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ScottFraser_2012X-_为什么目击证人会出错_
The murder happened a little over 21 years ago, [00:14]
January the 18th, 1991, in a small bedroom community of Lynwood, California, just a few miles southeast of Los Angeles. [00:19]
bedroom community:n.郊外住宅区; southeast:adj.东南的;来自东南的;n.东南;东南地区;adv.来自东南;
A father came out of his house to tell his teenage son and his five friends that it was time for them to stop horsing around on the front lawn and on the sidewalk , to get home, finish their schoolwork, and prepare themselves for bed. [00:33]
horsing:v.为…备马;猛推或用力向上举;(horse的现在分词) lawn:n.草地;草坪; sidewalk:n.人行道;
And as the father was administering these instructions, a car drove by, slowly, and just after it passed the father and the teenagers, a hand went out from the front passenger window, and -- "Bam, Bam!" -- killing the father. [00:50]
administering:v.管理;施行;执行;给予;提供;(administer的现在分词) passenger:n.旅客;乘客;白吃饭的人;闲散人员;
And the car sped off. [01:09]
The police, investigating officers, were amazingly efficient . [01:13]
investigating:v.调查;研究;审查;(investigate的现在分词) efficient:adj.有效率的;有能力的;生效的;
They considered all the usual culprits , and in less than 24 hours, they had selected their suspect : [01:18]
culprits:n.犯人,罪犯;被控犯罪的人; suspect:n.犯罪嫌疑人;v.怀疑;不信任;adj.可疑的;
Francisco Carrillo, a 17-year-old kid who lived about two or three blocks away from where the shooting occurred . [01:25]
occurred:v.发生;出现;存在于;出现在;(occur的过去分词和过去式)
They found photos of him. They prepared a photo array , and the day after the shooting, they showed it to one of the teenagers, and he said, "That's the picture. [01:34]
array:n.数组,阵列;排列,列阵;大批,一系列;衣服;v.排列,部署;打扮;
That's the shooter I saw that killed the father." [01:47]
That was all a preliminary hearing judge had to listen to, to bind Mr. Carrillo over to stand trial for a first-degree murder. [01:52]
preliminary:n.准备;预赛;初步措施;adj.初步的;开始的;预备的; bind:v.结合;装订;有约束力;过紧;n.捆绑;困境;讨厌的事情;植物的藤蔓; first-degree:adj.最轻度的;最低级的;第一度的;
In the investigation that followed before the actual trial, each of the other five teenagers was shown photographs, the same photo array. [02:03]
The picture that we best can determine was probably the one that they were shown in the photo array is in your bottom left hand corner of these mug shots. [02:14]
determine:v.决定;确定;测定;查明;形成;影响;裁决;安排; mug:n.指圆筒形;啤酒杯;(非正式)傻瓜;(非正式)脸;v.抢劫;做鬼脸;
The reason we're not sure absolutely is because of the nature of evidence preservation in our judicial system, but that's another whole TEDx talk for later. (Laughter) [02:22]
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; preservation:n.保存,保留; judicial:adj.公正的,明断的;法庭的;审判上的;
So at the actual trial, all six of the teenagers testified , and indicated the identifications they had made in the photo array. [02:37]
testified:v.(尤指出庭)作证;证实;证明;见证;(testify的过去式和过去分词) indicated:v.表明;显示;象征;暗示;示意;(indicate的过去分词和过去式) identifications:n.鉴定,识别;认同;身份证明;
He was convicted . He was sentenced to life imprisonment , and transported to Folsom Prison. [02:50]
convicted:v.定罪;宣判…有罪;(convict的过去式和过去分词) imprisonment:n.监禁,关押;坐牢;下狱; transported:v.(用交通工具)运输,运送,输送;(transport的过去分词和过去式) Folsom:adj.福尔松(文化)的(落基山脉东部的史前文化遗迹);
So what's wrong? [03:01]
Straightforward , fair trial, full investigation. [03:03]
Straightforward:adj.简单的;坦率的;明确的;径直的;adv.直截了当地;坦率地;
Oh yes, no gun was ever found. [03:07]
No vehicle was ever identified as being the one in which the shooter had extended his arm, and no person was ever charged with being the driver of the shooter's vehicle. [03:11]
