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SaulGriffith_2006-_日常生活_中的发明_
So anyway, who am I? 好,我们开始吧。首先我是谁？
I usually say to people, when they say, "What do you do?" 别人问起我做什么的时候,我通常会跟别人讲
I say, "I do hardware ," “我是做硬件的”
hardware:n.计算机硬件;五金器具;
because it sort of conveniently encompasses everything I do. 因为那样可以很直接的涵盖我现在做的几乎所有东西
conveniently:adv.便利地;合宜地; encompasses:vt.包含;包围,环绕;完成;
And I recently said that to a venture capitalist casually at some 最近在硅谷的一次活动上
recently:adv.最近;新近; venture:v.敢于;冒险;投机;n.企业;风险;冒险; capitalist:n.资本家;资本主义者;adj.资本主义的;资本家的; casually:adv.偶然;临时;
Valley event, to which he replied, "How quaint ." 我就是这么跟一位风投说的。他说,这么怪！
quaint:adj.古雅的;奇怪的;离奇有趣的;做得很精巧的;
(Laughter) （笑声）
And I sort of really was dumbstruck . 我当时真的是傻呆了
dumbstruck:adj.吓得发懵的;被吓得目瞪口呆的;
And I really should have said something smart. 本来应该说点其他有趣的东西
And now I've had a little bit of time to think about it, 后来想了一下
I would have said, "Well, you know, if we look at the next 100 years and we've seen all these problems in the last few days, most of the big issues -- clean water, clean energy -- and they're interchangeable in some respects -- and cleaner, more functional materials -- they all look to me to be hardware problems. 我现在可以这么回答 要是我们往前看100年 我们过去几天看到了各种各样的问题 那些大的问题,包括清洁饮水、清洁能源 ——这两者某种程度上是可以相互转换的 以及更干净更具功能化的材料 在我看来,这些都是硬件层面的问题
issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) interchangeable:adj.可互换的;可交换的;可交替的; functional:adj.功能的;
This doesn't mean we should ignore software, or information, or computation . 这不是说我们要忽视软件 或者信息或者计算
ignore:v.驳回诉讼;忽视;不理睬; computation:n.估计,计算;
And that's in fact probably what I'm going to try and tell you about. 这就是我今天演讲的内容
So, this talk is going to be about how do we make things and what are the new ways that we're going to make things in the future. 我要告诉大家我们怎么制造东西 以及未来我们将怎么制造东西
Now, TED sends you a lot of spam if you're a speaker about "do this, do that" and you fill out all these forms, and you don't actually know how they're going to describe you, and it flashed across my desk that they were going to introduce me as a futurist . 假如你是一位演讲嘉宾,TED会给你发来大量的垃圾邮件 告诉你,要这么做,不要那么做,你还要填写大量的表格 你甚至也不知道他们会怎么描述你 我刚才想到,似乎TED要将我描绘成为一个未来学家
spam:n.垃圾邮件;罐头猪肉; describe:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形; flashed:n.闪光;v.闪烁(flash的过去分词); futurist:n.未来主义者;未来派画家;adj.未来主义的;
And I've always been nervous about the term futurist, because you seem doomed to failure because you can't really predict it. 一听到未来学家这个词,我一向是很紧张的 因为事实上未来是不可预测的,所以你注定是要失败的
doomed:adj.注定的;命定的;v.使…注定失败(doom的过去分词和过去式) predict:v.预报;预言;预告;
And I was laughing about this with the very smart colleagues I have, and said, "You know, well, if I have to talk about the future, what is it?" 我和我的一位很聪明的同事在笑 我说,假如你要讲未来,那你会讲什么呢？
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数);
And George Homsey, a great guy, said, "Oh, the future is amazing. 我的同事George Homsey是个很聪明的家伙,他说,“未来是很美好的
It is so much stranger than you think. 比你想象的要美好得多
We're going to reprogram the bacteria in your gut , and we're going to make your poo smell like peppermint ." 我们将有可能给细胞重新编排他们的基因序列 也可以让你的粪便闻起来想薄荷一样
