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ShimonSchocken_2012G-_自组织式计算机课程_
So, this is my grandfather, 嗯~这是我爷爷,
Salman Schocken, who was born into a poor and uneducated family with six children to feed, and when he was 14 years old, he was forced to drop out of school in order to help put bread on the table. 萨勒曼·肖肯, 他出生于一个贫穷的,没有文化的家庭 辍学,为了能帮助家里挣点吃的。
uneducated:adj.无知的;未受教育的;v.未受教育(uneducate的过去式和过去分词);
He never went back to school.
Instead, he went on to build a glittering empire of department stores.
glittering:adj.闪闪发光的;v.闪闪发光;(glitter的现在分词);
Salman was the consummate perfectionist , and every one of his stores was a jewel of Bauhaus architecture . 萨勒曼是个极端的完美主义者, 他的每一个商店
consummate:adj.技艺高超的;完美的;vt.(初次)同房;使完美; perfectionist:n.完美主义者,追求完美的人;至善论者; architecture:n.建筑学;建筑风格;建筑式样;架构;
He was also the ultimate self-learner, and like everything else, he did it in grand style.
ultimate:adj.最终的;极限的;根本的;n.终极;根本;基本原则;
He surrounded himself with an entourage of young, unknown scholars like Martin Buber and Shai Agnon and Franz Kafka, and he paid each one of them a monthly salary so that they could write in peace. 他们都是年轻、 默默无闻的学者,像马丁 · 布
entourage:n.随从;周围;环境; scholars:n.学者们(scholar的复数); monthly:n.月刊:adv.每个月:每月一次:adj.每月的:
And yet, in the late '30s, Salman saw what's coming. 不过,在 30 年代后期,萨勒曼预期到了要发生的事情
He fled Germany, together with his family, leaving everything else behind.
fled:v.迅速离开;逃避,逃跑;(flee的过去分词和过去式)
His department stores confiscated , he spent the rest of his life in a relentless pursuit of art and culture. 他的百货公司被没收 他穷尽余生去不懈的追求
confiscated:v.充公,没收(confiscate的过去分词); relentless:adj.无情的;残酷的;不间断的; pursuit:n.追求;追赶;追捕;跟踪;
This high school dropout died at the age of 82, a formidable intellectual , cofounder and first CEO of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , and founder of Schocken Books, an acclaimed imprint that was later acquired by Random House. 这位高中辍学生 肯出版社是个广受好评的影印刊物,后来
dropout:n.退学学生;脱落;信号失落; formidable:adj.强大的;可怕的;令人敬畏的;艰难的; intellectual:n.知识分子;脑力劳动者;adj.智力的;脑力的;理智的;有才智的; cofounder:n.共同创办人; Hebrew:n.希伯来人,犹太人;希伯来语;adj.希伯来语的;希伯来人的; Jerusalem:n.耶路撒冷(以色列首都); acclaimed:adj.受到赞扬的;v.欢呼(acclaim的过去式及过去分词); imprint:n.印记;痕迹;特征;版本说明;vt.加特征;刻上记号; acquired:adj.习得的; v.获得; (acquire的过去分词和过去式) Random:adj.[数]随机的;任意的;胡乱的;n.随意;adv.胡乱地;
Such is the power of self-study . 这就是自学的力量。
self-study:n.自学;
And these are my parents.
They too did not enjoy the privilege of college education.
privilege:n.特权;优待;v.给与…特权;特免;
They were too busy building a family and a country.