vehicle:n.[车辆]车辆;工具;交通工具;运载工具;传播媒介;媒介物; identified:v.确认;认出;找到;发现;说明身份;(identify的过去式和过去分词) extended:adj.延长了的;扩展了的;v.使伸长;扩大;扩展;(extend的过去式和过去分词)
And Mr. Carrillo's alibi ? [03:25]
alibi:n.辩解;不在犯罪现场的抗辩事实;v.为某人提供不在现场的证词
Which of those parents here in the room might not lie concerning the whereabouts of your son or daughter in an investigation of a killing? [03:29]
concerning:prep.关于;涉及;v.影响,牵涉(某人);与…有关;涉及;(concern的现在分词) whereabouts:n.下落;行踪;去向;所在之处;adv.在何处;靠近什么地方;
Sent to prison, adamantly insisting on his innocence , which he has consistently for 21 years. [03:43]
adamantly:adv.坚硬无比地;坚强地;固执地;不动摇地; innocence:n.清白,无罪;天真无邪; consistently:adv.一贯地;一致地;坚实地;
So what's the problem? [03:54]
The problems, actually, for this kind of case come manyfold from decades of scientific research involving human memory. [03:57]
manyfold:adv.成倍地;大量地;以许多倍;adj.各式各样的(等于manifold); scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; involving:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加;(involve的现在分词)
First of all , we have all the statistical analyses from the Innocence Project work, where we know that we have, what, 250, 280 documented cases now where people have [04:08]
First of all:adv.首先; statistical:adj.统计的;统计学的; analyses:n.分析;解析;分解;梗概(analysis的复数形式);
been wrongfully convicted and subsequently exonerated , some from death row , on the basis of later DNA analysis , and you know that over three quarters of all of those cases [04:19]
wrongfully:adv.不正当地;不妥地; subsequently:adv.随后,其后;后来; exonerated:v.宣布(某人)无罪;免除责任;(exonerate的过去式和过去分词) death row:n.死囚牢房;死囚区; on the basis of:根据;基于…; analysis:n.分析;分解;验定; three quarters:adj.四分之三的;n.四分之三;
of exoneration involved only eyewitness identification testimony during the trial that convicted them. [04:33]
exoneration:n.免除;免罪; involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) eyewitness:n.目击者;见证人; testimony:n.[法]证词,证言;证据;
We know that eyewitness identifications are fallible . [04:43]
fallible:adj.易犯错误的;不可靠的;
The other comes from an interesting aspect of human memory that's related to various brain functions but I can sum up for the sake of brevity here in a simple line: [04:49]
aspect:n.方面;层面;外观;方位; for the sake of:为了;为了…的利益; brevity:n.简洁,简短;短暂,短促;
The brain abhors a vacuum . [04:59]
abhors:vt.痛恨,憎恶; vacuum:n.真空; adj.真空的; v.用真空吸尘器清扫;
Under the best of observation conditions, the absolute best, we only detect , encode and store in our brains bits and pieces of the entire experience in front of us, and they're stored in different parts of the brain. [05:04]
observation:n.观察;观测;监视;(尤指据所见、所闻、所读而作的)评论; detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测; encode:vt.(将文字材料)译成密码;编码,编制成计算机语言; bits and pieces:零星小玩意;零碎;零碎东西;星星点点;
So now, when it's important for us to be able to recall what it was that we experienced, we have an incomplete , we have a partial store, and what happens? [05:19]
recall:v.记起;回想起;使想到;勾起;召回;n.记忆力;记性;回归请求;回收令; incomplete:n.未完成;adj.不完整的;不完全的;不完善的; partial:adj.部分的;不完整的;片面的;有偏见的;
Below awareness , with no requirement for any kind of motivated processing , the brain fills in information that was not there, not originally stored, from inference , from speculation , from sources of information that came to you, as the observer , after the observation. [05:34]
awareness:n.意识,认识;明白,知道; motivated:adj.有动机的; v.使产生动机; processing:v.加工;处理;审核;数据处理;v.列队行进;缓缓前进;(process的现在分词) originally:adv.原来;起初; inference:n.推理;推断;推论;推断的结果; speculation:n.投机;推测;思索;投机买卖; sources:n.来源;出处;起源;根源;原因;v.(从…)获得(source的第三人称单数和复数) observer:n.观察员;观察者;观察家;观测者;
