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SethBerkley_2010-_hiv_和流感——疫苗策略_
Do you worry about what is going to kill you? 你是否曾经担心过什么将置于你于死地？
Heart disease , cancer , a car accident? 心脏病或者癌症 还是车祸呢？
disease:n.病,[医]疾病;弊病;vt.传染;使…有病; cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤;
Most of us worry about things we can't control, like war, terrorism , the tragic earthquake that just occurred in Haiti . 我们大多数担心一些我们无法控制的事情 比如战争、恐怖主义、 或者是刚刚在海地发生的悲惨的地震。
terrorism:n.恐怖主义; tragic:adj.悲剧的;悲痛的,不幸的; occurred:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;(occur的过去分词和过去式) Haiti:n.海地;
But what really threatens humanity ? 那么到底是什么真正地威胁着我们人类呢？
humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
A few years ago, Professor Vaclav Smil tried to calculate the probability of sudden disasters large enough to change history. 几年前,Vaclav Smil教授 就试图结算一种可能性来自于? 突发性大灾难。 这种灾难足使人类的历史得以改变。
probability:n.可能性;机率;[数]或然率; disasters:n.灾难(disaster的复数);
He called these, " massively fatal discontinuities ," 他称其这类灾难为 “大规模致命间断性灾难”
massively:adv.大量地;沉重地;庄严地; fatal:adj.致命的;灾难性的;毁灭性的;导致失败的; discontinuities:n.不连续(discontinuity的复数);间断点;
meaning that they could kill up to 100 million people in the next 50 years. 其意思就是它们将会造成 超过一亿人的死亡。 这将发生在在将来50年里。
He looked at the odds of another world war, of a massive volcanic eruption , even of an asteroid hitting the Earth. 他观察到另一场世界大战 大规模火山爆发 甚至是小行星撞击地球的某种可能会发生的机会。
odds:n.几率;胜算;不平等;差别; volcanic:adj.火山的;猛烈的;易突然发作的;n.火山岩; eruption:n.爆发,喷发;火山灰;出疹; asteroid:n.[天]小行星;[无脊椎]海盘车;小游星;adj.星状的;
But he placed the likelihood of one such event above all others at close to 100 percent, and that is a severe flu pandemic . 他对比所有可能相似的事件 从所有的事件当中,其中 最为接近可能发生的事件就是 严重的流感大流行。
likelihood:n.可能性,可能; severe:adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的;严厉的;苛刻的; pandemic:adj.(疾病等)全国流行的;普遍的;n.流行性疾病;
Now, you might think of flu as just a really bad cold, but it can be a death sentence . 尽管你们可能认为流感 只是很严重的感冒罢啦。 但是它是致命的。
death sentence:n.死刑;
Every year, 36,000 people in the United States die of seasonal flu. 每年在美国有36000人 死于季节性流感。
United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式) seasonal:adj.季节的;周期性的;依照季节的;
In the developing world, the data is much sketchier but the death toll is almost certainly higher. 在发展中国家,这个数据更为高一些, 其死亡的总数应该 高出美国的死亡人数一大节。
sketchier:概要的,不完全的,粗略的(sketchy的比较级); death toll:n.(事故、战争、灾难等的)死亡人数;
You know, the problem is if this virus occasionally mutates so dramatically , it essentially is a new virus and then we get a pandemic. 所存在的问题就是 如果病毒偶尔变异 甚至更为急剧的变异, 从根本上来说,它就是一个新的病毒。 那么之后,我们又将迎来新的流感大流行。
occasionally:adv.偶尔;有时候;偶然; mutates:vi.变化,产生突变;vt.改变,使突变; dramatically:adv.戏剧地;引人注目地;adv.显著地,剧烈地; essentially:adv.本质上;本来;
In 1918, a new virus appeared that killed some 50 to 100 million people. 在1989年,一种新的病毒出现 这种病毒已经夺走了5000万到1亿人的性命。
It spread like wildfire and some died within hours of developing symptoms . 它的传播就像死野火一样迅速。 一些人的流感症状正出现不久就死掉了。
wildfire:n.火灾;磷火,鬼火;散布极快的事物; symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数)
Are we safer today? 难道我们今天更为安全了吗？
Well, we seem to have dodged the deadly pandemic this year that most of us feared, but this threat could reappear at any time. 然而,我们看起来似乎逃过了一劫—— 发生在今年的致命性大流感。 却让我们极为恐惧。 这样流感会在任何时候再次爆发。
dodged:v.闪开;躲开;避开;逃避;(dodge的过去分词和过去式) deadly:adj.致命的;非常的;死一般的;adv.非常;如死一般地; reappear:vi.再出现;
The good news is that we're at a moment in time when science, technology , globalization is converging to create an unprecedented possibility: the possibility to make history by preventing infectious diseases that still account for one-fifth of all deaths and countless misery on Earth. 有一个好消息是: 我们在一个新的时代 这个时代聚合了科学、技术、全球化 创造了史无前例的可能性。 这种可能性就是创造历史 通过阻止传染病得以实现。 然而由传染病造成的死亡人数占全球总死亡人数的五分之一, 它还将在我们这个星球上创造无数悲剧。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; globalization:n.全球化; converging:n.合并,会聚;adj.会聚的,收敛;v.聚合,集中于一点(converge的现在分词); unprecedented:adj.空前的;无前例的; infectious:adj.传染的;传染性的;易传染的; diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; account for:对…负有责任;对…做出解释;说明…的原因;导致;(比例)占; countless:adj.无数的;数不尽的; misery:n.痛苦,悲惨;不幸;苦恼;穷困;
We can do this. 我们所要做的就是这些。
We're already preventing millions of deaths with existing vaccines , and if we get these to more people, we can certainly save more lives. 我们正在阻止这几百人死去, 运用现有的疫苗。 如果我们可以让更多的人接种疫苗的话, 我们当然肯定可以挽救更多人的生命。