And yet, just like Salman, they were lifelong, tenacious self-learners, and our home was stacked with thousands of books, records and artwork. 然而,就像萨勒曼、 他们是终身的
tenacious:adj.顽强的;坚韧的;固执的;紧握的;黏着力强的; stacked:adj.放有大量…的; v.(使)放成整齐的一叠(或一摞、一堆); (stack的过去分词和过去式)
I remember quite vividly my father telling me that when everyone in the neighborhood will have a TV set, then we'll buy a normal F.M. radio. (Laughter)
vividly:adv.生动地;强烈地; neighborhood:n.附近;地区;街坊;adj.附近的;
And that's me, 这就是我,
I was going to say holding my first abacus , but actually holding what my father would consider an ample substitute to an iPad. (Laughter) 我想说拿着我的第一个算盘 iPad的充分替代品。（笑声）
abacus:n.算盘; ample:adj.丰富的;足够的;宽敞的; substitute:v.取代;(以…)代替;n.代用品;代替物;代替者;替补(运动员);
So one thing that I took from home is this notion that educators don't necessarily have to teach. 教育工作者不一定必须要教。
notion:n.观念;信念;理解; necessarily:adv.必要地;必定地,必然地;
Instead, they can provide an environment and resources that tease out your natural ability to learn on your own. 相反,他们可以提供环境和资源
resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); tease:v.取笑; n.戏弄;
Self-study, self-exploration , self-empowerment: these are the virtues of a great education. 这些都是伟大教育的优点。
self-exploration:自我探索; virtues:n.优点,贞操;美德;
So I'd like to share with you a story about a self-study, self-empowering computer science course that I built, together with my brilliant colleague Noam Nisan. 自我发展的计算机科学课程 这是我与我的才华横溢的同事Noam Nisan,共同建立的
computer science:n.计算机科学; colleague:n.同事,同僚;
As you can see from the pictures, both Noam and I had an early fascination with first principles , and over the years, as our knowledge of science and technology became more sophisticated , this early awe with the basics has only intensified . 对基本原则有着早期迷恋 科学和技术方面变得更加精深, 这种对于基础知识的早期敬畏
As you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的; fascination:n.魅力;魔力;入迷; first principles:n.基本原理;基本原则; technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的; awe:vt.使敬畏;使畏怯;n.敬畏; intensified:加强的;
So it's not surprising that, about 12 years ago, when 所以不足为奇,大约12年前,
Noam and I were already computer science professors, we were equally frustrated by the same phenomenon . 我们同样对相同的现象感到沮丧。
frustrated:adj.失意的,挫败的;泄气的;v.挫败;阻挠;(frustrate的过去式和过去分词) phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物);
As computers became increasingly more complex , our students were losing the forest for the trees, and indeed, it is impossible to connect with the soul of the machine if you interact with a black box P.C. or a Mac which is shrouded by numerous layers of closed, proprietary software. 因为计算机变得越来越复杂, 我们的学生正在失去树木森林 PC或者Mac的黑盒子互动的话,这些黑盒子被 很多层的密闭的专利软件包裹。
increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施; interact:v.互相影响;互相作用;n.幕间剧;幕间休息; black box:黑箱;(装在飞机上记录飞行情况等的)密封仪器; shrouded:v.覆盖;隐藏;隐瞒;保密;(shroud的过去分词和过去式) numerous:adj.许多的,很多的; layers:n.层;表层;层次;阶层;v.把…分层堆放;(layer的第三人称单数和复数) proprietary:n.所有权;所有人;adj.所有的;专利的;私人拥有的;
So Noam and I had this insight that if we want our students to understand how computers work, and understand it in the marrow of their bones, then perhaps the best way to go about it is to have them build a complete, working, 并了解他们的骨头里的精髓, 那么也许最好的实现方式就是
insight:n.洞察力;洞悉; marrow:n.髓,骨髓;精华;活力;
general-purpose , useful computer, hardware and software, from the ground up , from first principles.
general-purpose:adj.多用途的;一般用途的; hardware:n.计算机硬件;五金器具; from the ground up:从头开始;彻底;
Now, we had to start somewhere, and so Noam and I decided to base our cathedral , so to speak , on the simplest possible building block, which is something called NAND. 最可能的建造区域打基。 这也被称为 NAND。
cathedral:n.大教堂; so to speak:可以说;打个譬喻说;
It is nothing more than a trivial logic gate with four input-output states. 这就是个简单的逻辑门
trivial:adj.不重要的,琐碎的;琐细的; logic gate:n.逻辑门; input-output:n.[计划]投入产出;
So we now start this journey by telling our students that God gave us NAND — (Laughter) — and told us to build a computer, and when we asked how, 上帝给了我们 NAND — — （笑声） — —
journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行;
God said, "One step at a time."