But it happens without awareness such that you don't, aren't even cognizant of it occurring . [05:55]
cognizant:adj.审理的;已认知的; occurring:n.事件;事故;事变;
It's called reconstructed memories. [06:01]
reconstructed:adj.重建的;改造的;v.重建;改造(reconstruct的过去式);
It happens to us in all the aspects of our life, all the time. [06:03]
aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数);
Let me ask you to consider the horrific events of 9/11. [06:10]
horrific:adj.可怕的;令人毛骨悚然的;
Think about when you first got the information about this catastrophe , how you felt, and more importantly, when was the first time you saw the second trade tower implode and collapse after the first trade tower had gone down? [06:14]
catastrophe:n.大灾难;大祸;惨败; implode:vt.使内爆;vi.向内破裂;内爆; collapse:vi.倒塌;瓦解;暴跌;vt.使倒塌,使崩溃;使萎陷;折叠;n.倒塌;失败;衰竭;
If you're like most Americans, myself included, you have a very clear memory that you saw the first tower come down and then you saw the second tower finally collapse, after the other plane crashed into it, within an hour or two afterwards. [06:36]
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
I remember vividly where I was. [06:52]
vividly:adv.生动地;强烈地;
I was down at LAX at the satellite terminal for American Airlines waiting to get on an airplanes to fly to San Diego, and of course all the air traffic was ceased . [06:53]
LAX:n.松元音;泻肚;adj.松的;松懈的;腹泻的; terminal:n.终端;航站楼;终端机;航空终点站;adj.晚期的;不治的;致命的;患绝症的; Airlines:n.航空公司(airline的复数);航空业; airplanes:n.(美)[航]飞机(airplane的复数); ceased:v.停止(cease的过去式及过去分词形式);中止;中断;
And so I had nothing to do but to sit and watch the television monitors with all of the news broadcasts over and over and over again of the horrendous events. [07:03]
over and over again:adv.一再地;反复不断地; horrendous:adj.可怕的;惊人的;
And I know I saw that second trade tower come down an hour or two after the first. [07:14]
And all of the research we have indicates that most Americans too, except for a few people who happen to live in certain places in New York, right? [07:22]
indicates:v.表明指示,显示;(indicate的第三人称单数)
And you know something? [07:30]
That's a totally false memory . [07:32]
false memory:n.(对事实上并未发生的事情的)伪记忆;
It could not be something you experienced. [07:35]
There was absolutely no media footage of the second trade tower collapsing until over 24 hours after the event. [07:38]
media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; footage:n.英尺长度;连续镜头;以尺计算长度; collapsing:v.倒塌,坍塌; (collapse的现在分词)
But in fact, you know, intellectually , cognitively , that they did occur fairly close in time, you did know about and see the first one, you did see the second one, [07:48]
intellectually:adv.智力上;理智地;知性上; cognitively:adv.认知地; fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直;
but you didn't see it until over a day later at the earliest, but the brain, without you being aware, has pulled them together, and you believe you saw them very close in time. [08:01]
It is a reconstructed memory, not an accurate memory, no matter how vivid, no matter how sure you are. [08:14]
accurate:adj.精确的;
It was those two considerations among others, reconstructive memories, the fact about the eyewitness fallibility , that was part of the instigation for a group of appeal attorneys led by an amazing lawyer named Ellen Eggers [08:22]
considerations:n.考虑;注意事项(consideration的复数形式);体贴; reconstructive:adj.重建的;改造的; fallibility:n.易误;不可靠;出错性; instigation:n.煽动,鼓动;教唆;刺激; appeal:n.上诉;吸引力;申诉;魅力;v.上诉;呼吁;申诉;恳求; attorneys:n.辩护师,律师(attorney的复数形式);