vaccines:n.[药][计]疫苗;
But with new or better vaccines for malaria , TB, HIV , pneumonia , diarrhea , flu, we could end suffering that has been on the Earth since the beginning of time. 但是我们要是能使用最新的、更好的疫苗 来预防疟疾、肺结核、艾滋病、 肺炎、痢疾、流感, 我们结束这种苦难。 这种困难一直存在我们之上。
malaria:n.[内科]疟疾;瘴气; HIV:n.艾滋病病毒; pneumonia:n.肺炎; diarrhea:n.腹泻,痢疾;
So, I'm here to trumpet vaccines for you. 所以我在这里向你们介绍一下疫苗。
trumpet:n.喇叭;小号;喇叭形物;(尤指)绽开的水仙花;v.宣扬;鼓吹;吹嘘;吼叫;
But first, I have to explain why they're important because vaccines, the power of them, is really like a whisper . 第一点,我得解释为什么它们这么对我们如此之重要。 因为疫苗的威力 正如低声细语一般。
whisper:v.耳语;低语;私语;小声说;n.耳语(声);低语(声);私语(声);轻柔的声音;
When they work, they can make history, but after a while you can barely hear them. 它们起作用的时候,它们正在改变着历史。 可是之后 你们几乎很难听见它们了。
barely:adv.仅仅,勉强;几乎不;公开地;贫乏地;
Now, some of us are old enough to have a small, circular scar on our arms from an inoculation we received as children. 现在,我们中一些在年龄够大的人 手臂上会留下一个小的、圆形的小疤痕。 这是因为我们在小时候接种疫苗时候留下的印记。
circular:adj.圆形的; n.(同时送达很多人的)印刷信函(或通知、广告); inoculation:n.[医]接种;接木;接插芽;
But when was the last time you worried about smallpox , a disease that killed half a billion people last century and no longer is with us? 你最后一次担心天花疾病的时候, 这种疾病在上个世纪已经夺走了近5亿人的性命。 但现在难道已经不存在我们身边了吗？
smallpox:n.[内科]天花;
Or polio ? How many of you remember the iron lung? 或者说小儿麻痹症——有多少人还记得铁肺？
polio:n.小儿麻痹症(等于poliomyelitis);脊髓灰质炎;
We don't see scenes like this anymore because of vaccines. 我们从没有看到这样的现象。 是因为疫苗的出现。
Now, it's interesting because there are 30-odd diseases that can be treated with vaccines now, but we're still threatened by things like HIV and flu. 现在你会感觉着挺有趣。 因为新的30种奇特病毒 已经能被疫苗预防住了。 但是我们仍然受到艾滋病毒和流感的威胁。
treated:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;(treat的过去分词和过去式)
Why is that? 这又是为什么呢？
Well, here's the dirty little secret. 这里我想让你们知道一个小小的但是有些肮脏的秘密。
Until recently , we haven't had to know exactly how a vaccine worked. 直到如今,我们从没有去了解过 疫苗到底是怎样起作用的。
recently:adv.最近;新近;
We knew they worked through old-fashioned trial and error. 我们所知道的是它们是通过旧式的反复试验得以实现其作用的。
old-fashioned:adj.老式的;过时的;守旧的;
You took a pathogen , you modified it, you injected it into a person or an animal and you saw what happened. 你得到一个病原体,你改良它。 之后你把它注入人体或者动物身体里, 这时你会看到发生什么。
pathogen:n.病原体;病菌; modified:adj.改进的,修改的;改良的;v.修改;缓和;(modify的过去分词); injected:v.(给…)注射(药物等); (inject的过去分词和过去式)
This worked well for most pathogens , somewhat well for crafty bugs like flu, but not at all for HIV, for which humans have no natural immunity . 这个可以对付大多数的病原体, 即使是一些狡诈的病原体,像流感病毒。 但是对付艾滋病毒就不行了。 因为人类对艾滋病毒没有天然的免疫性。
pathogens:n.[基医]病原体;病原菌;[基医]致病菌; somewhat:n.几分;某物;adv.有点;多少;几分;稍微; crafty:adj.狡猾的;灵巧的; bugs:n.缺陷;虫子;窃听器;(bug的复数)v.窃听;使烦恼;(bug的第三人称单数) not at all:毫无;一点也不;不用谢; immunity:n.免疫力;豁免权;免除;
So let's explore how vaccines work. 所以我们探索疫苗的起作用的方式。
explore:v.探索:探测:探险:
They basically create a cache of weapons for your immune system which you can deploy when needed. 基本上来说,它们是创造一个 为你的免疫系统武器的隐藏所之类的东西。 当你需要的时候,你就可以通过它来部署武器。
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; cache:n.电脑高速缓冲存储器;贮存物;隐藏处;vt.隐藏;窖藏;vi.躲藏; immune system:n.免疫系统; deploy:v.部署;利用;[军事]展开;(使)张开;
Now, when you get a viral infection , what normally happens is it takes days or weeks for your body to fight back at full strength, and that might be too late. 现在,当你病毒感染了, 一切正常运转的是它会用几天或者几周的时间 为你的身体奋力还击, 它们会全力以赴去做。 也许这太晚了些。
viral:adj.滤过性毒菌引起的;滤过性毒菌的; infection:n.感染;传染;(身体某部位的)感染;传染病; normally:adv.正常地;通常地,一般地;
When you're pre-immunized, what happens is you have forces in your body pre-trained to recognize and defeat specific foes . 如果你提前免疫的话, 那么你将增强你身体的实力 预先训练识别、 并且击败这些诡异的病毒。
recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到; specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; foes:敌人;反对者;危害物(foe的名词复数);
So that's really how vaccines work. 这就是疫苗怎样起作用的。
Now, let's take a look at a video that we're debuting at TED, for the first time, on how an effective HIV vaccine might work. 现在,让我们来看看一段视频 这是我们在TED上初次亮相。 将向你们展示感染性艾滋病毒怎样发生的。
take a look at:看一看;检查; debuting:n.初次登台;开张;v.初次登台;(debut的现在分词) effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象;
(Music) （音乐）
Narrator : A vaccine trains the body in advance how to recognize and neutralize a specific invader . 叙述者:疫苗预先训练我们身体 怎样识别和压制 特殊的入侵者。
