约; capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力; undulate:vi.起伏,波动; vt.波动; adj.波动的;
So this isn't expensive pumps or valves. 这就不需要昂贵的水泵或者水阀了。
This is a completely programmable and adaptive pipe on its own. 这是一个完全可程序化和自我调节的管道。
So I want to remind you today of the harsh realities of assembly in our world. 我今天想要提醒大家的是 － 当今残酷的组装现实。
remind:v.提醒;使想起; harsh:adj.严厉的;严酷的;刺耳的;粗糙的;刺目的;
These are complex things built with complex parts that come together in complex ways. 这些庞杂的集合体是用复杂的零件 以繁复的方式组装起来的。
complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
So I would like to invite you from whatever industry you're from to join us in reinventing and reimagining the world, how things come together from the nanoscale to the human scale, so that we can go from a world like this to a world that's more like this. 所以,我真诚的邀请大家,不管你们来自哪个领域, 和我们一起重塑和重新想象这个世界, 怎样将微观纳米世界和宏观人类生活的事物结合在一起。 从而,我们可以从这样一个世界过渡到 一个更类似于这样的世界。
reinventing:v.以新形象示人;以新形式出现;(reinvent的现在分词) reimagining:重新想象;再回味(reimagine的现在分词)
Thank you. 谢谢大家。
(Applause) (掌声）