reprogram:vt.改编程序;程序重调; bacteria:n.[微]细菌; gut:n.勇气;肠道;内脏;v.损毁内部;取出…的内脏;adj.非理性的;本能的 peppermint:n.薄荷;薄荷油;薄荷糖(等于mint);
(Laughter) （笑声）
So, you may think that's sort of really crazy, but there are some pretty amazing things that are happening that make this possible. 也许你会认为那是有点夸张的 但确实在这些方面我们取得了相当可喜的进展,使得那样的故事 有可能变为现实
So, this isn't my work, but it's work of good friends of mine at MIT. 这不是我的作品。是我的好朋友的作品
This is called the registry of standard biological parts. 它叫标准生物部件组
registry:n.注册;登记处;挂号处;船舶的国籍; standard:n.标准;水准;旗;度量衡标准;adj.标准的;合规格的;公认为优秀的; biological:adj.生物学的;生物的;与生命过程有关的;加酶的;n.[药]生物制品;
This is headed by Drew Endy and Tom Knight and a few other very, very bright individuals . 它是由Drew Endy以及 Tom Knight主导的团队开发的 还要其他几个非常非常优秀的人
Knight:n.(中世纪的)骑士;(英国)爵士(其名前冠以Sir);v.封(某人)为爵士; individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
Basically , what they're doing is looking at biology as a programmable system. 他们所做的,就是将生命看作是一个可编程的系统
Basically:adv.主要地,基本上; biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学; programmable:adj.[计]可编程的;可设计的;
Literally , think of proteins as subroutines that you can string together to execute a program. 真的, 你可以把蛋白质看成是 可以组合在一起形成一个程序的单元
Literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: proteins:n.[生化]蛋白质(protein复数); subroutines:n.[计]子程序(subroutine的复数);副程式; string:n.字符串; v.悬挂; adj.由弦乐器组成的; execute:vt.实行;执行;处死;
Now, this is actually becoming such an interesting idea. 这样的想法正变得非常有趣
This is a state diagram. That's an extremely simple computer. 这是一个状态图。是很简单的一部计算机。
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地;
This one is a two-bit counter. 这是个双字节的计算器
two-bit:adj.低廉的;微不足道的;二毛五分的;
So that's essentially the computational equivalent of two light switches. 或者从计算的角度来讲,那就相当于一个灯的开关
essentially:adv.本质上;本来; computational:adj.计算的; equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的;n.等价物,相等物;
And this is being built by a group of students at Zurich for a design competition in biology. 瑞士的一班学生 在一个生物学竞赛上制作出了这个东西
competition:n.竞争;比赛,竞赛;
And from the results of the same competition last year, a University of Texas team of students programmed bacteria so that they can detect light and switch on and off. 同样是在去年举办的这个竞赛上 来自得克萨斯大学的学生通过给细菌 编程 使得细菌可以感知灯光并且控制开灯或关灯
detect:vt.察觉;发现;探测; switch on:n.接通;
So this is interesting in the sense that you can now do "if then for" statements in materials, in structure . 这是很有意思的 因为这意味着我们可以为实物铸入像 if then for 这样的口令了
statements:n.说明; v.(英国)对儿童进行特殊教育评估认定; (statement的第三人称单数和复数) structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造;
This is a pretty interesting trend . 这是一个很有趣的趋势
trend:n.趋势;动向;趋向;动态;v.走向;趋向;
Because we used to live in a world where everyone's said glibly , form follows function, but I think I've sort of grown up in a world 我们过去所生活的世界是一个模糊的世界 先有功能,后有形态,但我相信,我正在一个
glibly:adv.流畅地;流利地;油嘴滑舌地;
- you listened to Neil Gershenfeld yesterday, ——像尼尔·歌申费尔德教授所描绘的世界
I was in a lab associated with his -- where it's really a world where information defines form and function. 我就在一个跟尼尔教授有关系的实验室工作 在那里,信息决定了形态与功能
associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式) defines:v.阐明;明确;界定;画出…的线条;描出…的外形(define的第三人称单数)
I spent six years thinking about that, but to show you the power of art over science -- this is actually one of the cartoons I write. These are called Howtoons. 我有六年的时间就在想这个 但为了向你展示艺术相对于科学带给人们的震撼力—— 这是我画的一幅漫画,我管这样的漫画叫“好图画”
I work with a fabulous illustrator called Nick Dragotta. 那是我跟一个非常优秀的叫Nick Dragotta的漫画家一起完成的
fabulous:adj.难以置信的;传说的,寓言中的;极好的; illustrator:n.插图画家;说明者;图解者;
Took me six years at MIT, and about that many pages to describe what I was doing, and it took him one page. And so this is our muse Tucker . 一共花去了我在MIT的六年时间 以及如此多的页数来描述当时我做的事情 但对于这位漫画家而言,他只需要一页就够了。Tucker是我们的灵感之源
muse:n.沉思;冥想;vt.沉思;沉思地说;vi.沉思;凝望; Tucker:n.作褶裥的人;缝褶机;(装上去的)衣领;v.使疲倦;
He's an interesting little kid -- and his sister, Celine -- and what he's doing here is observing the self-assembly of his Cheerios in his cereal bowl. 他是个很有趣的孩子,这是他的妹妹Celine 他现在在做的 就是观察在他的饭碗里的燕麦圈的自组合过程
observing:adj.观察的;注意的;观察力敏锐的;v.观察;遵守(observe的现在分词); self-assembly:adj.自己组装的;n.自装配; cereal:n.谷物;谷类植物;adj.谷类制成的;
And in fact you can program the self-assembly of things, so he starts chocolate dipping edges, changing the hydrophobicity and the hydrophylicity. 事实上,你可以通过编程,来使得物品进行自我组合 于是他从巧克力开始做 改变其抗水性以及亲水性
dipping:v.蘸;浸;(使)下降,下沉;(dip的现在分词)
In theory, if you program those sufficiently , you should be able to do something pretty interesting and make very complex structure. 从理论来说,只要你的程序有足够的完整性 你可以做出任何有意思的东西 创造出很复杂的结构出来
sufficiently:adv.充分地;足够地; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;
In this case, he's done self-replication of complex 3D structure. 他对三维的复杂结构很喜欢,现在是业余做这个。
And that's what I thought about for a long time, because this is how we currently make things. 我很久以来在思考的正是这个 因为这正是我们现在制造东西的方式
currently:adv.当前;一般地;
This is a silicon wafer , and essentially that's just a whole bunch of layers of two-dimensional stuff , sort of layered up. 这是一个硅晶圆 它实际上就是很多重的二维结构的材料堆积起来
silicon:n.[化学]硅;硅元素; wafer:n.圆片,晶片;薄片,干胶片;薄饼;圣饼;v.用干胶片封; bunch:n.群;串;突出物;vi.隆起;打褶;形成一串;vt.使成一串;使打褶; layers:n.层;表层;层次;阶层;v.把…分层堆放;(layer的第三人称单数和复数) two-dimensional:adj.二维的;缺乏深度的; stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本: layered:adj.分层的;层状的;v.分层堆积;用压条法培植(layer的过去分词);
The feature side is -- you know, people will say, 它的侧面
[unclear] down around about 65 nanometers now. 65纳米
nanometers:n.[计量]毫微米(即十亿分之一米);
On the right, that's a radiolara. 右边的是放射虫
That's a unicellular organism ubiquitous in the oceans. 它是一种在海洋里大量存在的单细胞生物
unicellular:adj.[细胞]单细胞的; organism:n.生物;有机体;有机组织;(尤指)微生物; ubiquitous:adj.普遍存在的;无所不在的;
And that has feature sizes down to about 20 nanometers, and it's complex 3D structure. 它的直径为20纳米 并且它有复杂的三维结构
We could do a lot more with computers and things generally if we knew how to build things this way. 我们还可以用电脑制造很多其他的东西 假如我们懂得像放射虫那样去搭建起三维结构的话
generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地;