Narrator:n.讲述者;(电视节目中的)幕后解说员;旁白员; in advance:adv.预先,提前; neutralize:vt.抵销;使…中和;使…无效;使…中立;vi.中和;中立化;变无效; invader:n.侵略者;侵入物;
After HIV penetrates the body's mucosal barriers , it infects immune cells to replicate . 一旦艾滋病毒穿过身体黏膜障碍, 它就开始破坏免疫细胞不断进行自我复制。
penetrates:穿透;进入;打入; mucosal:adj.粘膜的; barriers:n.障碍;栅栏;篱笆墙(barrier的复数形式); infects:vt.感染,传染; replicate:vt.复制; vi.重复; adj.复制的; n.复制品;
The invader draws the attention of the immune system's front-line troops. 入侵者会吸引 人体免疫系统“前线部队”的注意力。
front-line:adj.前线的;第一线的;
Dendritic cells, or macrophages , capture the virus and display pieces of it. 如:树突细胞、巨噬细胞, 抓住病毒,同时展现它的每一部分。
Dendritic:adj.树枝状的;树状的; macrophages:n.[组织]巨噬细胞;大噬細胞;大饵捕食者(macrophage的复数形式); capture:v.俘虏;捕获;攻占;夺得;刻画,描述;n.(被)捕获;(被)俘获 display:n.显示;炫耀;vt.显示;表现;陈列;vi.[动]作炫耀行为;adj.展览的;陈列用的;
Memory cells generated by the HIV vaccine are activated when they learn 艾滋病毒产生的记忆细胞 一旦他们学会了,就会被激活。
generated:v.产生;引起;(generate的过去式和过去分词) activated:v.使活动;激活;使活化;(activate的过去式和过去分词)
HIV is present from the front-line troops. 艾滋病病毒碰到人体的“前线部队”
These memory cells immediately deploy the exact weapons needed. 艾滋病病毒的记忆细胞迅速分派 适当的武器。
Memory B cells turn into plasma cells, which produce wave after wave of the specific antibodies that latch onto HIV to prevent it from infecting cells, while squadrons of killer T cells seek out and destroy cells that are already HIV infected . 记忆细胞B变成血浆细胞, 而血浆细胞会产生一波又一波 特殊抗体。 这些抗体将会抓住艾滋病病毒 以其组织艾滋病病毒感染其他的细胞。 杀手T细胞中队 会寻找并破坏 被艾滋病病毒感染的细胞。
plasma:n.[等离子]等离子体;血浆;[矿物]深绿玉髓; antibodies:n.[免疫]抗体(antibody的复数); latch:vi.占有,抓住;闭锁;vt.闩上;纠缠住某人;n.门闩; infecting:v.传染;使携带病菌;使感染;(infect的现在分词) squadrons:n.空军中队;一群;骑兵中队;分遣队;小舰队;vt.把…编成中队; seek:v.寻求;寻找;谋求; infected:adj.带菌的; v.传染; (infect的过去分词和过去式)
The virus is defeated. 病毒就这样被打败了。
Without a vaccine, these responses would have taken more than a week. 如果没有疫苗, 我们身体可能会要一周多时间才会对病毒作出反应。
responses:n.回答,答复;反应;响应;(response的复数)
By that time, the battle against HIV would already have been lost. 到那时,与艾滋病病毒的战斗 必然是失败的了。
Seth Berkley: Really cool video, isn't it? Seth Berkley:非常酷的视频,难道不是吗？
The antibodies you just saw in this video, in action, are the ones that make most vaccines work. 你们刚刚所看到视频里的抗体的行为 那就是大部分疫苗起作用的过程。
So the real question then is: 所以真正的问题就是:
How do we ensure that your body makes the exact ones that we need to protect against flu and HIV? 我们怎眼确保我们的身体能产生 我们所需要的抗体 抵抗流感和艾滋病病毒呢？
ensure:vt.保证,确保;使安全; protect against:使免受;
The principal challenge for both of these viruses is that they're always changing. 面对大部分病毒最大的挑战就是 病毒总是在变换。
principal:adj.主要的;资本的;n.首长;校长;资本;当事人;
So let's take a look at the flu virus. 我们一起来看一看流感病毒。
In this rendering of the flu virus, these different colored spikes are what it uses to infect you. 在这个流感病毒示意图中, 那些不同颜色尖状物就是病毒用来感染你的身体的。
rendering:n.演奏;扮演;表演;翻译作品;v.使成为;给予;提供;回报;(render的现在分词) spikes:n.钉鞋(spike的复数);v.把…钉牢(spike的第三人称单数);
And also, what the antibodies use is a handle to essentially grab and neutralize the virus. 同样也是抗体用来 抓住并且压制这些病毒。
handle:n.[建]把手;柄;手感;口实;v.处理;操作;运用;买卖;触摸; grab:v.攫取;霸占;将…深深吸引;n.攫取;霸占;夺取之物;
When these mutate, they change their shape, and the antibodies don't know what they're looking at anymore. 一旦病毒开始变异,它们开始改变自己形状, 抗体这时候就难以识别这些病毒。
So that's why every year you can catch a slightly different strain of flu. 所以这就是每一年,为什么 你总是感染这些与众不同的流感病毒的原因了。
slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地; strain:n.压力;品系;应力;张力;v.扭伤;拉紧;滤;损伤;
It's also why in the spring, we have to make a best guess at which three strains are going to prevail the next year, put those into a single vaccine and rush those into production for the fall. 这也就是,为什么每年春天 我们可以做好的设想一下, 至少三类病毒会在明年流行的原因。 我们把这些病毒制作出一种疫苗, 在秋季加紧投入生产。
strains:n.[微]菌株(strain复数); v.[力]拉紧; prevail:v.流行;盛行;战胜;压倒;
Even worse, the most common influenza -- influenza A -- also infects animals that live in close proximity to humans, and they can recombine in those particular animals. 可是更糟糕的是, 大部分流感病毒,流感病毒A 会感染动物。 而那些动物就是生活在人类身边。 病毒会在 这些动物中再次 重组。
influenza:n.[内科]流行性感冒(简写flu);家畜流行性感冒; in close proximity:与…极接近; recombine:vt.重组;再结合;vi.重组;再结合;
In addition , wild aquatic birds carry all known strains of influenza. 还有就是,野生水生鸟类 会携带众所周知 多种流行性感冒病毒。
addition:n.添加;[数]加法;增加物; aquatic:adj.水生的;水栖的;在水中或水面进行的;n.水上运动;水生植物或动物;
So, you've got this situation: 你们已经处在这种情况当中了。
