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ShereenElFeki_2012S-_如何对抗如流行病般的不好法律_
Let's begin with a story. ?我先与大家分享一个故事。
Once upon a time -- well actually less than two years ago -- in a kingdom not so very far away, there was a man who traveled many miles to come to work at the jewel in the kingdom's crown -- an internationally famous company. 从前—— 事实上是不到两年以前—— 在一个不是很遥远的国度, 有一个人, 他不远千里 想要去王国的心脏工作—— 一家国际著名公司。
Once upon a time:从前(常用于故事的开头) crown:王冠 internationally:adv.国际性地;在国际间;
Let's call it Island Networks. 我们姑且称它为岛屿网络。
Now this kingdom had many resources and mighty ambitions , but the one thing it lacked was people. 这个王国拥有丰富的资源 和雄雄的野心, 万事俱备只欠人员。
resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); mighty:adj.强而有力的;巨大的;非凡的;adv.非常;很;极其; ambitions:n.追求的目标;野心;志向;抱负;(ambition的复数)
And so it invited workers from around the world to come and help it build the nation. 因此它邀请世界各地的工人 来参与国家建设。
But in order to enter and to stay these migrants had to pass a few tests. 然而为了进入这个王国并在其领土上停留, 这些移民必须先通过一些测试。
migrants:n.移民;移居者;候鸟(migrant的复数形式);
And so it was, our man presented himself to authorities in the kingdom, looking forward to settling into his new life. 因此,我们的主人公 来到该王国的权威机构面前, 期望着能开始他的新生活。
authorities:n.权力;威权;职权;批准;(authority的复数) settling:n.安置;固定;沉淀物;移居;v.解决;安居;(settle的现在分词)
But then something unexpected happened. 然而出人意料的事情发生了。
unexpected:adj.意外的,想不到的;
The medical personnel who took blood samples from the man never actually told him what they were testing for. 从男人身上抽取血样的医务人员 没有告诉他他们在检测什么。
personnel:n.人事部门;全体人员;adj.人员的;有关人事的;
He wasn't offered counseling before or after the test, which is best medical practice. 在测试前或测试后向接受测试者提供顾问咨询服务是最佳的医疗做法, 然而这个男人却没有得到这项服务。
counseling:n.咨询服务;v.建议;劝告;商讨;(counsel的现在分词形式)
He was never informed of the results of the test. 也没有人告知他测试的结果。
informed:adj.见多识广的; v.通知; (inform的过去分词和过去式)
And yet, a couple of weeks later, he was picked up and taken to prison where he was subjected to a medical exam, including a full-body search in full view of the others in the cell. 但是,几周之后, 他却被送进了监狱, 进行体检, 他甚至在牢房中所有其他犯人面前 接受了全身搜查。
full-body:全身的; in full view:把...尽收眼底;
He was released , but then a day or two later, he was taken to the airport and he was deported . 他被释放后一两天, 就被送往机场遣返回国。
released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式) airport:n.机场;航空港; deported:v.驱逐出境,递解出境(deport的过去分词和过去式)
What on earth did this man do to merit this treatment ? 这个男人到底做了什么, 以至于受到如此对待？
merit:n.价值;优点;功绩;美德;v.值得;应得; treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;
What was his terrible crime? 他到底犯下了什么可怕的罪行？
He was infected with HIV . 他是艾滋病毒携带者。
infected:adj.带菌的; v.传染; (infect的过去分词和过去式) HIV:n.艾滋病病毒;
Now the kingdom is one of about 50 countries that imposes restrictions on the entry or stay of people living with HIV. 该国对艾滋病病毒携带者 入境及在国内停留加以限制, 世界上有类似规定的国家大约有五十个。
imposes:强加于;征收(impose的第三人称单数); restrictions:n.限制规定;限制;约束;制约因素;(restriction的复数)
The kingdom argues that its laws allow it to detain or deport foreigners who pose a risk to the economy or the security or the public health or the morals of the state. 该国宣称, 法律赋予他们权利拘留或者遣返 对该国的经济、安全、公共健康 以及道德标准 造成危险的外国人。
detain:vt.拘留;留住;耽搁; economy:n.经济;节约;理财; morals:n.道德;