The secret to biology is, it builds computation into the way it makes things. So this little thing here, polymerase , is essentially a supercomputer designed for replicating DNA. 生物之奥秘,在于它在造物的时候就把 一套计算的程式装进去了。这是一个聚合酶 它事实上就是一台专门用来复制DNA的超级计算机
polymerase:n.[生化]聚合酶; supercomputer:n.[计]巨型计算机,超级计算机; replicating:n.八音阶间隔的反复音; adj.复制的; v.复制(replicate的ing形式);
And this ribosome , here, is another little computer that helps in the translation of the proteins. 而那些一个个突起的核糖体又是另外一种功能的计算机 它可以帮助实现蛋白质的合成
ribosome:n.[细胞][生化]核糖体;[生化]核蛋白体;
I thought about this in the sense that it's great to build in biological materials, but can we do similar things? 我一直在想 用生物材料可以搭建起非常有趣的东西 但用物理材料是否同样可行呢？
Can we get self-replicating-type behavior? 我们能否设计出具备自复制能力的机器呢？
Can we get complex 3D structure automatically assembling in inorganic systems? 我们能否让复杂的三维结构 在一个非生物的系统里自行组合起来呢？
automatically:adv.自动地;机械地;无意识地;adj.不经思索的; assembling:v.聚集;集合;收集;装配;组装;(assemble的现在分词) inorganic:adj.[无化]无机的;无生物的;
Because there are some advantages to inorganic systems, like higher speed semiconductors , et cetera . 因为非生物系统有些很好的优势 比如更高速的半导体等等
advantages:n.有利条件; v.有利于; semiconductors:n.[电子][物]半导体;半导体组件(semiconductor的复数); et cetera:na.以及其他;
So, this is some of my work on how do you do an autonomously self-replicating system. 这就是我的工作 研究怎么去建立一个可以实现自行复制的系统
autonomously:adv.自治地;独立自主地; self-replicating:adj.自我复制的;自我复制;
And this is sort of Babbage's revenge . 有点像是巴贝奇最初设计的计算机
revenge:n.报复;复仇;v.报复;替…报仇;洗雪;
These are little mechanical computers. 这些是微型机械电脑
mechanical:adj.机械的;力学的;呆板的;无意识的;手工操作的;
These are five-state state machines. 这些是五状态的状态机
So, that's about three light switches lined up. 可以看到有三个并排的电灯开关
In a neutral state, they won't bind at all. 在自然状态下,它们不会自行接合
neutral:n.中立国; adj.中立的; bind:v.结合;装订;有约束力;过紧;n.捆绑;困境;讨厌的事情;植物的藤蔓;
Now, if I make a string of these, a bit string, they will be able to replicate . 但假如我做了一串这样的东西 它们就可以实现自我复制
replicate:vt.复制; vi.重复; adj.复制的; n.复制品;
So we start with white, blue, blue, white. 我们不妨从白色、蓝色、蓝色、白色开始
That encodes; that will now copy. From one comes two, and then from two comes three. 它们经过编码后,就可以实现复制,从一个到两个 再有两个到四个
And so you've got this sort of replicating system. 于是我们就得到了这样一种自复制的系统
It was work actually by Lionel Penrose, father of Roger Penrose, the tiles guy. 它最初是由Lionel Penrose发现的 也就是Roger Penrose的父亲
Roger:n.罗杰;[男名]男子名;int.明白;v.与某人性交; tiles:n.[建]瓷砖(tile的复数形式);v.铺砖(tile的第三人称单数形式);
He did a lot of this work in the '60s, and so a lot of this logic theory lay fallow as we went down the digital computer revolution , but it's now coming back. 他在1960年代的时候做了很多这方面的研究 但是他的很多关于逻辑的理论没有被重视 因为我们走向了数字计算机革命,但今天我们又一次见到了这一理论重新发光的可能
fallow:adj.休耕的;不活跃的;n.休耕地;休耕;vt.使(土地)休闲;潜伏; digital:adj.数字的;手指的;n.数字;键; revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环;
So now I'm going to show you the hands-free , autonomous self-replication. 接下来我会给大家看一个不经过人工干预的,全自动的复制过程
hands-free:adj.免提的;免手持的;
So we've tracked in the video the input string, which was green, green, yellow, yellow, green. 输入的初始状态是 绿色、绿色、黄色、黄色、绿色
tracked:v.跟踪;追踪;(track的过去分词和过去式) input:n.投入; v.把(数据等)输入计算机;
We set them off on this air hockey table. 我们把它放到桌上冰球游戏的桌面上
You know, high science uses air hockey tables -- ——很多科学家都爱玩这个游戏