And then, following this advice, we start with this lowly , humble NAND gate, and we walk our students through an elaborate sequence of projects in which they gradually build a chip set, 低端的,简陋的逻辑门开始, 我们带领我们的学生完成了一些列复杂的
lowly:adj.卑贱的;地位低的;谦逊的;adv.谦逊地;位置低下地;低声地; humble:adj.谦逊的; vt.使谦恭; elaborate:adj.精心制作的;详尽的;煞费苦心的;v.精心制作;详细描述;变复杂; sequence:n.顺序; v.按顺序排列; gradually:adv.渐渐地;逐步地; chip:v.削,凿;削成碎片;剥落;碎裂;n.[电子]芯片;筹码;碎片;(食物的)小片;薄片;
a hardware platform , an assembler , a virtual machine, a basic operating system and a compiler for a simple, Java-like language that we call "JACK." 为了简洁,我们把像 Java之类的语言称为 Jack。
platform:n.平台; v.把…放在台上[放在高处; assembler:n.汇编程序;装配工; virtual:adj.[计]虚拟的;实质上的,事实上的(但未在名义上或正式获承认); operating system:n.(计算机)操作系统; compiler:n.编译器;[计]编译程序;编辑者,汇编者;
The students celebrate the end of this tour de force by using JACK to write all sorts of cool games like Pong , Snake and Tetris . 像乒乓球、 贪吃蛇和俄罗斯方块。
tour de force:n.绝技;特技;杰作; Pong:n.乒乓球;恶臭;难闻的气味;vi.发出难闻的气味;adj.乒乓的; Tetris:n.俄罗斯方块(一种早期的益智游戏);
You can imagine the tremendous joy of playing with a Tetris game that you wrote in JACK and then compiled into machine language in a compiler that you wrote also, and then seeing the result running on a machine that you built starting with nothing more than a few thousand NAND gates. 你可以想象玩起来的巨大喜悦 然后在你编写的编译器中编译成机器语言 然后在你用不过几千个逻辑门开始 制造的机器上运行
tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的; compiled:adj.编译的;v.编辑(compile的过去分词);
It's a tremendous personal triumph of going from first principles all the way to a fantastically complex and useful system. 这是一场巨大的个人胜利
personal:adj.个人的;身体的;亲自的;n.人事消息栏;人称代名词; triumph:v.战胜;成功;打败;n.巨大成功;重大成就;伟大胜利;喜悦; fantastically:adv.想像中地;奇特地;难以置信地;
Noam and I worked five years to facilitate this ascent and to create the tools and infrastructure that will enable students to build it in one semester . 诺姆和我用五年完成了 它的改善,同时创建了工具和基础设施 使得学生们可以在一学期内完成制造
facilitate:vt.促进;帮助;使容易; ascent:n.上升;上坡路;登高; infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造; enable:v.使能够;使有机会;使成为可能;使可行; semester:n.学期;半年;
And this is the great team that helped us make it happen.
The trick was to decompose the computer's construction into numerous stand-alone modules , each of which could be individually specified , built and unit-tested in isolation from the rest of the project. 而诀窍是将计算机结构分解为 制造和单元测设,而与项目的其他部分完全分离。
decompose:v.腐烂;(使)分解; construction:n.建设;建筑物;解释;造句; stand-alone:n.独立;单机;adj.独立的;独立操作的; modules:n.[计]模块(module的复数);加载模块列表; individually:adv.个别地,单独地; specified:v.指定;具体说明;逐一登记;列入清单;(specified是specify的过去分词)
And from day one, Noam and I decided to put all these building blocks freely available in open source on the Web.