But these laws, when applied to people living with HIV, are a violation of international human rights agreements to which these countries are signatories . 然而用这样的法律限制艾滋病携带者, 却违反了这些国家都签署了的 国际人权协定。
applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式) violation:n.违反;妨碍,侵害;违背;强奸; signatories:n.签署国(signatory的复数);
But you know what? 但是你知道吗？
Matters of principle aside, practically speaking, these laws drive HIV underground. 不谈原则问题, 从实际的角度出发,这样的法律造成了艾滋病的隐蔽化。
principle:n.原理,原则;主义,道义;本质,本义;根源,源泉; practically:adv.实际地;几乎;事实上;
People are less likely to come forth to be tested or treated or to disclose their condition, none of which helps these individuals or the communities these laws purport to protect. 人们越来越不愿意 接受测试、治疗或者公开他们的情况, 这些法律声称保护的人群和社区 没有从中得到任何帮助。
treated:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;(treat的过去分词和过去式) disclose:vt.公开;揭露; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数); communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) purport:n.主旨;大意;主要意思;v.自称;标榜;
Today we can prevent the transmission of HIV. 现在我们已经可以预防艾滋病病毒的传播。
transmission:n.传输;传染;播送;发射;广播;传动装置;
And with treatment, it is a manageable condition. 通过合理的治疗病情完全可以得到控制。
manageable:adj.易管理的;易控制的;易办的;
We are very far from the days when the only practical response to dread disease was to have banished the afflicted -- like this, "The Exile of the Leper ." 人类应对令人恐惧的疾病的可行方法一度只有 放逐那些患病的人, 如“被流放的麻风病人”。 但那样的日子早已远去。
response:n.响应;反应;回答; dread:n.恐惧;可怕的人(或物);vi.惧怕;担心;vt.惧怕;担心;adj.可怕的; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; banished:v.放逐;流放;赶走;驱除;(banish的过去分词和过去式) afflicted:v.折磨;使痛苦;(afflict的过去式和过去分词) Exile:n.流放,充军;放逐,被放逐者;流犯;v.放逐,流放;使背井离乡; Leper:n.麻风病患者;被大家躲避的人;
So you tell me why, in our age of science, we still have laws and policies which come from an age of superstition . 为什么在科学技术高度发达的今天, 我们仍旧有这样来自迷信时代的 法律和政策呢？
policies:n.政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单(policy的复数) superstition:n.迷信;
Time for a quick show of hands. 我们可以花一点点时间现场测试一样,
Who here has been touched by HIV -- either because you yourself have the virus or you have a family member or a friend or a colleague who is living with HIV? 在座的接触过艾滋病的人请举手—— 无论是你自己是病毒携带者 还是你有家人、朋友、同事是病毒携带者 都算接触。
colleague:n.同事,同僚;
Hands up. 请举手。
Wow. Wow. 哇,哇,
That's a significant number of us. 数量相当可观。
significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物;
You know better than anyone that HIV brings out the best and the worst in humanity . 那你们都应该清楚 艾滋病会暴露人性中 最美好和最丑陋的东西。
humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
And the laws reflect these attitudes . 而法律则会反映社会对艾滋病的态度。
reflect:v.反映;映出(影像);反射;表明,表达; attitudes:n.态度,看法(attitude复数);
I'm not just talking about laws on the books, but laws as they are enforced on the streets and laws as they are decided in the courts. 我指的不光是文件上的法律, 还有在街头 以及法庭中被践行的法律。
enforced:adj.强迫的;强制性的;v.强制执行;迫使;(enforce的过去分词和过去式)
And I'm not just talking about laws as they relate to people living with HIV, but people who are at greatest risk of infection -- people such as those who inject drugs or sex workers or men who have sex with men or transgendered persons or migrants or prisoners. 而且我指的不仅是与艾滋病病毒携带者 直接相关的法律, 还有与高危人群相关的法律—— 如注射毒品的人、性工作者、 与男性发生性关系的男性、 变性人、 移民以及囚犯。
infection:n.感染;传染;(身体某部位的)感染;传染病; inject:v.注入;注射; transgendered:adj.变换性别的;