to pool their experience and their talents together and petition a superior court for a retrial for Francisco Carrillo. [08:38]
petition:n.请愿;请愿书;祈求;[法]诉状;vi.请愿;请求;vt.请愿;请求;恳求; superior:n.上级;上司;adj.(在品质上)更好的;占优势的;更胜一筹的; retrial:n.复审;复试;
They retained me, as a forensic neurophysiologist , because I had expertise in eyewitness memory identification, which obviously makes sense for this case, right? [08:49]
retained:v.保持;持有;保留;聘请(律师等);(retain的过去分词和过去式) forensic:adj.法院的;辩论的;适于法庭的; neurophysiologist:神经生理学; expertise:n.专门知识;专门技术;专家的意见;
But also because I have expertise and testify about the nature of human night vision . [09:01]
testify:v.证明,证实;作证; vision:n.视力;美景;幻象;想象力;v.想象;显现;梦见;
Well, what's that got to do with this? [09:09]
Well, when you read through the case materials in this Carrillo case, one of the things that suddenly strikes you is that the investigating officers said the lighting was good at the crime scene, at the shooting. [09:12]
All the teenagers testified during the trial that they could see very well. [09:27]
But this occurred in mid-January, in the Northern Hemisphere , at 7 p.m. at night. [09:34]
Hemisphere:n.半球;
So when I did the calculations for the lunar data and the solar data at that location on Earth at the time of the incident of the shooting, all right, it was well past the end of civil twilight and there was no moon up that night. [09:44]
lunar:adj.月亮的,月球的;阴历的;银的;微亮的; location:n.地方;地点;位置;定位 civil:adj.公民的;民间的;文职的;有礼貌的;根据民法的; twilight:n.黎明,黄昏;薄暮;衰退期;朦胧状态;adj.昏暗的,微明的;暮年的;
So all the light in this area from the sun and the moon is what you see on the screen right here. [09:59]
The only lighting in that area had to come from artificial sources, and that's where I go out and I do the actual reconstruction of the scene with photometers, with various measures of illumination and various other measures of color perception , along with special cameras and high speed film, right? [10:04]
artificial:adj.人造的;仿造的;虚伪的;非原产地的;武断的; reconstruction:n.再建,重建;改造;复兴; illumination:n.照明;[光]照度;启发;灯饰(需用复数);阐明; perception:n.感知;知觉;看法;洞察力;
Take all the measurements and record them, right? [10:24]
measurements:n.测量值,尺寸(measurement的复数);
And then take photographs, and this is what the scene looked like at the time of the shooting from the position of the teenagers looking at the car going by and shooting. [10:27]
This is looking directly across the street from where they were standing. [10:36]
directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就;
Remember, the investigating officers' report said the lighting was good. [10:41]
The teenagers said they could see very well. [10:46]
This is looking down to the east, where the shooting vehicle sped off, and this is the lighting directly behind the father and the teenagers. [10:48]
As you can see , it is at best poor. [11:03]
As you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的;
No one's going to call this well-lit , good lighting, and in fact, as nice as these pictures are, and the reason we take them is I knew I was going to have to testify in court, and a picture is worth more than a thousand words when you're trying to communicate numbers, [11:06]
well-lit:光线好的;
abstract concepts like lux, the international measurement of illumination, the Ishihara color perception test values. [11:22]
abstract:n.摘要; adj.抽象的; vt.摘要; vi.做摘要;