building blocks:(儿童玩的)积木;建筑砌块;堆积木;建筑砖块;基石;
So chip specifications , APIs , project descriptions , software tools, hardware simulators , CPU emulators, stacks of hundreds of slides, lectures -- we laid out everything on the Web and invited the world to come over, take whatever they need, and do whatever they want with it. 所以芯片规格、 应用程序界面、 项目说明 软件工具、 硬件模拟器、 CPU 模拟器 成堆的数以百计的幻灯片,讲座 — — 随便他们对此使用。
specifications:n.规格;规范;明细单;说明书;(specification的复数) APIs:n.蜂属;神牛(古埃及的一种圣牛); descriptions:n.摘要;说明,说明书;描述(description的复数形式); simulators:n.模拟器;假装者,模拟者; stacks:n.堆叠;[图情]书库(stack的复数);进程堆栈应用;
And then something fascinating happened. 接着奇妙的事情发生了。
fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词)
The world came.
And in short order , thousands of people were building our machine. 在制造我们的机器。
in short order:迅速地,立即;
And NAND2Tetris became one of the first massive , open, online courses, although seven years ago we had no idea that what we were doing is called MOOCs. 大规模的、 开放的、 在线课程之一 虽然 7 年前我们还不知道我们在做的 东西被叫做MOOCs。
massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的;
We just observed how self-organized courses were kind of spontaneously spawning out of our materials. 我们只是观察到自发课程
observed:adj.观察的;观测的;v.观察;遵守;注意到(observe的过去分词形式); self-organized:adj.自组织的;自发的; spontaneously:adv.自发地;自然地;不由自主地; spawning:v.播种,产卵;大量生成(spawn的现在分词);n.产卵;增殖;
For example, Pramode C.E., an engineer from Kerala, India, has organized groups of self-learners who build our computer under his good guidance. 已经组织了多批自学者 在他的良好指导下制造我们的计算机
And Parag Shah, another engineer, from Mumbai, has unbundled our projects into smaller, more manageable bites that he now serves in his pioneering do-it-yourself computer science program. 同时另一名工程师,来自孟买的帕尔克 · 沙阿 他的开创性的do-it-yourself计算机科学项目。
unbundled:adj.非捆绑的; v.分类定价; manageable:adj.易管理的;易控制的;易办的; do-it-yourself:adj.自己动手的;n.自己动手;
The people who are attracted to these courses typically have a hacker mentality . 通常有一种黑客的心态。
typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地; hacker:n.电脑黑客,企图不法侵入他人电脑系统的人; mentality:n.心态;[心理]智力;精神力;头脑作用;
They want to figure out how things work, and they want to do it in groups, like this hackers club in Washington, D.C., that uses our materials to offer community courses. 他们想要弄明白计算机是如果工作的
hackers:n.黑客,骇客;电脑黑客(hacker的复数); community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
And because these materials are widely available and open-source , different people take them to very different and unpredictable directions. 而因为这些材料是广泛许可
open-source:adj.(计算机)开放源代码; unpredictable:adj.不可预知的;不定的;出乎意料的;n.不可预言的事;
For example, Yu Fangmin, from Guangzhou, has used FPGA technology to build our computer and show others how to do the same using a video clip , and Ben Craddock developed a very nice computer game that unfolds 例如,余方敏,来自广州市 已使用 FPGA 技术 来构造我们的计算机并向别人展示如何做出一样的 通过使用视频剪辑,同时本 · 杜克开发 了一个非常漂亮的计算机游戏
clip:v.剪辑;修剪;削减;固定;n.夹;夹子;速度;钳; computer game:n.电脑游戏; unfolds:vt.打开;呈现;vi.展开;显露;
inside our CPU architecture, which is quite a complex 3D maze that Ben developed using the Minecraft 3D simulator engine. 3D 迷宫 通过使用Minecraft 3D 模拟器引擎。
maze:n.迷宫;迷惑;糊涂;vt.迷失;使混乱;使困惑;
The Minecraft community went bananas over this project, and Ben became an instant media celebrity . Minecraft社区因为这个项目而很生气 同时 Ben 立刻成为了媒体名人。
instant:n.瞬间; adj.立即的; conj.同"assoonas"; media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; celebrity:n.名人;名声;
And indeed, for quite a few people, taking this NAND2Tetris pilgrimage , if you will, has turned into a life-changing experience. 事实上,对于很大一批人 参加这次NAND2Tetris的朝圣之旅,如果你也愿意的话,
quite a few:不少,相当多; pilgrimage:n.漫游;朝圣之行;vi.朝拜;漫游; life-changing:改变人生的;
For example, take Dan Rounds, who is a music and math major from East Lansing, Michigan . 例如,像Dan Rounds,从事音乐
Michigan:n.密歇根;美国密歇根州;
A few weeks ago, Dan posted a victorious post on our website, and I'd like to read it to you. 几个星期前,Dan张贴了一张胜利的海报
victorious:adj.胜利的;凯旋的;
So here's what Dan said.