And in many parts of the world that includes women and children who are especially vulnerable . 在世界上的很多地区女性和孩子也是极易感染的 高危人群。
especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的;
Now there are laws in many parts of the world which reflect the best of human nature . 世界上很多地区的法律 都反映了人性最美好的一面。
human nature:n.人性;
These laws treat people touched by HIV with compassion and acceptance . 这些法律本着同情和接受的精神 来对待与艾滋病有接触的人群。
compassion:n.同情;怜悯; acceptance:n.验收;接受;认可;承认;
These laws respect universal human rights and they are grounded in evidence . 这些法律尊重普世人权, 有理有据。
universal:adj.普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的; in evidence:明显的;作为证据;
These laws ensure that people living with HIV and those at greatest risk are protected from violence and discrimination and that they get access to prevention and to treatment. 这些法律确保艾滋病病毒携带者 和高危人群 不受暴力和歧视伤害, 并有能力预防艾滋病或者得到治疗。
ensure:vt.保证,确保;使安全; violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲; discrimination:n.歧视;区别,辨别;识别力; prevention:n.预防;阻止;妨碍;
Unfortunately , these good laws are counter-balanced by a mass of really bad law -- law which is grounded in moral judgement and in fear and in misinformation , 不幸的是,这些好的法律 所发挥的作用 被大量糟糕的法律所抵消—— 如以道德指责为依据的法律、 以恐惧和错误的信息为依据的法律、
Unfortunately:adv.不幸地; counter-balanced:平衡; mass:n.块,团; adj.群众的,民众的; v.聚集起来,聚集; misinformation:n.误报;错误的消息;
laws which specifically punish people living with HIV or those at greatest risk. 惩罚艾滋病病毒携带者 或者高危人群的法律。
specifically:adv.特别地;明确地;
These laws fly in the face of science, and they are grounded in prejudice and in ignorance and in a rewriting of tradition and a selective reading of religion. 这样的法律忽略科学事实, 以偏见、无知、不科学的传统, 以及对宗教的片面解读 为依据。
fly in the face of:完全相反,截然不同; prejudice:n.偏见;侵害;vt.损害;使有偏见; ignorance:n.无知,愚昧;不知,不懂; selective:adj.选择性的;有选择的;认真挑选的;严格筛选的;
But you know what? You don't have to take my word for it. 但你知道吗？你不必相信我的话。
We're going to hear from two people who are on the sharp end of the law. 我们来听另外两个人的心声, 他们都直接被这些法律影响。
sharp:锋利的,尖的
The first is Nick Rhoades. He's an American. 第一个是美国人,Nick Rhoades。
And he was convicted under the U.S. State of Iowa's law on HIV transmission and exposure -- neither of which offense he actually committed . 根据美国爱荷华州法律,他被定罪了-- 罪行: 蓄意散播爱滋病毒-- 然而他根本没有这个意图。
convicted:v.定罪;宣判…有罪;(convict的过去式和过去分词) exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临; offense:n.犯罪,过错;进攻;触怒;引起反感的事物; committed:adj.坚信的; v.做出错事; (commit的过去分词和过去式)
(Video) Nick Rhoades: If something is against the law then that is telling society that is unacceptable , that's bad behavior. （视频）Nick Rhoades: 被宣判违反法律条文, 就像是在告诉社会大众, 这是不可接受的不良行为。
unacceptable:adj.不能接受(或允许、同意)的;
And I think the severity of that punishment tells you how bad you are as a person. 我认为这种惩罚的严重性在于, 它告诉你你是一个多么糟糕的人。
severity:n.严重;严格;猛烈; punishment:n.惩罚;严厉对待,虐待;
You're a class B felon , lifetime sex offender . 你是个 B 类重罪犯, 一生都是个性犯罪者。
felon:n.[法]重罪犯;瘭疽;恶棍; sex offender:n.性犯罪者;
You are a very, very, very bad person. 你是一个非常,非常,非常不好的人,
And you did a very, very, very bad thing. 你做了一件非常,非常,非常不好的事情。
And so that's just programmed into you. 这就像是精神制约,
And you go through the correctional system and everyone's telling you the same thing. 你必须接受行为治疗, 而且你身边所有人都像是在说:
correctional:adj.矫正的;修正的;
And you're just like, I'm a very bad person. 你是个很不好的人。
Shereen El-Feki: It's not just a question of unfair or ineffective laws. Shereen El-Feki:这问题的严重性 不只是法律的不公正或无效力。
ineffective:adj.无效的,失效的;不起作用的;
Some countries have good laws, laws which could stem the tide of HIV. 一些国家有良好的法律, 可以阻止爱滋病毒的蔓延。
stem:n.花草的茎或梗;高脚酒杯的脚;烟斗柄;词干;v.阻止;封堵;遏止; tide:n.潮汐; v.顺应潮水航行;
The problem is that these laws are flouted . 问题是这些法律被藐视了。
flouted:n.嘲笑;轻视;愚弄;vt.嘲笑;藐视;愚弄;vi.嘲笑;表示轻蔑;
Because stigma gives unofficial license to treat people living with HIV or those at greatest risk unlike other citizens. 爱滋病毒感染者或高风险者 被社会大众 贴上了耻辱的标签, 他们不配当一般公民。
stigma:n.[植]柱头;耻辱;污名;烙印;特征; unofficial:adj.非官方的;非正式的; license:v.许可;批准;
And this is exactly what happened to Helma and Dongo from Namibia. 而这正是住在纳米比亚的 Helma和Dongo所亲身经历的事情。
(Video) Hilma: I found out when I went to the hospital for a pregnancy check-up . （视频）Helma: 那天我去医院 去做妊娠的例行体检。
pregnancy:n.怀孕;丰富,多产;意义深长; check-up:n.检查,核对;体格检查;
The nurse announced that every pregnant woman must also be tested for HIV that day. 护士宣布每个怀孕的女人 都必须接受爱滋病感染测试。
pregnant:adj.怀孕的;富有意义的;
I took the test and the result showed I was positive . 我做了测试,结果发现我被感染了。
positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片;
That's the day I found out. 这天,我得知我是爱滋病患者,
The nurse said to me, "Why should you people bcome pregnant when you know you are HIV positive? 那护士对我说: 为什么你们这种人 明明感染了爱滋病还要怀孕?
Why are you pregnant when you are living positive?" 你们干嘛要怀孕?
I am sure now that is the reason they sterilized me. 我敢肯定这是他们给我绝育的原因,
sterilized:v.灭菌;消毒;使绝育;(sterilize的过去分词和过去式)
Because I am HIV positive. 因为我是爱滋病毒携带者。
They didn't give the forms to me or explain what was in the form. 他们没给我表格, 也没有解释表格上有什么,
The nurse just came with it already marked where I had to sign. 那个护士只是在表格上 标出我要签名的栏位。
And with the labor pain, 我正经历分娩的痛楚,
I didn't have the strength to ask them to read it to me. 无力要求他们对我解释那些表格,
I just signed. 我就乖乖的签名了。
SE: Hilma and Nick and our man in the kingdom are among the 34 million people living with HIV according to recent estimates . SE:Helma,Nick和那个故事中的主角, 根据统计,是世界上3千4百万爱滋病感染者 其中的一员。
according to:根据,据说; estimates:n.估计;估价;估计的成本;v.估价;估算(estimate的第三人称单数和复数)
They're the lucky ones because they're still alive. 他们是幸运的, 因为他们还活着。
According to those same estimates, in 2010 1.8 million people died of AIDS related causes. 根据相关估计, 2010年有1百80万人 死于爱滋病。
These are terrible and tragic figures. 这些数字令人惊恐。
tragic:adj.悲剧的;悲痛的,不幸的;
But if we look a little more broadly into the statistics , we actually see some reason for hope. 但如果我们更详细地看这些统计, 我们可以找到一丝希望的曙光。
broadly:adv.明显地;宽广地;概括地;露骨地;粗鄙地; statistics:n.统计数字;统计资料;统计学;(statistic的复数)
Looking globally, the number of new infections of HIV is declining . 综观全球,新的爱滋病感染人数
infections:n.传染病;口腔病害(infection复数形式); declining:v.减少;下降;衰弱;谢绝;婉言拒绝;(decline的现在分词)
And looking globally as well, deaths are also starting to fall. 与爱滋病死亡人数, 都正在下降。
There are many reasons for these positive developments, but one of the most remarkable is in the increase in the number of people around the world on anti-retroviral therapy , the medicines they need to keep their HIV in check. 有很多原因促进这个发展, 其中一个最引人注目的 是越来越多人开始接受 抗转录病毒疗法, 这个疗法可以有效抑制爱滋病毒发作。