In 2003, we had an H5N1 virus that jumped from birds into humans in a few isolated cases with an apparent mortality rate of 70 percent. 2003年, 我们遭遇一种H5N1病毒。 它能从鸟类传染到人类 在一些个例中出现这种情况。 这种病毒造成了70%的死亡率。
isolated:adj.偏远的; v.隔离,孤立,脱离; apparent:adj.显然的;表面上的; mortality:n.死亡数,死亡率;必死性,必死的命运;
Now luckily, that particular virus, although very scary at the time, did not transmit from person to person very easily. 现在幸运的是尽管一些特殊的病毒 在一段时间令人恐惧害怕, 但是它们不会在人与人之间传播 那样轻易地传播。
transmit:v.传送;发射;播送;传播;传染;
This year's H1N1 threat was actually a human, avian , swine mixture that arose in Mexico. 今年的H1N1病毒 其实是人类、飞禽、猪的混合病毒。 这种病毒首先在墨西哥产生。
avian:adj.鸟的;鸟类的;n.鸟; swine:n.猪;卑贱的人; mixture:n.混合;结合体;混合物;集合体; arose:vi.出现(arise的过去式);引发;
It was easily transmitted , but, luckily, was pretty mild . 这种病毒很容易传播, 但幸运的是,它传染性并没有那没强。
transmitted:v.传送;输送;发射;播送;传播;传染;(transmit的过去分词和过去式) mild:adj.温和的; n.(英国的一种)淡味麦芽啤酒;
And so, in a sense , our luck is holding out, but you know, another wild bird could fly over at anytime. 所以,在某种意义上, 我们仍是很幸运的, 但是你们知道,在任何时候,另一只鸟就从天空飞过。
in a sense:在某种意义上;
Now let's take a look at HIV. 现在我们来看看艾滋病病毒。
As variable as flu is, 正如流感一样多变的
variable:n.变量;可变因素;可变情况;adj.多变的;易变的;变化无常的;可更改的;
HIV makes flu look like the Rock of Gibraltar . 艾滋病毒让流感病毒 相形见绌就像直布罗陀海峡的岩石不起眼。
Rock of Gibraltar:n.磐石山(位于地中海西南端直布罗陀港城附近的一处悬崖,象征十分安全或坚如磐石);
The virus that causes AIDS is the trickiest pathogen scientists have ever confronted . 艾滋病毒 是最狡猾,最难缠的病毒 也是科学家面对的最难对付的病毒。
trickiest:狡猾的;复杂的;需要技巧的(tricky的最高级); confronted:v.使…无法回避;降临于;处理;面对;对抗;(confront的过去分词和过去式)
It mutates furiously , it has decoys to evade the immune system, it attacks the very cells that are trying to fight it and it quickly hides itself in your genome . 艾滋病毒急剧变异。 它甚至可以躲骗过免疫系统。 它会攻击那些抗击它的免疫细胞。 之后它会迅速的隐藏自己。 艾滋病毒隐藏在你的基因组里。
furiously:adv.猛烈地;狂暴地; decoys:v.引诱(decoy的第三人称单数);n.圈套;诱捕; evade:vt.逃避;躲避;逃脱;回避;想不出 genome:n.基因组;染色体组;
Here's a slide looking at the genetic variation of flu and comparing that to HIV, a much wilder target. 这里幻灯片向我们展示的是 流感基因多变性 相比艾滋病毒, 艾滋病毒是一个更为使人迷惑的目标。
genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; variation:n.变异;变体;变奏;变种; comparing:v.比较;对比;(compare的现在分词)
In the video a moment ago, you saw fleets of new viruses launching from infected cells. 在之前你们在视频中 看到从感染细胞中产生出一组新的病毒。
fleets:n.[军]舰队(fleet的复数);v.掠过(fleet的第三人称单数形式); launching:n.发射;开办;起飞;v.开始从事,发起,发动;(launch的现在分词)
Now realize that in a recently infected person, there are millions of these ships; each one is just slightly different. 现在我们意识到这样的情形发生在每一个感染的人身体内, 它们有成千上百万个, 但是每一个都稍有不同。
Finding a weapon that recognizes and sinks all of them makes the job that much harder. 所以要寻找到识别 并且击败所有的病毒的有效的武器 这是一件更为艰难的事。
recognizes:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;(recognize的第三人称单数)
Now, in the 27 years since HIV was identified as the cause of AIDS, we've developed more drugs to treat HIV than all other viruses put together . 自从艾滋病毒被确认为 引起艾滋病的原凶以来,已经有27年了。 我们已经研制了越来越多的药物来治疗艾滋病 然而艾滋病毒会所有的病毒聚集起来。
identified:v.确认;认出;找到;发现;说明身份;(identify的过去式和过去分词) put together:..放在一起;组合;装配;
These drugs aren't cures, but they represent a huge triumph of science because they take away the automatic death sentence from a diagnosis of HIV, at least for those who can access them. 这使这些药物难以达到治疗效果。 但是这已经表明我们科学的（在对艾滋病毒的战斗中） 巨大的胜利 因为这些药物让艾滋病不再等同于 宣判死刑 至少对于那些能接触到药物的人来说
represent:v.代表;表现;描绘;回忆;再赠送; triumph:v.战胜;成功;打败;n.巨大成功;重大成就;伟大胜利;喜悦; automatic:adj.自动的;无意识的;必然的;n.自动步枪;自动换挡汽车; diagnosis:n.诊断;
The vaccine effort though is really quite different. 尽管疫苗的作用实际上完全不同。
Large companies moved away from it because they thought the science was so difficult and vaccines were seen as poor business. 一些大公司也不再做疫苗之类, 因为他们认为科学如此艰难 而做疫苗却又是这样不赚钱的业务。
Many thought that it was just impossible to make an AIDS vaccine, but today, evidence tells us otherwise. 很多人都认为研制出艾滋病毒的疫苗简直是天方夜谭。 但是现在,证据显示这是有可能的。
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明;
In September, we had surprising but exciting findings from a clinical trial that took place in Thailand . 今年九月, 我们有一个令人惊奇和令人兴奋的发现。 在泰国的临床实验中得以这一发现的。
findings:n.调查发现;判决;裁决;(finding的复数) clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的; Thailand:n.泰国(东南亚国家名);
For the first time, we saw an AIDS vaccine work in humans -- albeit , quite modestly -- and that particular vaccine was made almost a decade ago. 这是我们第一次发现艾滋病毒在人体中怎样进行的, 尽管我们的发现是有限的。 一种特殊的疫苗在十多年前 就研制出来了。