'"I did the coursework because understanding computers is important to me, just like literacy and numeracy , and I made it through. I never worked harder on anything, never been challenged to this degree. 从未遇到这么大的挑战。
coursework:n.作业,修习;指定功课,职业培训; literacy:n.读写能力;精通文学; numeracy:n.计算能力,识数;
But given what I now feel capable of doing, 但鉴于我觉得自己现在所能做的事情,
capable:adj.能干的,能胜任的;有才华的;
I would certainly do it again.
To anyone considering NAND2Tetris, it's a tough journey, but you'll be profoundly changed."
profoundly:adv.深刻地;深深地;极度地;
So Dan demonstrates the many self-learners who take this course off the Web, on their own traction , on their own initiative , and it's quite amazing because these people cannot care less about grades. 靠着他们自己的主动性,这是相当令人吃惊的,因为 成绩(分数)
demonstrates:v.证明;证实;论证;说明;演示;(demonstrate的第三人称单数) traction:n.牵引;[机][车辆]牵引力; initiative:n.倡议;主动性;积极性;主动权;adj.起始的;
They are doing it because of one motivation only. 他们这样做因为只有一个动机。
motivation:n.动机;积极性;推动;
They have a tremendous passion to learn. 他们有极大的学习热情。
passion:n.激情;热情;酷爱;盛怒;
And with that in mind, 因为有这一点在脑中,
I'd like to say a few words about traditional college grading. 我想对传统大学的成绩评定说几句。
traditional:传统的,惯例的,
I'm sick of it.
We are obsessed with grades because we are obsessed with data, and yet grading takes away all the fun from failing, and a huge part of education is about failing. 我们着迷于分数 教育的很大一个部分
obsessed:v.使痴迷;使迷恋;使着迷;(obsess的过去式和过去分词)
Courage, according to Churchill , is the ability to go from one defeat to another without losing enthusiasm . (Laughter) 丘吉尔说,勇气, 是从一个战败走到另一个战败,
according to:根据,据说; Churchill:n.邱吉尔(英国政治家及作家); enthusiasm:n.热心,热忱,热情;
And [Joyce] said that mistakes are the portals of discovery.
portals:n.门户网站;[建]入口;大门(portal的复数);
And yet we don't tolerate mistakes, and we worship grades.