remarkable:adj.卓越的;非凡的;值得注意的; anti-retroviral:抗逆转录病毒的; therapy:n.治疗,疗法;
Now there are still many problems. 现在仍有许多问题待解,
Only about half of the people who need treatment are currently receiving it. 只有约一半需要治疗的人 能得到该治疗。
currently:adv.当前;一般地;
In some parts of the world -- like here in the Middle East and North Africa -- new infections are rising and so are deaths. 在世界上有些地方-- 像在中东和北非-- 新感染病例与死亡人数正在攀升。
Middle East:n.中东(包括亚洲西南部和非洲东北部);
And the money, the money we need for the global response to HIV, that is shrinking . 而我们需要的经费, 对抗全球爱滋病毒的经费, 却在萎缩。
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的; shrinking:v.(使)缩水,收缩,缩小,退缩;(shrink的现在分词)
But for the first time in three decades into this epidemic we have a real chance to come to grips with HIV. 但,这是第一次, 从这流行病蔓延的三十年来, 我们真正有机会来对付爱滋病毒。
epidemic:n.流行病;蔓延;adj.传染病;流行性的; come to grips with:去面对,着手处理;
But in order to do that we need to tackle an epidemic of really bad law. 为了做到这一点, 我们需要对抗这些普遍存在的坏法律。
tackle:v.处理; n.用具;
It's for this reason that the Global Commission on HIV and the Law, of which I'm a member, was established by the agencies of the United Nations -- to look at the ways that legal environments are affecting people living with HIV and those at greatest risk, and to recommend what should be done to make the law an ally, not an enemy, of the global response to HIV. 正是出于这个原因, 联合国签署建立了全球爱滋病法 监督委员会, 而我是其中的一员, 去监督爱滋病毒感染者 和那些高风险族群 所处在的法律环境。 并且给出建议, 如何使法律成为对抗全球爱滋病毒 的盟友而不是敌人。
Commission:n.委员会;佣金;犯;委任;委任状;vt.委任;使服役;委托制作; established:adj.已确立的;著名的;v.建立;创立;设立;(establish的过去分词和过去式) agencies:n.代理;代理处(agency的复数); United Nations:n.联合国; legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的; recommend:v.推荐;介绍;劝告;建议;使受欢迎;
Let me give you just one example of the way a legal environment can make a positive difference. 让我给你举个例子来说明, 正确的法律环境 可以带来积极的改变。
People who inject drugs are one of those groups I mentioned. 注射毒品的人 是我提到的族群之一。
They're at high risk of HIV through contaminated injection equipment and other risk-related behaviors. 他们是感染爱滋病的高危险群, 通过受污染的注射设备 和其它危险行为而感染。
contaminated:v.污染;玷污,毒害(人的思想或品德);(contaminate的过去分词和过去式) injection:n.注射;大量资金的投入;(液体的)注入;
In fact, one in every 10 new infections of HIV is among people who inject drugs. 事实上,每10个感染人之中, 就有一个是毒品注射者。
Now drug use or possession is illegal in almost every country. 现在毒品滥用或持有 几乎在每个国家都是违法的。
possession:n.拥有;具有;属地;个人财产; illegal:adj.不合法的;非法的;n.非法移民;非法劳工;
But some countries take a harder line on this than others. 但一些国家对此采取很强硬的手段。
In Thailand people who use drugs, or are merely suspected of using drugs, are placed in detention centers, like the one you see here, where they are supposed to clean up. 在泰国,使用毒品, 或只是受到怀疑有在用毒, 就会被关在扣留中心, 如同您看到的, 他们被迫在此断毒癮。
Thailand:n.泰国(东南亚国家名); merely:adv.仅仅,只不过;只是; suspected:v.怀疑;不信任;(suspect的过去分词和过去式) detention:n.拘留;延迟;挽留; supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式)
There is absolutely no evidence to show that throwing people into detention cures their drug dependence . 世上绝对没有任何证据 指出只要把人关在拘留所 就可以治疗毒品依赖。
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; dependence:n.依赖;依靠;信任;信赖;
There is, however, ample evidence to show that incarcerating people increases their risk of HIV and other infections. 反而,有充分的证据显示, 把人当囚犯监禁, 会增加爱滋病毒和其他感染的风险。