albeit:conj.虽然;即使; modestly:adv.谨慎地;适当地;
Newer concepts and early testing now show even greater promise in the best of our animal models. 更新的理念和最近的测试 显示在动物样本中有着很好的前景。
But in the past few months, researchers have also isolated several new broadly neutralizing antibodies from the blood of an HIV infected individual . 但是在过去的几个月中,研究人员已经从 感染艾滋病毒个体的血液中分离出 新的一种有着明显的防御能力的抗体。
broadly:adv.明显地;宽广地;概括地;露骨地;粗鄙地; neutralizing:n.[化学]中和;v.[化学]中和(neutralize的ing形式); individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的;
Now, what does this mean? 那这意味着什么呢？
We saw earlier that HIV is highly variable, that a broad neutralizing antibody latches on and disables multiple variations of the virus. 早些时候我们看到艾滋病毒是 急剧变化的病毒。 这种具有广泛中和能力的抗体 能依附并并且破坏 病毒的多种变化能力。
highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; antibody:n.[免疫]抗体; latches:n.[计]门闩线路; v.用插销插上; disables:无效; multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; variations:n.变奏曲,变更;[生物]变种(variation的复数形式);
If you take these and you put them in the best of our monkey models, they provide full protection from infection. 如果你取得这样疫苗并且把它注入 猴子样本中, 抗体应对感染提供全面的保护。
In addition, these researchers found a new site on HIV where the antibodies can grab onto, and what's so special about this spot is that it changes very little as the virus mutates. 另外,这些研究院发现 艾滋病毒新的点 抗体抓住的地方。 这一点特别就是 抗体不会改变 在病毒变异的时候。
site:n.地点;位置;场所;v.设置;为…选址;
It's like, as many times as the virus changes its clothes, it's still wearing the same socks, and now our job is to make sure we get the body to really hate those socks. 这就好像 尽管 病毒换了自己衣服, 但是它仍然穿着同样的短袜。 现在我们的工作就是 让我们的身体厌恶这些短袜。
So what we've got is a situation. 这就是我们现在处境。
The Thai results tell us we can make an AIDS vaccine, and the antibody findings tell us how we might do that. 泰国实验结果告诉我们 我们能研制出艾滋病毒疫苗。 抗体的发现 告诉我们我们能做到。
This strategy , working backwards from an antibody to create a vaccine candidate, has never been done before in vaccine research. 这样的策略,我们返回我们之前工作 从抗体到制造出预选疫苗。 在疫苗研究之前这从未这样做过。
strategy:n.策略;行动计划;部署;战略;
It's called retro-vaccinology, and its implications extend way beyond that of just HIV. 我们称这一过程为还原接种疫苗学。 这一理论的应用 已经超出艾滋病领域。
implications:n.蕴涵式;暗指,暗示;含蓄,含意;卷入(implication的复数); extend:vt.延伸; vi.延伸;
So think of it this way. 所以我们想到这中方法。
We've got these new antibodies we've identified, and we know that they latch onto many, many variations of the virus. 我们已经取得了这些我们确认的新的抗体 我们知道这些疫苗能抓住很多多变的病毒。
We know that they have to latch onto a specific part, so if we can figure out the precise structure of that part, present that through a vaccine, what we hope is we can prompt your immune system to make these matching antibodies. 我们知道疫苗能抓住特殊的病毒。 所以我们能构想出这些病毒更为精确的结构 通过疫苗就可以做到。 我们希望我们能促使 你们的免疫系统产生相匹配的抗体。
precise:adj.准确的;确切的;精确的;明确的; structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造; prompt:n.提示; v.提示; adj.迅速; v.准时地;
And that would create a universal HIV vaccine. 这样能将产生 一种通用的艾滋病毒疫苗。
universal:adj.普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的;
Now, it sounds easier than it is because the structure actually looks more like this blue antibody diagram attached to its yellow binding site, and as you can imagine, these three-dimensional structures are much harder to work on. 现在,这听起来挺容易的。 因为它的结构的确看起来像 这种蓝色抗体简图一样 粘附在黄色节点。 正如你们可以想象的,这些三位结构图 是非常更为难以制作的。
attached:adj.依恋;v.重视;把…固定;(attach的过去分词和过去式) binding:v.结合; n.(书籍的)封皮; adj.必须遵守的; (bind的现在分词) three-dimensional:adj.三维的;立体的;真实的; structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式);
And if you guys have ideas to help us solve this, we'd love to hear about it. 如果你们能有想法帮助我们解决这问题, 我们很愿意听听你的想法。
But, you know, the research that has occurred from HIV now has really helped with innovation with other diseases. 但是,现在,我们对艾滋病研究 的确帮助我们发明其他病毒的疫苗。
innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法;
So for instance , a biotechnology company has now found broadly neutralizing antibodies to influenza, as well as a new antibody target on the flu virus. 例如,一个生物科技公司 现在已经发现对付流感 广泛中和能力的抗体。 以及针对流感病毒的新的抗体。
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; biotechnology:n.[生物]生物技术;[生物]生物工艺学; as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且;
They're currently making a cocktail -- an antibody cocktail -- that can be used to treat severe, overwhelming cases of flu. 他们正在研制一种鸡尾酒 一种鸡尾酒类型的抗体。这种能抗体能治疗 严重的流感例子。