When you present those to people who are not well-versed in those aspects of science and that, they become salamanders in the noonday sun. It's like talking about the tangent of the visual angle, all right? [11:32]
well-versed:adj.精通的;熟知的; salamanders:n.[脊椎]蝾螈;火蜥蜴(salamander的复数形式); noonday:n.中午;adj.正午的(等于midday); tangent:adj.切线的,相切的;接触的;离题的;n.[数]切线,[数]正切; visual:adj.视觉的,视力的;栩栩如生的;
Their eyes just glaze over, all right? [11:43]
glaze:vt.装以玻璃;上釉于;vi.变呆滞;变得光滑;n.釉;光滑面;
A good forensic expert also has to be a good educator, a good communicator , and that's part of the reason why we take the pictures, to show not only where the light sources are, and what we call the spill , the distribution , but also so that it's easier for the trier of fact to understand the circumstances . [11:45]
communicator:n.传播者;发报机;通信员; spill:v.溢出;涌出;蜂拥而出;n.跌落;洒出(量);泼出(量);溢出(量); distribution:n.分布;分配;分发;分销; trier:n.实验者; circumstances:n.情况;环境;情形;(circumstance的复数)
So these are some of the pictures that, in fact, [12:04]
I used when I testified, but more importantly were, to me as a scientist, are those readings, the photometer readings, which I can then convert into actual predictions of the visual capability of the human eye under those circumstances, and from my readings that I recorded at the scene under the same solar and lunar conditions at the same time , so on and so forth, right, [12:07]
convert into:使转变;把…转化成;折合; predictions:n.预测,预言(prediction复数形式); capability:n.才能,能力;性能,容量; at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
I could predict that there would be no reliable color perception, which is crucial for face recognition , and that there would be only scotopic vision, which means there would be very little resolution , what we call boundary or edge detection , [12:32]
reliable:adj.可信赖的;可依靠的;真实可信的;可靠的; crucial:adj.重要的;决定性的;定局的;决断的; recognition:n.识别;认识;承认;认可; resolution:n.解决;分辨;解析;决议; boundary:n.边界;范围;分界线; detection:n.侦查,探测;发觉,发现;察觉;
and that furthermore , because the eyes would have been totally dilated under this light, the depth of field , the distance at which you can focus and see details, would have been less than 18 inches away. [12:45]
furthermore:adv.此外;而且; dilated:v.扩大;(使)膨胀,扩张;(dilate的过去分词和过去式) depth of field:n.景深(照相机能同时清晰拍摄的最近和最远物体之间的距离);
I testified to that to the court, and while the judge was very attentive , it had been a very, very long hearing for this petition for a retrial, and as a result , [13:00]
attentive:adj.留意的,注意的; as a result:结果;
I noticed out of the corner of my eye that I thought that maybe the judge was going to need a little more of a nudge than just more numbers. [13:12]
nudge:n.推动; vt.推进; vi.轻推;
And here I became a bit audacious , and I turned and I asked the judge, [13:22]
audacious:adj.无畏的;鲁莽的;
I said, "Your Honor, I think you should go out and look at the scene yourself." [13:29]
Now I may have used a tone which was more like a dare than a request — (Laughter) — but nonetheless , it's to this man's credit and his courage that he said, "Yes, I will." [13:33]
tone:n.语气:风格:特色:声音信号:v.使更结实:与…协调: nonetheless:adv.尽管如此,但是;
A shocker in American jurisprudence . [13:47]
shocker:n.令人震惊的人或事物;耸人听闻的故事或小说; jurisprudence:n.法律体系;法学及其分支;法律知识;法院审判规程;
So in fact, we found the same identical conditions, we reconstructed the entire thing again, he came out with an entire brigade of sheriff's officers to protect him in this community, all right? (Laughter) [13:51]
identical:adj.同一的;完全相同的;n.完全相同的事物; brigade:n.旅;大部队;队列;vt.把…编成旅;把…编成队;