tolerate:v.容忍;忍受;容许;包容; worship:n.崇拜;崇敬;爱慕;阁下;v.崇拜(上帝或神);做礼拜;热爱;崇拜;
So we collect your B pluses and your A minuses and we aggregate them into a number like 3.4, which is stamped on your forehead and sums up who you are. 所以我们收集你的B+和A- 把他们印在你的额头
minuses:prep.减,减去;n.负号,减号;不足;负数;adj.减的;负的; aggregate:vi.集合; vt.集合; n.合计; adj.聚合的; forehead:n.前额; sums:n.算术题;总数;全部;v.归纳;总计;(sum的第三人称单数和复数)
Well, in my opinion , we went too far with this nonsense , and grading became degrading . 嗯,在我看来,我们这种蠢事做的够久了 同时分数变得有辱人格。
in my opinion:在我看来;我认为; nonsense:n.胡说;废话;adj.荒谬的;int.胡说; degrading:adj.降低身份的; v.降低…身份; (degrade的现在分词)
So with that, I'd like to say a few words about upgrading , and share with you a glimpse from my current project, which is different from the previous one, but it shares exactly the same characteristics of self-learning, learning by doing, self-exploration and community-building , and this project deals with K-12 math education, beginning with early age math, and we do it on tablets because we believe that math, like anything else, should be taught hands on. 所以对于这个,我想说几句关于（体系）升级 与你分享下一些我的现行项目 这与前面的那个项目不一样 但他共享了一样的特性 关于自学,从动手中学习, 自我发现和社区建设。 同时该项目涉及从幼儿园到12年级的数学教育
upgrading:v.升级;[矿业]提高品位(upgrade的现在分词);n.叠积作用,加积作用; glimpse:v.瞥见;[诗]闪现;n.领悟;概况;见识;一睹; previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前; characteristics:n.特征;特点;品质;(characteristic的复数) community-building:社区建设; tablets:n.药片;片剂;(固定于墙上作纪念的)牌,碑,匾;(tablet的第三人称单数和复数)
So here's what we do. Basically , we developed numerous mobile apps, every one of them explaining a particular concept in math. 所以这里我们做的。根本来讲,我们开发了 许多的手机应用程序,每一个解释
Basically:adv.主要地,基本上; mobile:n.手机;汽车;移动电话;adj.活跃的;可动的;
So for example, let's take area. 所以例如,我们选择面积。
When you deal with a concept like area -- well, we also provide a set of tools that the child is invited to experiment with in order to learn. 当你涉及到一个概念,如面积- 被邀请来参加试验,来学习
So if area is what interests us, then one thing which is natural to do is to tile the area of this particular shape and simply count how many tiles it takes to cover it completely. 因此,如果面积是使我们感兴趣的,那么有一件 很自然的事情就是对面积铺砖 需要多少瓷砖来完全覆盖面积
tiles:n.[建]瓷砖(tile的复数形式);v.铺砖(tile的第三人称单数形式);
And this little exercise here gives you a first good insight of the notion of area. 对于面积概念的领悟。
Moving along, what about the area of this figure? 继续向前,这个图形的面积是多少？
Well, if you try to tile it, it doesn't work too well, does it. 嗯,如果你尝试平铺他,貌似不行,不是吗？
So instead, you can experiment with these different tools here by some process of guided trial and error, and at some point you will discover that one thing 利用这里的这些不同工具进行
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
that you can do among several legitimate transformations is the following one. You can cut the figure, you can rearrange the parts, you can glue them and then proceed to tile just like we did before. 你可以做几个合法转换 然后进行平铺的过程就像我们之前的那样。
legitimate:adj.合法的;正当的;合理的;正统的;v.使合法;认为正当(等于legitimize); transformations:n.[晶体]转变(transformation的复数形式);转换; rearrange:v.重新排列;重新整理; glue:n.胶;胶水;v.粘贴; proceed:n.收入;卖得金额;收益;v.继续;接着做;行进;前往;
(Applause)
Now this particular transformation did not change the area of the original figure, so a six-year-old who plays with this has just discovered a clever algorithm to compute the area of any given parallelogram . 现在这个特定的转换 没有改变原始图形的面积, 刚发现一个聪明的算法 来计算任何给定的平行四边形的面积。
original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的; parallelogram:n.平行四边形;
We don't replace teachers, by the way . 顺便说下,我们不想代替教师
by the way:顺便说一下;
We believe that teachers should be empowered , not replaced. 我们相信教师应被准许,而不是替代。
empowered:v.授权;给(某人)…的权力;(empower的过去分词和过去式)
Moving along, what about the area of a triangle ?