currently:adv.当前;一般地; cocktail:n.鸡尾酒;开味食品;n.混合物;adj.鸡尾酒的; overwhelming:adj.势不可挡的; v.压倒; (overwhelm的现在分词)
In the longer term, what they can do is use these tools of retro-vaccinology to make a preventive flu vaccine. 现在,长远来看,我们能做的 使用还原接种技术 来生产防御性流感疫苗。
preventive:n.预防药;预防法;adj.预防的,防止的;
Now, retro-vaccinology is just one technique within the ambit of so-called rational vaccine design. 现在,还原接种技术是一种 在所谓理性疫苗设计范围内的技术。
technique:n.技巧,技术;手法; ambit:n.范围;周围; so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的; rational:n.理性;人类;合理的事物;[数]有理数;adj.合理的;理性的;明智的;理智的;
Let me give you another example. 我再给你另一个例子。
We talked about before the H and N spikes on the surface of the flu virus. 我们之前所说到 在流感病毒表面 的H和M的刺突。
Notice these other, smaller protuberances . 注意看到这些其他的更小的突起物。
protuberances:n.突起;突出部;瘤;(protuberance的复数)
These are largely hidden from the immune system. 这些突起物都隐藏在疫苗系统里。
largely:adv.主要地;大部分;大量地;
Now it turns out that these spots also don't change much when the virus mutates. 现在结果证明的这些节点 在病毒变异之时并没有改变。
If you can cripple these with specific antibodies, you could cripple all versions of the flu. 如果你的身体特定的抗体能损害这些病毒, 那么你的身体就能抵抗所有这类的流感。
cripple:vt.削弱;使跛;使残废;n.跛子;残废;adj.跛的;残废的;
So far, animal tests indicate that such a vaccine could prevent severe disease, although you might get a mild case. 到现在为止,动物测试显示 这样一种疫苗能抵抗预防这些病毒。 尽管你会感染一些轻微的流感。
indicate:v.表明;显示;象征;暗示;
So if this works in humans, what we're talking about is a universal flu vaccine, one that doesn't need to change every year and would remove the threat of death. 如果这些疫苗子运用在人身体中, 我们说道的就是一种通用的疫苗。 这样我们不要每年在去研制改变。 最终我们会抹掉这种死亡威胁。
We really could think of flu, then, as just a bad cold. 实际上,我们认为这样流感 就仅仅是一次重感冒。
Of course, the best vaccine imaginable is only valuable to the extent we get it to everyone who needs it. 当然,可以想象的最好的疫苗 在某种程度上是有价值的。 我们给疫苗给那些需要的每一个人。
imaginable:adj.可能的;可想像的; valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品; extent:n.程度;范围;长度;
So to do that, we have to combine smart vaccine design with smart production methods and, of course, smart delivery methods. 所以为了达到这样目的,我们不得不 把巧妙的疫苗设计与精细生产方法以及 聪明的销售方式相结合。
delivery:n.[贸易]交付;分娩;递送;
So I want you to think back a few months ago. 你们回想几个月前。
In June, the World Health Organization declared the first global flu pandemic in 41 years. 六月份,世界卫生组织 宣布41年来第一个 全球流感病毒。
Organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体;
The U.S. government promised 150 million doses of vaccine by October 15th for the flu peak . 美国政府承诺 15亿剂疫苗将会 在10月15日生产出来以应对流感高峰。
doses:v.服药(dose的三单形式);n.[药][核]剂量(dose的复数); peak:n.高峰; v.达到高峰; adj.最高度的;
Vaccines were promised to developing countries. 同样也承诺会向发展中国家提供这些疫苗。
Hundreds of millions of dollars were spent and flowed to accelerating vaccine manufacturing . 数亿美元将会花费在 提高疫苗的产量上。
accelerating:adj.促进的,[物]加速的;催化的; manufacturing:n.制造业;工业;v.制造;生产(manufacture的现在分词);
So what happened? 在之前我们又是怎样的？
Well, we first figured out how to make flu vaccines, how to produce them, in the early 1940s. 那时我们首先想到 怎样研制疫苗,怎样生产这些疫苗。 那是在20世纪40年代初期。
It was a slow, cumbersome process that depended on chicken eggs, millions of living chicken eggs. 那是一段缓慢而复杂的过程。 因为我们整个过程都要依赖鸡蛋, 上百万的活鸡蛋。
cumbersome:adj.笨重的;累赘的;难处理的; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
Viruses only grow in living things, and so it turned out that, for flu, chicken eggs worked really well. 病毒只能通过这样活鸡蛋才能生长。 的确最后也证明这一点。 对于流感,鸡蛋相当有用。
For most strains, you could get one to two doses of vaccine per egg. 对于大部分种类病毒,你可能每个鸡蛋 会产出一到两剂疫苗。
Luckily for us, we live in an era of breathtaking biomedical advances. 我们是幸运的。 我们生活在 生物医药飞速发展的时代。
breathtaking:adj.惊险的;惊人的;激动人心的 biomedical:adj.生物医学的;
So today, we get our flu vaccines from ... 即使是今天,我们的流感疫苗也是来自
chicken eggs, 这些鸡蛋。
(Laughter) （笑声）
hundreds of millions of chicken eggs. 来自这些数以亿计的鸡蛋。
Almost nothing has changed. 这些几乎没有改变过。
The system is reliable but the problem is you never know how well a strain is going to grow. 系统是可靠的。 但是现在问题是,你们不知道 一种病毒是怎样生产的。
reliable:adj.可信赖的;可依靠的;真实可信的;可靠的; you never know:(非正式)很难说,不可预知;
This year's swine flu strain grew very poorly in early production: basically .6 doses per egg. 今年猪流感病毒 在早期生产中很难生产 基本上,每只蛋产6剂疫苗。
So, here's an alarming thought. 这可是一种令人害怕的想法。
What if that wild bird flies by again? 如果野生飞禽又飞回来,那又会怎么样呢？
What if:如果…怎么办?
