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SethBerkley_2015-_为什么疫苗研制出来得总是太迟_
The child's symptoms begin with mild fever, headache, muscle pains, followed by vomiting and diarrhea , then bleeding from the mouth, nose and gums . 这个患儿的症状首先是 低烧、头痛和肌肉痛, 之后出现呕吐和腹泻, 后来口、鼻和牙龈开始出血,
symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数) mild:adj.温和的; n.(英国的一种)淡味麦芽啤酒; muscle:n.肌肉;力量;v.加强;使劲搬动;使劲挤出; vomiting:v.呕吐(vomit的现在分词); diarrhea:n.腹泻,痢疾; bleeding:n.出血;渗色;adj.流血的;同情的;v.出血;渗出;(bleed的现在分词) gums:n.牙龈,树胶;牙床(gum复数形式);
Death follows in the form of organ failure from low blood pressure . 最终由于低血压引起器官衰竭,导致死亡
organ:n.[生物]器官;机构;风琴;管风琴;嗓音; blood pressure:n.[医]血压;
Sounds familiar ? 是不是听起来很熟悉？
familiar:adj.熟悉的;常见的;亲近的;n.常客;密友;
If you're thinking this is Ebola , actually, in this case, it's not. 如果你觉得这会不会是埃博拉, 实际上,就本例来说并不是。
Ebola:n.埃博拉病毒;
It's an extreme form of dengue fever , a mosquito-born disease which also does not have an effective therapy or a vaccine , and kills 22,000 people each year. 本例是登革热的极端形式,这是一种通过蚊子传播的疾病, 它也没有有效的治疗方法或疫苗, 并且每年杀死2.2万人。
extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; dengue fever:登革热; disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象; therapy:n.治疗,疗法; vaccine:n.疫苗;牛痘苗;adj.疫苗的;牛痘的;
That is actually twice the number of people that have been killed by Ebola in the nearly four decades that we've known about it. 其实,这一数字相当于 埃博拉病毒,在自我们知道它以来的 近40年里,所杀死的人数的两倍
As for measles , so much in the news recently , the death toll is actually tenfold higher. 而近期新闻中频繁提到的麻疹 死亡人数实际上是登革热的十倍之多。
measles:n.[内科]麻疹;风疹; recently:adv.最近;新近; death toll:n.(事故、战争、灾难等的)死亡人数; tenfold:adj.十倍的;十重的;adv.十倍地;成十倍;n.十倍;
Yet for the last year, it has been Ebola that has stolen all of the headlines and the fear. 然而在去年, 占据所有头条,引起所有恐慌的却是埃博拉。
Clearly, there is something deeply rooted about it, something which scares us and fascinates us more than other diseases . 显然,有某种东西深深地根植其中, 这种东西让我们如此害怕,成为了挥之不去的阴影, 没有其它疾病能做到这一点。
fascinates:vt.使着迷,使神魂颠倒;vi.入迷; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
But what is it, exactly? 而它到底是什么呢？
Well, it's hard to acquire Ebola, but if you do, the risk of a horrible death is high. 其实,得上埃博拉是很不容易的, 但如果真的患病,以可怕的死状离去,是极有可能的。
acquire:v.获得;取得;学到;捕获; horrible:可怕的,极讨厌的,
Why? 为什么？
Because right now, we don't have any effective therapy or vaccine available. 因为现在我们没有任何有效的治疗方法或疫苗可用。
And so, that's the clue . 所以,这就是原因。
clue:n.提示;迹象;(纵横填字谜、游戏或问题的)提示词语;v.提示;为…提供线索;
We may have it someday. 可能我们终将研制出来。
So we rightfully fear Ebola, because it doesn't kill as many people as other diseases. 所以我们害怕埃博拉,是合情合理的, 因为它杀死的人没有其它疾病那么多,
rightfully:adv.正当地;正直地;
In fact, it's much less transmissible than viruses such as flu or measles. 实际上,它的传染性比流感和麻疹之类的病毒,低多了。
transmissible:adj.能传送的;能透射的;可传达的;
We fear Ebola because of the fact that it kills us and we can't treat it. 我们害怕埃博拉是因为这一事实:它能杀死我们,我们却无能为力。
treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣;
We fear the certain inevitability that comes with Ebola. 我们害怕伴随埃博拉而来的某种不可避免性。
inevitability:n.必然性;不可逃避;
Ebola has this inevitability that seems to defy modern medical science. 埃博拉的这种不可避免性似乎是在挑战现代医学。
defy:vt.藐视;公然反抗;挑衅;使落空;n.挑战;对抗;
But wait a second, why is that? 等一下,为什么会这样？
We've known about Ebola since 1976. 从1976年起我们就知道埃博拉了,
We've known what it's capable of. 我们知道它有多厉害,
capable:adj.能干的,能胜任的;有才华的;
We've had ample opportunity to study it in the 24 outbreaks that have occurred . 我们也有足够的机会来研究它, 因为一共出现了24起爆发的病例。
ample:adj.丰富的;足够的;宽敞的; outbreaks:n.(战争的)爆发;(疾病的)发作;vi.爆发; occurred:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;(occur的过去分词和过去式)
And in fact, we've actually had vaccine candidates available now for more than a decade. 而实际上,现在我们手上已经有了候选疫苗, 在十多年前就有了。