ample:adj.丰富的;足够的;宽敞的; incarcerating:vt.监禁;下狱;禁闭;adj.监禁的;禁闭的;
We know how to reduce HIV transmission and other risks in people who inject drugs. 我们知道如何减少毒品注射者感染爱滋病 与其他疾病的风险。
It's called harm reduction , and it involves , among other things, providing clean needles and syringes , offering opioid substitution therapy and other evidence-based treatments to reduce drug dependence. 这叫做减低伤害。 包括清洁针头,注射器, 提供毒品替代疗法, 和其他经过验证 有疗效的治疗法, 来减少药物依赖性。
reduction:n.减少;缩小;降低;减价;折扣;缩图; involves:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加,加入(involve的第三人称单数) needles:n.针数,千针本;[印刷]折页顶针(needle复数形式); syringes:n.(皮下)注射器; v.用注射器清洗(耳朵); (syringe的第三人称单数和复数) opioid:n.[生化]阿片样物质;类鸦片; substitution:n.代替;[数]置换;代替物; evidence-based:adj.基于证据的; treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数)
It involves providing information and education and condoms to reduce HIV transmission, and also providing HIV testing and counseling and treatment should people become infected. 还有卫生教育, 保险套的使用宣导, 提供爱滋病毒检测, 提供咨询, 都可保护人们, 并降低感染机率。
condoms:n.避孕套,安全套;(condom的复数)
Where the legal environment allows for harm reduction the results are striking. 一个减低伤害的法律环境 会带来惊人的成效。
Australia and Switzerland were two countries which introduced harm reduction very early on in their HIV epidemics , and they have a very low rate of HIV among injecting drug users. 澳大利亚和瑞士, 这两个国家在爱滋病毒传播的初期, 就推出减低伤害的法律环境, 它们的毒品注射者感染爱滋病 的机率非常低。
epidemics:n.流行病;蔓延(epidemic的复数);时疫; injecting:v.(给…)注射(药物等);(给…)添加,增加(某品质);(inject的现在分词)
The U.S. and Malaysia came to harm reduction a little later, and they have higher rates of HIV in these populations. 而美国和马来西亚 较慢推行减低伤害的法律环境, 它们则有较高的爱滋病毒感染率。
Thailand and Russia, however, have resisted harm reduction and have stringent laws which punish drug use. 至于泰国和俄罗斯, 它们拒绝推行减低伤害, 并用严酷的刑法, 来惩治毒品滥用。
resisted:v.抵制;阻挡;反抗;回击;抵抗;忍住;(resist的过去分词和过去式) stringent:adj.严格的;严厉的;紧缩的;短缺的;
And hey, surprise, very high rates of HIV among people who are injecting drugs. 所以,嘿, 毒品注射者很多都感染了爱滋病毒。
At the Global Commission we have studied the evidence, and we've heard the experiences of over 700 people from 140 countries. 我们的委员会已研究了证据, 并聆听了亲身经历者, 共7百多人,涵盖140个国家。
And the trend ? Well the trend is clear. 这个趋势是很明显的。
trend:n.趋势;动向;趋向;动态;v.走向;趋向;
Where you criminalize people living with HIV or those at greatest risk, you fuel the epidemic. 只要感染者或高风险族群被当成罪犯, 无论何处, 都是对这流行病火上加油。
criminalize:vt.宣告…为犯法行为;判定…为非法事件;
Now coming up with a vaccine for HIV or a cure for AIDS -- now that's rocket science . 找出爱滋病毒的疫苗 甚至解药, 那是非常复杂的科学。
vaccine:n.疫苗;牛痘苗;adj.疫苗的;牛痘的; rocket science:复杂的事;航天器学;
But changing the law isn't. 但改变法律并不那么复杂。
And in fact, a number of countries are starting to make progress on a number of points. 事实上,许多国家正如火如荼的 在展开改革。
To begin, countries need to review their legislation as it touches HIV and vulnerable groups. 首先,国家需要审查 涉及到爱滋病与弱势群体的法律。
legislation:n.立法;法律;
On the back of those reviews , governments should repeal laws that punish or discriminate against people living with HIV or those at greatest risk. 审查之后, 各国政府应废除那些 惩罚或歧视爱滋病毒携带者与高风险者 的不良法律。
reviews:n.综述; v.回顾; repeal:vt.废除;撤销;废止;放弃;否定;n.废除;撤销; discriminate against:歧视;排斥;
Repealing a law isn't easy, and it's particularly difficult when it relates to touchy subjects like drugs and sex. 废除法律并非易事, 当它涉及毒品和性等敏感话题的时候, 更是格外困难。