You could see an avian strain that would infect the poultry flocks , and then we would have no eggs for our vaccines. 你可能都知道禽流感病毒 能感染家禽。 那时,我们就没有生产疫苗的鸡蛋了。
poultry:n.家禽;家禽肉; flocks:n.短纤维,废毛铁;絮凝物,絮状沉淀;
So, Dan [Barber], if you want billions of chicken pellets for your fish farm , Dan,如果你想 要上百亿个鸡蛋 来自你们的农场。
pellets:n.芯块,小球(pellet的复数);靶丸;v.使形成小球(pellet的第三人称单数); fish farm:n.养鱼场;
I know where to get them. 我知道哪里可以得到这些鸡蛋。
So right now, the world can produce about 350 million doses of flu vaccine for the three strains, and we can up that to about 1.2 billion doses if we want to target a single variant like swine flu. 现在全球能生产 3.5亿剂 3种流感病毒的疫苗。 我们能提产到12亿剂疫苗。 如果我们只生产一类病毒的疫苗 例如猪流感。
variant:adj.不同的;多样的;n.变体;转化;
But this assumes that our factories are humming because, in 2004, the U.S. supply was cut in half by contamination at one single plant. 但是我们想到我们的工厂正在热火生产 因为,2004年, 美国产量减产一般 是由于一种疫苗受到污染。
assumes:v.假定;采用;承担;呈;(assumes是assume的第三人称单数) humming:v.哼(曲子);发嗡嗡声;活跃;繁忙;(hum的现在分词) contamination:n.污染,玷污;污染物;
And the process still takes more than half a year. 这一生产过程需要 半年多的时间。
So are we better prepared than we were in 1918? 我们现在是否比 我们1918年那时准备更好吗？
Well, with the new technologies emerging now, 当然,随着新科技兴起,
technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词)
I hope we can say definitively , "Yes." 我希望我们可以确定的说“是”。
definitively:adv.决定性地;最后地;
Imagine we could produce enough flu vaccine for everyone in the entire world for less than half of what we're currently spending now in the United States. 想象一下,如果我们能为全球 生产足够的流感疫苗。 但是我们只要花费 现在在美国疫苗生产费用一半还好少。
With a range of new technologies, we could. 我们运用新技术这是可以实现的。
Here's an example: 这里有一个例子。
A company I'm engaged with has found a specific piece of the H spike of flu that sparks the immune system. 我之前工作过家公司已经发现 一种H刺突流感病毒。 这种病毒能激发免疫系统。
engaged:adj.已订婚的; v.吸引住; (engage的过去分词和过去式) sparks:n.(船或飞机上的)无线电通信师;
If you lop this off and attach it to the tail of a different bacterium , which creates a vigorous immune response , they've created a very powerful flu fighter. 如果你能消除这种病毒,并且把它 粘附在另一种不同细菌的尾巴上。 这样就可以激起免疫系统的反应。 他们已经研制出一种强有力的流感病毒战士。
lop:vt.砍伐;剪去树枝;vi.砍,删;闲荡;下垂;n.剪下的树枝;adj.垂下的; bacterium:n.[微]细菌;杆菌属; vigorous:adj.有力的;精力充沛的; immune response:n.免疫应答(机体对抗原的应答);
This vaccine is so small it can be grown in a common bacteria , E. coli . 这种疫苗相当的微小。 这种疫苗能普通的细菌中就能产生。
bacteria:n.[微]细菌; coli:n.大肠杆菌;
Now, as you know, bacteria reproduce quickly -- it's like making yogurt -- and so we could produce enough swine origin flu for the entire world in a few factories, in a few weeks, with no eggs, for a fraction of the cost of current methods. 现在这种细菌繁殖非常快速。 这就好像制造酸奶一样。 所以我们能在几个工厂就能 在几周内生产猪流感病毒。 但是我们并不需要使用鸡蛋。 而且我们只要花费现在生产方式的费用的一小部分就可以了。
reproduce:v.繁殖;复制;再现;生育; origin:n.起源;起因;源头;出身; fraction:n.分数;小部分;小数;少量;
(Applause) （鼓掌）
So here's a comparison of several of these new vaccine technologies. 这只是几种疫苗新科技的比较。
comparison:n.比较;对比;相比;
And, aside from the radically increased production and huge cost savings -- for example, the E. coli method I just talked about -- look at the time saved: this would be lives saved. 除了根本上提高产量和 大幅度节约生产成本之外, 就我们刚才说道的E.coli方法, 这种方法还节约了时间,这就意味着拯救更多生命。
radically:adv.根本上;彻底地;以激进的方式; savings:n.节省物;节省;节约;储蓄金;存款;(saving的复数)
The developing world, mostly left out of the current response, sees the potential of these alternate technologies and they're leapfrogging the West. 发展中国家 大部分发展中国家脱离了时代的潮流, 他们却看到了这种替代技术的巨大潜力。 他们正在超越西方的发达国家。
potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; alternate:vi.交替;轮流;vt.使交替;使轮流;adj.交替的;轮流的;n.替换物; leapfrogging:v.越级提升;(leapfrog的现在分词)
India, Mexico and others are already making experimental flu vaccines, and they may be the first place we see these vaccines in use. 印度、墨西哥以及其他发展中国家 正在做流感疫苗的实验。 他们也许处于领先地位。 我们看到这种疫苗的用途性
experimental:adj.实验的;根据实验的;试验性的;
Because these technologies are so efficient and relatively cheap, billions of people can have access to lifesaving vaccines if we can figure out how to deliver them. 因为这些技术如此高效率 而且相对便宜。 那么几十亿的普通大众也能接种这种救命的疫苗。 如果我们构想出销售这些疫苗方式。
efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的; relatively:adv.相当程度上;相当地;相对地; lifesaving:adj.救命的;救生用的;n.救生;
Now think of where this leads us. 最近我们在想我们在研究的
New infectious diseases appear or reappear every few years. 新的感染性的疾病 一次又一次的出现。 每隔几年都会出现。
Some day, perhaps soon, we'll have a virus that is going to threaten all of us. 某一天,也许很快 又会出现一种威胁我们的新的病毒。
Will we be quick enough to react before millions die? 然而这次我们将最快作出反应 在百万人逝去之前,我们将做到。
react:v.起反应;回应;(对食物等)有不良反应,过敏;起化学反应;
Luckily, this year's flu was relatively mild. 幸运的是,今年的流感病毒相对微弱。
I say, "luckily" in part because virtually no one in the developing world was vaccinated . 我刚说“幸运” 因为在过去发展中国家几乎没有一人 接种过疫苗。
virtually:adv.事实上,几乎;实质上; vaccinated:v.给…接种疫苗;(vaccinate的过去分词和过去式)