Why is that those vaccines are just going into clinical trials now? 那为什么这些疫苗到现在才进行临床实验？
vaccines:n.[药][计]疫苗; clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的;
This goes to the fundamental problem we have with vaccine development for infectious diseases. 这就遇到了研制感染性疾病的疫苗时 面临的根本问题。
fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; infectious:adj.传染的;传染性的;易传染的;
It goes something like this: 大致情况是这样:
The people most at risk for these diseases are also the ones least able to pay for vaccines. 患上这些疾病风险最高的人 也是最无力支付疫苗的一群人。
This leaves little in the way of market incentives for manufacturers to develop vaccines, unless there are large numbers of people who are at risk in wealthy countries. 这就导致几乎没有市场动力 来推动生产商研制疫苗, 除非在富国有大量人群面临风险。
in the way of:妨碍;关于…方面; incentives:n.激励;奖励;诱因(incentive的复数形式);奖励措施; manufacturers:n.生产者;制造者;生产商;(manufacturer的复数)
It's simply too commercially risky. 简单来说,商业风险过高。
commercially:adv.商业上;通商上;
As for Ebola, there is absolutely no market at all, so the only reason we have two vaccines in late-stage clinical trials now, is actually because of a somewhat misguided fear. 至于埃博拉,则完全没有市场, 所以,如今我们能有两种疫苗进入后期临床实验, 唯一的原因是,有点被误导的恐惧。
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; somewhat:n.几分;某物;adv.有点;多少;几分;稍微; misguided:adj.搞错的;v.误入歧途;指导错误;(misguide的过去式和过去分词)
Ebola was relatively ignored until September 11 and the anthrax attacks, when all of a sudden , people perceived Ebola as, potentially , a bioterrorism weapon. 相对来说,埃博拉一直以来被忽视了, 直到911和炭疽袭击, 突然之间,人们意识到 埃博拉是一种潜在的,具有生物恐怖袭击性的武器。
relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地; ignored:v.忽视;对…不予理会;佯装未见;不予理睬;(ignore的过去分词和过去式) anthrax:n.炭疽,炭疽热; all of a sudden:突然地,出乎意料地; perceived:v.注意到;意识到;将…视为;认为;(perceive的过去式和过去分词) potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地; bioterrorism:n.生物恐怖主义;
Why is it that the Ebola vaccine wasn't fully developed at this point? 为什么这时埃博拉疫苗还没有完全研制出来？
Well, partially , because it was really difficult -- or thought to be difficult -- to weaponize the virus, but mainly because of the financial risk in developing it. 部分是因为非常困难-- 或者说觉得很困难--来使病毒武器化。 但主要原因是研制疫苗的财务风险。
partially:adv.部分地;偏袒地; weaponize:vt.使…武器化; mainly:adv.大多;大部分;主要地;首要地; financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的;
And this is really the point. 这一点是问题真正所在。
The sad reality is, we develop vaccines not based upon the risk the pathogen poses to people, but on how economically risky it is to develop these vaccines. 现实的可悲之处在于, 我们研制一种疫苗,并非是考虑病原体对人类的风险有多大, 而是考虑研制疫苗的经济风险有多大。
pathogen:n.病原体;病菌; poses:姿势; economically:adv.经济地;在经济上;节俭地;
Vaccine development is expensive and complicated . 研制疫苗既昂贵又复杂,
complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式)
It can cost hundreds of millions of dollars to take even a well-known antigen and turn it into a viable vaccine. 要花费高达数亿美元 才能选出一种,甚至是已经熟知的抗原,将它转化为可用的疫苗。
well-known:adj.著名的;众所周知的;清楚明白的; antigen:n.[免疫]抗原; viable:adj.可行的;能养活的;能生育的;
Fortunately for diseases like Ebola, there are things we can do to remove some of these barriers . 幸运的是,对于像埃博拉这样的疾病, 我们还是可以做一些事情来打破这些壁垒的。
Fortunately:adv.幸运地; barriers:n.障碍;栅栏;篱笆墙(barrier的复数形式);
The first is to recognize when there's a complete market failure. 首先,要承认市场已经完全不起作用的现状,
recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;
In that case, if we want vaccines, we have to provide incentives or some type of subsidy . 在这种情况下,如果我们想得到疫苗, 就必须提供奖励措施,或某种形式的补贴。
subsidy:n.补贴;津贴;补助金;
We also need to do a better job at being able to figure out which are the diseases that most threaten us. 我们也需要更加努力, 来找出对我们威胁最大的疾病有哪些。
By creating capabilities within countries, we then create the ability for those countries to create epidemiological and laboratory networks which are capable of collecting and categorizing these pathogens . 首先确立这些国家内部的研发力量,在此基础上 我们帮助这些国家建起创立流行病学和实验室网络的能力, 有了这些,我们就有能力采集这些病原体,并进行分类。