Repealing:vt.废除;撤销;废止;放弃;否定;n.废除;撤销; particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; touchy:adj.过敏的;易生气的;难以取悦的;
But there's plenty you can do while that process is underway . 但,在这个过程中,我们还能做很多事,
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的; underway:adj.进行中的;起步的;航行中的;n.[公路]水底通道;
One of the key points is to reform the police so that they have better practices on the ground. 其中一个关键点,是警方的改进, 他们在执法中应有更好表现。
reform:v.改革;改进;改良;(使)悔改;n.改革;改良;改善;
So for example, outreach workers who are distributing condoms to vulnerable populations are not themselves subject to police harassment or abuse or arbitrary arrest. 例如那些分发保险套 到弱势族群的外展工作人员, 不应自己受到警员骚扰, 谩骂或任意逮捕。
outreach:vt.超越,伸出; vi.拓广,延伸; n.延伸,拓广; adj.扩大服务的; distributing:v.分发;分配;分销;使散开;使分布;分散;(distribute的现在分词) harassment:n.骚扰;烦恼; abuse:n.滥用;虐待;辱骂;弊端;恶习,陋习;v.滥用;虐待;辱骂; arbitrary:adj.[数]任意的;武断的;专制的;
We can also train judges so that they find flexibilities in the law and so that they rule on the side of tolerance rather than prejudice. 我们还可以训练法官, 让他们在法律中找到弹性, 用宽容来裁定, 而不是偏见。
flexibilities:n.灵活性;弹性;适应性; on the side of:拥护…;站在…一边;赞助; tolerance:n.公差;耐量;宽容;容忍;
We can retool prisons so that HIV prevention and harm reduction is available to prisoners. 我们可以整备监狱, 预防与减少爱滋病毒 危害监狱里的囚犯。
retool:vt.重组;重新装备;vi.更换工具;重新装备;更换机械设备;
The key to all this is reinforcing civil society. 而最为关键的,是加强民间团体的力量,
reinforcing:vt.加强(reinforce的ing形式); civil:adj.公民的;民间的;文职的;有礼貌的;根据民法的;
Because civil society is key to raising awareness among vulnerable groups of their legal rights. 因为民间团体 可以帮助弱势族群意识到 他们拥有的法律权利。
awareness:n.意识,认识;明白,知道;
But awareness needs action. 但只有意识是不够的,
And so we need to ensure that these people who are living with HIV or at greatest risk of HIV have access to legal services and they have equal access to the courts. 我们还需要采取行动, 确保这些爱滋病患者 或高风险族群 能有通道获得法律服务, 且确保他们平等出庭的机会。
And also important is talking to communities so that we change interpretations of religious or customary law, which is too often used to justify punishment and fuel stigma. 另外,与社区对话也极为重要。 这样,我们能对宗教与习俗法条 做重新诠释, 让它们不再助长 不合理的惩罚和歧视。
interpretations:n.[计]解释; religious:adj.宗教的;虔诚的;严谨的;修道的;n.修道士;尼姑; customary:adj.习惯的;通常的;n.习惯法汇编; justify:v.证明合法;整理版面;替…辩护;
For many of us here 对很多在场的人来说,
HIV is not an abstract threat. 爱滋病毒不是个抽象的威胁,
abstract:n.摘要; adj.抽象的; vt.摘要; vi.做摘要;
It hits very close to home . 它的影响伸手可触。
close to home:触及痛处;
The law, on the other hand , can seem remote , arcane , the stuff of specialists, but it isn't. 另一方面,法律, 看似艰涩,遥远而神秘,只有专家才懂, 但事实并不是这样。
on the other hand:另一方面; remote:adj.偏远的;偏僻的;遥远的;久远的; arcane:adj.神秘的;晦涩难解的;秘传的; stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
Because for those of us who live in democracies , or in aspiring democracies , the law begins with us. 因为对于我们这些生活在民主国家, 或正在追求民主的国家的人民, 法律起始于我们。
democracies:民主; aspiring:adj.渴望从事…的; v.渴望(成就); (aspire的现在分词)
Laws that treat people living with HIV or those at greatest risk with respect start with the way that we treat them ourselves: as equals. 法律必须起始于平等, 无论是对待爱滋病族群, 或是对待我们,皆须平等。
with respect:怀有敬意;
If we are going to stop the spread of HIV in our lifetime, then that is the change we need to spread. 如果我们要爱滋病毒在我们这一代停止蔓延, 那我们必须广泛推动这个变革。
Thank you. 谢谢
(Applause) (鼓掌)