We had him stand actually slightly in the street, so closer to the suspect vehicle, the shooter vehicle, than the actual teenagers were, so he stood a few feet from the curb toward the middle of the street. [14:07]
slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地; curb:vt.遏制;控制,限定,约束;n.起控制(或限制)作用的事物
We had a car that came by, same identical car as described by the teenagers, right? [14:21]
described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式)
It had a driver and a passenger, and after the car had passed the judge by, the passenger extended his hand, pointed it back to the judge as the car continued on, just as the teenagers had described it, right? [14:28]
Now, he didn't use a real gun in his hand, so he had a black object in his hand that was similar to the gun that was described. [14:44]
He pointed by, and this is what the judge saw. [14:52]
This is the car 30 feet away from the judge. [14:55]
There's an arm sticking out of the passenger side and pointed back at you. [15:02]
That's 30 feet away. [15:07]
Some of the teenagers said that in fact the car was 15 feet away when it shot. [15:09]
Okay. There's 15 feet. [15:13]
At this point, I became a little concerned . [15:18]
concerned:adj.有关的;关心的;v.关心;与…有关;(concern的过去时和过去分词)
This judge is someone you'd never want to play poker with. [15:21]
He was totally stoic . I couldn't see a twitch of his eyebrow . [15:27]
stoic:n.斯多葛学派哲学家; adj.坚忍的,苦修的; twitch:n.抽搐;抽动;痉挛;阵痛;vi.抽搐;抽动;阵痛;vt.使抽动;攫取;猛拉; eyebrow:n.眉;眉毛;
I couldn't see the slightest bend of his head. [15:30]
slightest:adj.极不重要的,最少的;
I had no sense of how he was reacting to this, and after he looked at this reenactment , he turned to me and he says, "Is there anything else you want me to look at?" [15:33]
reacting:v.起反应;(对…)作出反应;回应;(react的现在分词) reenactment:n.再制定;再扮演;
(Laughter) [15:44]
I said, "Your honor," and I don't know whether I was emboldened by the scientific measurements that I had in my pocket and my knowledge that they are accurate, or whether it was just sheer stupidity , [15:45]
emboldened:v.使增加勇气;使更有信心;将(文本)变成粗体;(embolden的过去分词和过去式) sheer:adj.纯; v.十足地; n.透明薄纱; v.[航海](使)偏航; (使)转向; stupidity:n.愚蠢;糊涂事;
which is what the defense lawyers thought — (Laughter) — when they heard me say, "Yes, Your Honor, I want you stand right there and I want the car to go around the block again and I want it to come and I want it to stop right in front of you, three to four feet away, and I want the passenger to extend his hand with a black object and point it right at you, and you can look at it as long as you want." [15:58]
as long as:conj.只要;长达;如果;既然;
And that's what he saw. (Laughter) [16:28]
You'll notice, which was also in my test report, all the dominant lighting is coming from the north side, which means that the shooter's face would have been photo-occluded. It would have been backlit . [16:34]
dominant:adj.显性的;占优势的;支配的,统治的;n.显性; backlit:n.后面打光;背光式;
Furthermore, the roof of the car is causing what we call a shadow cloud inside the car which is making it darker. [16:43]
And this is three to four feet away. [16:53]
Why did I take the risk? [16:59]
I knew that the depth of field was 18 inches or less. [17:00]
Three to four feet, it might as well have been a football field away. [17:04]
might as well:不妨,何妨;还是…的好;
This is what he saw. [17:11]
He went back, there was a few more days of evidence that was heard. At the end of it, he made the judgment that he was going to grant the petition for a retrial. [17:13]
judgment:n.判断;裁判;判决书;辨别力; grant:v.授予;允许;承认;同意;n.拨款;[法]授予物;