(Laughter) （笑声）
- and if you watch this thing long enough you get dizzy , but what you're actually seeing is copies of that original string emerging from the parts bin that you have here. 假如你长时间看的话也会感觉疲惫 因为事实上你看到的是原先的链条的复件 都是从零件出来的
dizzy:adj.晕眩的; vt.使头晕眼花; original:n.原件;原作;原物;原型;adj.原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的; emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词)
So we've got autonomous replication of bit strings . 我们看到了比特串的自复制
replication:n.复制;回答;反响; strings:一串,悬挂(string的第三人称单数和复数)
So, why would you want to replicate bit strings? 但为什么要让比特串实现自复制呢？
Well, it turns out biology has this other very interesting meme , that you can take a linear string, which is a convenient thing to copy, and you can fold that into arbitrarily complex 3D structure. 因为生物有个特性 你拿一个 线性的一串细胞,它可以很容易实现复制 你可以将它折叠成复杂的三维结构
meme:n.大脑模仿病毒;文化基因;弥母; linear:adj.线的,线型的;直线的,线状的;长度的; fold:v.折叠;包;可叠平(以便贮存或携带);裹;n.褶;褶层;折叠部分;褶痕; arbitrarily:adv.武断地;反复无常地;专横地;
So I was trying to, you know, take the engineer's version: 于是我就想
Can we build a mechanical system in inorganic materials that will do the same thing? 我们能否用非生物材料来建一个机械的系统 并且使之实现同样的过程？
So what I'm showing you here is that we can make a 2D shape -- the B -- assemble from a string of components that follow extremely simple rules. 大家看到的是,我们可以将二维的结构 图上的 B ——它是由一串基础元素 依据非常简单的规律组合而成的
assemble:vt.集合,聚集;装配;收集;vi.集合,聚集; components:n.部件;组件;成份(component复数);
And the whole point of going with the extremely simple rules here, and the incredibly simple state machines in the previous design, was that you don't need digital logic to do computation. 而我们之所以要设置非常简单的规律 以及非常简单的初始状态 是因为我们不需要通过数字逻辑来实现计算
incredibly:adv.难以置信地;非常地; previous:adj.以前的;早先的;过早的;adv.在先;在…以前;
And that way you can scale things much smaller than microchips . 这样我们可以将那些比微型芯片更小的东西规模化
scale:n.规模;比例;鳞;刻度;天平;数值范围;v.衡量;攀登;剥落;生水垢; microchips:n.微芯片(microchip的复数形式);
So you can literally use these as the tiny components in the assembly process . 所以你完成可以用这些作为基础原料来组合出更复杂的东西
process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
So, Neil Gershenfeld showed you this video on Wednesday, I believe, but I'll show you again. 我想Neil Gershenfeld周三的时候就给大家看过了这个视频 不过我还是想给你们再看一遍
This is literally the colored sequence of those tiles. 这就是那些已经被染色的砖块的照片
sequence:n.顺序; v.按顺序排列;
Each different color has a different magnetic polarity , and the sequence is uniquely specifying the structure that is coming out. 每一种颜色都有不同的磁力 序列可以准确的规定生成的结构
magnetic:adj.像磁铁的;有磁性的;磁的;富有吸引力的; polarity:n.[物]极性;两极;对立; uniquely:adv.独特地;珍奇地; specifying:v.具体说明;明确规定;详述;详列;(specify的现在分词)
Now, hopefully, those of you who know anything about graph theory can look at that, and that will satisfy you that that can also do arbitrary 3D structure, 假如你懂得一点点的图论知识 不妨看看这里,你会感到很舒服 因为它还能演化为任意的三维结构
satisfy:vt.满足(要求,需要等):使满意:使确信: arbitrary:adj.[数]任意的;武断的;专制的;
and in fact, you know, I can now take a dog, carve it up and then reassemble it so it's a linear string that will fold from a sequence. And now 事实上,我可以绘画出一条狗 而后将其重新组合,使之成为一个线性的长串 它最后可以实现复制