epidemiological:adj.流行病学的; laboratory:n.实验室,研究室; categorizing:n.分类;分类题;v.分类(categorize的ing形式); pathogens:n.[基医]病原体;病原菌;[基医]致病菌;
The data from that then can be used to understand the geographic and genetic diversity , which then can be used to help us understand how these are being changed immunologically , and what type of reactions they promote . 由此而来的数据 可用于了解其地理分布和遗传多样性, 有助于帮助我们了解 这些免疫学上的变化是如何产生的 以及促进了哪种类型的反应。
geographic:adj.地理的;地理学的; genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化: immunologically:adv.免疫地; reactions:n.反应;回应;抗拒;生理反应;副作用(reaction的复数) promote:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升;
So these are the things that can be done, but to do this, if we want to deal with a complete market failure, we have to change the way we view and prevent infectious diseases. 所以说,这些事情是可以做的, 但要做到这些,如果我们想要在市场无力的情况下解决问题, 就必须改变我们看待、预防传染性疾病的方法。
We have to stop waiting until we see evidence of a disease becoming a global threat before we consider it as one. 我们不能在看到疾病成为全球性威胁的证据之前,总是袖手旁观。 当我们认为它是的时候,就应该行动起来
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的;
So, for Ebola, the paranoid fear of an infectious disease, followed by a few cases transported to wealthy countries, led the global community to come together, and with the work of dedicated vaccine companies, we now have these: 所以,对于埃博拉来说, 对传染性疾病的极度恐慌, 出现于几例传染者转移至富裕国家之后。 这种恐慌促使全球各国携起手来, 加上专门的疫苗公司的努力, 我们才有了现在的结果:
paranoid:adj.类似妄想狂的;属于偏执狂的;n.患妄想狂的人;偏执狂患者; transported:v.(用交通工具)运输,运送,输送;(transport的过去分词和过去式) community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; dedicated:adj.献身的; v.把…奉献给; (dedicate的过去分词和过去式)
Two Ebola vaccines in efficacy trials in the Ebola countries -- 两种埃博拉疫苗正在发病国家进行疗效试验,
efficacy:n.功效,效力;
(Applause) （掌声）
and a pipeline of vaccines that are following behind. 后续还会有疫苗不断地生产出来。
Every year, we spend billions of dollars, keeping a fleet of nuclear submarines permanently patrolling the oceans to protect us from a threat that almost certainly will never happen. 每年我们花费数十亿美元, 以维持核潜艇舰队,在海洋中持续巡逻, 而这支舰队所预防的威胁,几乎可以肯定绝不会出现。
fleet:n.舰队; v.浅; v.掠过; adj.跑得快的; nuclear:adj.原子能的;[细胞]细胞核的;中心的;原子核的; submarines:n.潜艇;(submarine的第三人称单数和复数) permanently:adv.永久地,长期不变地; patrolling:v.巡逻;(在街上)巡游;侦察(patrol的现在分词)
And yet, we spend virtually nothing to prevent something as tangible and evolutionarily certain as epidemic infectious diseases. 然而,我们又实际上几乎没有花费多少钱 来预防流行性传染病这样的问题, 这个问题切实存在,并且一定是不断进化的。
virtually:adv.事实上,几乎;实质上; tangible:adj.有形的;切实的;可触摸的;n.有形资产; evolutionarily:进化上; epidemic:n.流行病;蔓延;adj.传染病;流行性的;
And make no mistake about it -- it's not a question of "if," but "when." 对此不应当犯错--这不是“如果”的问题,而是“什么时候”的问题。
These bugs are going to continue to evolve and they're going to threaten the world. 这些病毒还会不断进化, 还会威胁整个世界,
bugs:n.缺陷;虫子;窃听器;(bug的复数)v.窃听;使烦恼;(bug的第三人称单数) evolve:v.(使)逐渐形成;进化;进化形成;
And vaccines are our best defense. 而疫苗是我们的最佳防御手段。
So if we want to be able to prevent epidemics like Ebola, we need to take on the risk of investing in vaccine development and in stockpile creation . 所以如果我们想要预防譬如埃博拉的蔓延, 我们就必须承担风险, 向疫苗研制与物资储备投入资金。
epidemics:n.流行病;蔓延(epidemic的复数);时疫; investing:v.投资;投入(时间、精力等);(invest的现在分词) stockpile:n.库存;积蓄;vt.贮存;储蓄;vi.积累;储备物资; creation:n.创造,创作;创作物,产物;
And we need to view this, then, as the ultimate deterrent -- something we make sure is available, but at the same time , praying we never have to use it. 而且我们应当,把它看作最终防线-- 我们确保有效的良方, 而与此同时,祈祷永远不要用到它。
ultimate:adj.最终的;极限的;根本的;n.终极;根本;基本原则; deterrent:adj.遏制的,威慑的;制止的;n.威慑;妨碍物;挽留的事物; at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
Thank you. 谢谢大家。
(Applause) （掌声）