So if we have the political and financial foresight to sustain our investments , we will master these and new tools of vaccinology , and with these tools we can produce enough vaccine for everyone at low cost and ensure healthy productive lives. 如果那些有着政治和金融远见的投资者 来持续我们对疫苗生产的投资。 我们将掌握疫苗技术的新工具。 运用这些新工具,我们能 生产出低廉的,普通大众都买得起的疫苗。 这样可以保障那些健康而充实有效的生命。
financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的; foresight:n.先见,远见;预见;深谋远虑; sustain:v.支持;支撑;遭受;证实; investments:n.[经]投资,投资的财产;投资学;(investment的复数) vaccinology:n.疫苗学; productive:adj.能生产的;生产的,生产性的;多产的;富有成效的;
No longer must flu have to kill half a million people a year. 每年流感不会再夺走50多万的生命了。
No longer does AIDS need to kill two million a year. 每年艾滋病也不会再 夺走200多万的生命。
No longer do the poor and vulnerable need to be threatened by infectious diseases, or indeed, anybody. 不论是贫穷或嬴弱的人们 也不会在受到感染性疾病的威胁饿了。 的确,不会威胁到任何人。
vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的,易受…的攻击;易受伤害的;有弱点的;
Instead of having Vaclav Smil's "massively fatal discontinuity " of life, we can ensure the continuity of life. 然而不会再有Vaclav Smil’s 这样的大规模非持续性致命疾病了。 我们能保证 生命的延续。
discontinuity:n.不连续;中断;间断性;断绝;
What the world needs now are these new vaccines, and we can make it happen. 现在世界需要的就是这些新的疫苗, 我们能生产出来。
Thank you very much. 非常感谢！
(Applause) （掌声）
Chris Anderson: Thank you. Chris Anderson :谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）
Thank you. 谢谢
So, the science is changing. 科学日新月异变化着。
In your mind, Seth -- I mean, you must dream about this -- what is the kind of time scale on, let's start with HIV, for a game-changing vaccine that's actually out there and usable? 在你看来,我的意思是,你在想 什么时候, 就拿艾滋病毒来说, 我们会使用上这种已经存在的游戏替换式疫苗呢？
scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢;
SB: The game change can come at any time, because the problem we have now is we've shown we can get a vaccine to work in humans; we just need a better one. SB:任何时候游戏不断替换。 因为我们现在的面对的问题是 正如我们刚才向你们展现疫苗在人体如何工作的。 我们需要更好的一种。
And with these types of antibodies, we know humans can make them. 人类的身体可以使用这类抗体就可以对抗病毒。
So, if we can figure out how to do that, then we have the vaccine, and what's interesting is there already is some evidence that we're beginning to crack that problem. 如果我们知道它们怎么工作的, 之后我们就研制出疫苗。 正真有趣的是 有些迹象证明我们已经开始解决这些问题。
crack:v.使破裂;打开;变声;n.裂缝;声变;噼啪声;adj.最好的;高明的;
So, the challenge is full speed ahead. 所以研制速度仍是我们的一大挑战。
CA: In your gut , do you think it's probably going to be at least another five years? CA:在你开来,你是否认为还要五年的时间才研制出下一种疫苗呢？
gut:n.勇气;肠道;内脏;v.损毁内部;取出…的内脏;adj.非理性的;本能的
SB: You know, everybody says it's 10 years, but it's been 10 years every 10 years. SB:每个人都说要十年, 但是几十年已经过去了。
So I hate to put a timeline on scientific innovation, but the investments that have occurred are now paying dividends . 我个人不喜欢给 科学发明一种时间限制。 那是那些投入研究的资金正在用于支付股东红利。
timeline:n.时间轴,时间线;大事年表; scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; dividends:n.[金融]股息,股利;红利(dividend的复数形式);
CA: And that's the same with universal flu vaccine, the same kind of thing? CA:它们与通用的流感疫苗是同样的吗？
SB: I think flu is different. I think what happened with flu is we've got a bunch -- I just showed some of this -- a bunch of really cool and useful technologies that are ready to go now. SB:我认为流感是不同的。 一旦我们遇到一大股的流感时——正如我们刚刚展示的, 我们有一批相当酷而且非常有用的技术已经准备好了。
a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆;
They look good. The problem has been that, what we did is we invested in traditional technologies because that's what we were comfortable with. 它们看起来不错。还有一个问题 我们过去投资在传统技上。 因为那是过去合适的方式。
invested:v.投资;投入;(invest的过去分词和过去式) traditional:传统的,惯例的,
You also can use adjuvants , which are chemicals you mix. 你也能用一种你混合化学用品的佐剂。
adjuvants:n.佐剂学;辅助者(adjuvant的复数); chemicals:n.化学制品;化学品;(chemical的复数)
That's what Europe is doing, so we could have diluted out our supply of flu and made more available, but, going back to what Michael Specter said, the anti-vaccine crowd didn't really want that to happen. 这也正是欧洲国家在做的,要是我们能稀释出 我们提供的流感病毒,然后研制出更多的。 但是,说道MichaelSpecter 说的话, 抗疫苗的病毒可不希望这样的事 发生。
diluted:v.稀释;冲淡;削弱;降低;(dilute的过去分词和过去式) Specter:n.幽灵;妖怪;恐怖之物;
CA: And malaria's even further behind? CA:疟疾疫苗实现当落后了吧？
SB: No, malaria, there is a candidate that actually showed efficacy in an earlier trial and is currently in phase three trials now. SB:不,疟疾, 我们已经早期试验中发现一种疟疾疫苗候选者表现非常有效。 现在已经进入了第三阶段的实验。
efficacy:n.功效,效力; phase:n.阶段;时期;月相;(月亮的)盈亏;v.分阶段进行;逐步做;
It probably isn't the perfect vaccine, but it's moving along. 它现在可能不是那没完美的疫苗,但是它正在改进中。
CA: Seth, most of us do work where every month, we produce something; we get that kind of gratification . CA:Seth,像我们大家一样每个月工作 像我们一样,制作一些东西。 我们会感到非常快乐。
gratification:n.满意;喜悦;使人满意之事;
You've been slaving away at this for more than a decade, and I salute you and your colleagues for what you do. 你们已经投入研究这一领域有十多年了。 我得向你和你的同事致敬,以及你们的研究成果。
salute:n.致敬,欢迎;敬礼;v.行礼致敬,欢迎;致意,打招呼;行礼; colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
The world needs people like you. Thank you. 这个世界需要像你们这样的一类人。谢谢你们！
SB: Thank you. SB:谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）