And furthermore, he released Mr. Carrillo so that he could aid in the preparation of his own defense if the prosecution decided to retry him. [17:24]
released:v.释放;使免除;已发布;(release的过去分词和过去式) prosecution:n.起诉,检举;进行;经营; retry:vt.[计]重试;重审;n.重操作;
Which they decided not to. [17:37]
He is now a freed man. (Applause) [17:39]
(Applause) [17:43]
This is him embracing his grandmother-in-law. [17:47]
embracing:n.拥抱;v.拥抱,包含;(embrace的现在分词)
He -- His girlfriend was pregnant when he went to trial, right? And she had a little baby boy. [17:52]
pregnant:adj.怀孕的;富有意义的;
He and his son are both attending Cal State Long Beach right now taking classes. (Applause) [18:00]
(Applause) [18:07]
And what does this example -- what's important to keep in mind for ourselves? [18:10]
keep in mind:记住;
First of all, there's a long history of antipathy between science and the law in American jurisprudence. [18:19]
antipathy:n.反感;厌恶;憎恶;不相容;
I could regale you with horror stories of ignorance over decades of experience as a forensic expert of just trying to get science into the courtroom . [18:26]
regale:v.(以故事或笑话)极力取悦;n.山珍海味;盛宴;("regalia"的词形变化) horror:n.恐惧;厌恶;震惊;对某事物的强烈畏惧(或憎恨); ignorance:n.无知,愚昧;不知,不懂; courtroom:n.法庭;审判室;
The opposing council always fight it and oppose it. [18:38]
opposing:adj.对立的; v.反对(计划、政策等); (oppose的现在分词) council:n.(市、郡等的)政务委员会;市政(或地方管理)服务机构; oppose:v.反对(计划、政策等);抵制;阻挠;(在竞赛中)与…对垒;
One suggestion is that all of us become much more attuned to the necessity, through policy , through procedures , to get more science in the courtroom, and I think one large step toward that is more requirements, with all due respect to the law schools, of science, technology , engineering , mathematics for anyone going into the law, because they become the judges. [18:43]
attuned:adj.熟悉; v.使协调; (attune的过去分词和过去式) policy:n.政策,方针;保险单; procedures:n.程序;规程(procedure的复数); technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; engineering:n.工程;工程学;v.密谋策划;设计制造;改变…的基因;(engineer的现在分词) mathematics:n.数学;数学运算;
Think about how we select our judges in this country. [19:11]
It's very different than most other cultures. All right? [19:15]
different than:不同于;
The other one that I want to suggest, the caution that all of us have to have, [19:19]
I constantly have to remind myself, about just how accurate are the memories that we know are true, that we believe in? [19:23]
constantly:adv.不断地;时常地; remind:v.提醒;使想起;
There is decades of research, examples and examples of cases like this, where individuals really, really believe. None of those teenagers who identified him thought that they were picking the wrong person. [19:35]
individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
None of them thought they couldn't see the person's face. [19:52]
We all have to be very careful. [19:55]
All our memories are reconstructed memories. [19:58]
They are the product of what we originally experienced and everything that's happened afterwards. [20:01]
They're dynamic . [20:06]
dynamic:n.动力; adj.充满活力的;
They're malleable . They're volatile , and as a result, we all need to remember to be cautious , that the accuracy of our memories is not measured in how vivid they are nor how certain you are that they're correct. [20:09]
malleable:adj.可锻的;可塑的;有延展性的;易适应的; volatile:adj.[化学]挥发性的;不稳定的;爆炸性的;反覆无常的;n.挥发物;有翅的动物; cautious:adj.谨慎的;十分小心的; accuracy:n.[数]精确度,准确性; measured:adj.缓慢谨慎的; v.测量; (measure的过去分词和过去式)
I'm sure I saw the second trade tower collapse an hour later, but I know it could not have happened. [20:27]
Thank you. (Applause) [20:38]