carve:vt.雕刻;切开;开创;vi.切开;做雕刻工作; reassemble:vi.重新集合;vt.重新装配;重新召集;
I can actually define that three-dimensional object as a sequence of bits. 我还能将三维的物体变成一串比特
three-dimensional:adj.三维的;立体的;真实的;
So, you know, it's a pretty interesting world when you start looking at the world a little bit differently. 这里发生的事情都很有趣 当你以另外一个视角看这个世界的时候
And the universe is now a compiler . 整个宇宙就是一台汇编机器
compiler:n.编译器;[计]编译程序;编辑者,汇编者;
And so I'm thinking about, you know, what are the programs for programming the physical universe? 于是我想,那些给物理宇宙进行编程的 都是怎样一些程序？
physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查;
And how do we think about materials and structure, sort of as an information and computation problem? 我们如何才能把材料与结构的问题 化为信息与计算的问题来解决？
Not just where you attach a micro-controller to the end point, but that the structure and the mechanisms are the logic, are the computers. 不仅仅是在末端添加一个微控制器 而是让结构以及机械本身成为逻辑,成为计算机
attach:v.贴上;重视;把…固定,把…附(在…上);参加;与…有联系; micro-controller:微控制器; mechanisms:n.机制;[机]机构(mechanism的复数);机械;[机]机构学;
Having totally absorbed this philosophy , 当你完全理解了这一理念之后
absorbed:adj.被…吸引住; v.吸收(液体、气体等); (absorb的过去分词和过去式) philosophy:n.哲学;哲理;人生观;
I started looking at a lot of problems a little differently. 我们就能以不一样的视角来看待许多问题
With the universe as a computer, you can look at this droplet of water as having performed the computations . 假如宇宙就是一台计算机 那么你可以把这一滴水看成是 在进行一种计算
droplet:n.小滴,微滴; performed:v.表演;执行;履行;演出;工作,运转(好/不好)(perform的过去分词和过去式) computations:n.[数]计算;计算指令(computation的复数形式);
You set a couple of boundary conditions, like gravity, the surface tension , density , et cetera, and then you press execute, and magically , the universe produces you a perfect ball lens . 你给它设定一些条件,比如重力 表面张力、密度等等,而后按“执行” 于是宛如魔术一般,宇宙就给你制造出了一个完美的球状镜片
boundary:n.边界;范围;分界线; surface tension:n.表面张力; density:n.密度; magically:adv.用魔法地;如魔法般地; lens:n.透镜,镜头;晶状体;隐形眼镜;汽车的灯玻璃;v.给…摄影;
So, this actually applied to the problem of -- so there's a half a billion to a billion people in the world don't have access to cheap eyeglasses . 这样的思维同样可以用来 解决其他问题,比如世界上有5到10亿人 不能很轻松的购买到廉价的眼镜
applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式) eyeglasses:n.眼镜(等于glasses);
So can you make a machine that could make any prescription lens very quickly on site ? 那么我们是否可以做出一台机器 让它可以在任意地方,按照人们的需求,以最快速度做出人们需要的镜片？
prescription:n.处方;药方;医生开的药;开处方; site:n.地点;位置;场所;v.设置;为…选址;
This is a machine where you literally define a boundary condition. 这样一台机器你确实要给它设置一些边界条件
If it's circular , you make a spherical lens. 比如设定为圆形,那么得到的将是球状的镜片
circular:adj.圆形的; n.(同时送达很多人的)印刷信函(或通知、广告); spherical:adj.球形的,球面的;天体的;
If it's elliptical , you can make an astigmatic lens. 假如是椭圆形,就可以用于制作散光镜片
elliptical:adj.椭圆的;省略的; astigmatic:adj.散光的;乱视的;矫正散光的;
You then put a membrane on that and you apply pressure -- so that's part of the extra program. 而后把薄膜放在上面,施加压力 那还需要另外的流程
membrane:n.膜;薄膜;羊皮纸; apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; extra:adj.额外的:n.额外的事物:adv.额外:另外:
And literally with only those two inputs -- so, the shape of your boundary condition and the pressure -- you can define an infinite number of lenses that cover the range of human refractive error, from minus 12 to plus eight diopters, up to four diopters of cylinder . 事实上,只要有那样两个输入数据 即边缘状况以及压力 我们可以定义出无限种可能的镜片 可以涵盖人类全部的反射缺陷 从负12到正8 的屈光度
inputs:n.[自][电子]输入;投入(input的复数); infinite:adj.无限的,无穷的; n.无限; lenses:n.透镜;镜片;(眼球的)晶状体;(lens的复数) refractive:adj.折射的; minus:prep.减,减去;n.负号,减号;不足;负数;adj.减的;负的; cylinder:n.圆筒;汽缸;[数]柱面;圆柱状物;
And then literally, you now pour on a monomer . 而后将其浇灌到单体上
pour:v.倒; n.流出; (已熔金属的)一次浇注量; monomer:n.单体;单元结构;
You know, I'll do a Julia Childs here. 我现在是在学Julia Childs （著名法国厨师）了
This is three minutes of UV light. 这是三分钟的紫外光
And you reverse the pressure on your membrane once you've cooked it. Pop it out. 将薄膜的受压面换过来 加热,而后敲打出来
reverse:n.反面; v.颠倒; adj.相反的;
I've seen this video, but I still don't know if it's going to end right. 我看过这个视频,但我不知它是否真的可以实现
(Laughter) （笑声）
So you reverse this. This is a very old movie, so with the new prototypes , actually both surfaces are flexible , but this will show you the point. 反转过来。这是很老的一个片子 我们有新的原型,事实上两面都是可弯曲的 希望这个可以让你看懂个中奥秘
prototypes:n.原型;技术原型;雏型; flexible:adj.灵活的;柔韧的;易弯曲的;
Now you've finished the lens, you literally pop it out. 做好镜片之后,把它敲出来
That's next year's Yves Klein, you know, eyeglasses shape. 这会成为明年的Yves Klein作品,一个镜片形的作品
And you can see that that has a mild prescription of about minus two diopters. 你会看到它是有一个很小的负2度的屈光度
mild:adj.温和的; n.(英国的一种)淡味麦芽啤酒;
And as I rotate it against this side shot, you'll see that that has cylinder, and that was programmed in -- literally into the physics of the system. 当我从侧面旋转的时候,你会看到它是圆柱形的 也是我们预先通过程序设定的 就是我们可以 将系统的物理特性设定好
rotate:v.旋转;转动;轮换;使…轮流;
So, this sort of thinking about structure as computation and structure as information leads to other things, like this. 这样一种将结构看成是一种计算 以及结构即信息的思维可以带来其他的东西
This is something that my people at SQUID Labs are working on at the moment, called electronic rope. 这是我在 SQUID Labs 的朋友做的 叫电子绳
SQUID:n.鱿鱼;乌贼;枪乌贼; Labs:n.实验室;实验大楼;(lab的复数) electronic:adj.电子的;电子器件的;电子设备的;
So literally, you think about a rope. It has very complex structure in the weave . 讲到绳子,你会想到很复杂的纤维结构
weave:v.编,织;(用…)编成;编造(故事等);n.织法;编法;编织式样;
And under no load, it's one structure. 当受到一种外力的时候,它显现一种结构
Under a different load, it's a different structure. And you can actually exploit that by putting in a very small number of conducting fibers to actually make it a sensor . 不同的外力会带来不同的结构 你还可以 加上一些导电的纤维,将其改造成一个传感器
exploit:v.利用…为自己谋利;剥削;压榨;运用;发挥; conducting:v.组织;安排;实施;指挥;引导;导游(conduct的现在分词) fibers:n.纤维(fiber的复数); sensor:n.传感器;
So this is now a rope that knows the load on the rope at any particular point in the rope. 所以这是一个能够感知外力的绳子 并且可以准备的知道绳子的任意位置的受力大小
Just by thinking about the physics of the world, materials as the computer, you can start to do things like this. 当你开始如此看世界之后 即将材料看成计算机 你就可以做这样的事情了
I'm going to segue a little here. 现在我想转换到这个图
segue:n.继续(用作指示语);
I guess I'm just going to casually tell you the types of things that I think about with this. 我将向大家介绍我正在 思考的一些物体