triangle:n.三角形;三角形物体;三角铁(打击乐器);三角关系;
So after some guided trial and error, the child will discover, with or without help, that he or she can duplicate the original figure and then take the result, transpose it, 所以在一些引导性反复试验后 儿童将会发现,有或没有帮助,
duplicate:v.复制;使加倍;n.副本;复制品;adj.复制的;二重的; transpose:vt.调换;移项;颠倒顺序;vi.进行变换;n.转置阵;
glue it to the original and then proceed [with] what we did before: cut, rearrange, paste — oops— paste and glue, and tile. 将其粘附到原始图形,然后继续 [进行] 我们之前做的: 和铺砖。
paste:v.粘贴; n.面团; adj.人造的;
Now this transformation has doubled the area of the original figure, and therefore we have just learned that the area of the triangle equals the area of this rectangle divided by two. 因此我们已经学习到 三角形的面积等于此矩形的面积 除以二。
rectangle:n.矩形;长方形;
But we discovered it by self-exploration. 但是我们是通过自我发掘发现的。
So, in addition to learning some useful geometry , the child has been exposed to some pretty sophisticated science strategies , like reduction , which is the art of transforming a complex problem into a simple one, or generalization , which is at the heart of any scientific discipline , or the fact that some properties are invariant under some transformations. 儿童接触了一些相当复杂的 科学方法,像减少 这是一种 将复杂问题简单化的艺术 任何科学学科的核心 或在某些转化下
in addition to:除…之外; geometry:n.几何学;几何结构; exposed:adj.无遮蔽的; v.暴露; (expose的过去分词和过去式) strategies:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;(strategy的复数) reduction:n.减少;缩小;降低;减价;折扣;缩图; transforming:v.使改变形态;使改变外观(或性质);使改观;(transform的现在分词) generalization:n.概括;普遍化;一般化; scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; discipline:n.纪律;训练;自制力;风纪;v.训练;管教;惩罚;处罚; invariant:adj.不变的;n.[数]不变量;[计]不变式;
And all this is something that a very young child can pick up using such mobile apps.
So presently , we are doing the following: 所以目前我们就在做如下的事情:
presently:adv.(美)目前;不久;
First of all , we are decomposing the K-12 math curriculum into numerous such apps.
First of all:adv.首先; decomposing:v.腐烂;(使)分解;(decompose的现在分词) curriculum:n.课程;总课程;
And because we cannot do it on our own, we've developed a very fancy authoring tool that any author, any parent or actually anyone who has an interest in math education, 因为我们不能靠自己来完成, 只要对数学教育感兴趣
fancy:n.幻想; adj.想象的; v.想象;
can use this authoring tool to develop similar apps on tablets without programming. 可以使用此开发工具来开发类似的平板电脑软件
And finally , we are putting together an adaptive ecosystem that will match different learners with different apps according to their evolving learning style. 最后,我们组合成一个适应性生态系统 它将匹配不同的学习者 根据他们不断演变的学习风格,匹配不同的应用程序。
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; adaptive:adj.适应的,适合的; ecosystem:n.生态系统; evolving:v.(使)逐渐形成,逐渐演变;进化形成;(evolve的现在分词)
The driving force behind this project is my colleague Shmulik London, and, you see, just like 这一项目背后的驱动力 你瞧,就像
Salman did about 90 years ago, the trick is to surround yourself with brilliant people, because at the end, it's all about people. 诀窍是让你身边围满杰出的人, 因为归根到底, 都是关于人。
And a few years ago, I was walking in Tel Aviv and I saw this graffiti on a wall, and I found it so compelling that by now I preach it to my students, and I'd like to try to preach it to you. 几年前,我走在特拉维夫 同时我想试着宣传给你们。
graffiti:n.墙上乱写乱画的东西(graffito的复数形式); compelling:adj.引人入胜的; v.强迫; (compel的现在分词) preach:v.宣扬;说教;布道;n.说教;训诫;
Now, I don't know how many people here are familiar with the term " mensch ." 现在,我不知道有多少人熟悉
familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友; mensch:n.公正的人;受尊敬的人;高洁的人;
It basically means to be human and to do the right thing. 它基本的意思是
And with that, what this graffiti says is, " High-tech schmigh-tech. 紧接着,这个涂鸦的说是,
High-tech:adj.高科技的,高技术的;仿真技术的;n.高科技;
The most important thing is to be a mensch." (Laughter) 最重要的事情就是君子。 （笑声）
Thank you. (Applause) 谢谢。（掌声）
(Applause) （掌声）