One thing I'm really interested about this right now is, how, if you're really taking this view of the universe as a computer, how do we make things in a very general sense, 我现在非常感兴趣的一点是 假如你真的把宇宙看成是一个计算机 我们如何制造出一般的东西？
and how might we share the way we make things in a general sense the same way you share open source hardware? 还有我们如何分享我们制造东西的方法和过程呢？ 能否使之变得跟共享开源硬件一样简单？
in a general sense:广而言之; source:n.来源;水源;原始资料;
And a lot of talks here have espoused the benefits of having lots of people look at problems, share the information and work on those things together. 很多人已经在此谈论过 让许多人关注一个问题 彼此交换信息、共同协作解决问题的好处
espoused:支持;嫁娶;信奉(espouse的过去式,过去分词);
So, a convenient thing about being a human is you move in linear time, and unless Lisa Randall changes that, we'll continue to move in linear time. 作为一个人,我们都是在线性的时间里移动的 除非Lisa Randall可以改变这一事实 我们仍将这么做
So that means anything you do, or anything you make, you produce a sequence of steps -- and I think Lego in the '70s nailed this, and they did it most elegantly . 也就是说,你做的任意事情,或你制造任意物体 都是有一串的步骤的 Lego在1970年代就看到了这一点 并且以最美丽的方式去展现这一点
Lego:n.乐高积木(商标名); elegantly:adv.优美地;
But they can show you how to build things in sequence. 他们的产品就是最好的明证
So, I'm thinking about, how can we generalize the way we make all sorts of things, so you end up with this sort of guy, right? 于是我想,我们怎么才能将我们制造东西的方式 一般化？ 是不是就变成这样的人？
generalize:vt.概括;推广;使...一般化;vi.形成概念;
And I think this applies across a very broad -- sort of, a lot of concepts. 我想这是对于很广的概念都适用的
applies:v.适用;申请;运用;专心;(apply的第三人称单数)
You know, Cameron Sinclair yesterday said, "How do I get everyone to collaborate on design globally to do housing for humanity ?" Cameron Sinclair昨天就在这里说到 我怎么才能让 每个人都参与到设计的过程中 让地球人都能为人道建站贡献自己的一分力？
collaborate:vi.合作;勾结,通敌; humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
And if you've seen Amy Smith, she talks about how you get students at MIT to work with communities in Haiti . 假如你看过Amy Smith的演讲 她就是讲如何让MIT的学生 去到海地帮助当地人建设自己的社区
communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) Haiti:n.海地;
And I think we have to sort of redefine and rethink how we define structure and materials and assembly things, so that we can really share the information on how you do those things in a more profound way and build on each other's source code for structure. 我想我们需要重新定义以及构想 关于结构、材料以及我们做东西的方式 让信息共享成为现实 或者说我们怎么才能发明出更优秀的方式去做那些事情 在其他人的基础上搭建新的东西
redefine:vt.重新定义; rethink:v.重新考虑;再想;n.重新考虑;反思;新想法; profound:adj.深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的; source code:n.源(代)码;
I don't know exactly how to do this yet, but, you know, it's something being actively thought about. 现在我还不知具体可以怎么做 但我相信很多人正在想这个问题
So, you know, that leads to questions like, is this a compiler? Is this a sub-routine? 于是可以引发这样的问题 这是编译器吗？这是子路径吗？
Interesting things like that. 还有很多此类的有意思的事情
Maybe I'm getting a little too abstract , but you know, this is the sort of -- returning to our comic characters -- this is sort of the universe, or a different universe view 也许我讲得有点抽象了 但是,假如我们回到刚才这幅漫画 这样一种宇宙的视野
abstract:n.摘要; adj.抽象的; vt.摘要; vi.做摘要;
that I think is going to be very prevalent in the future -- from biotech to materials assembly. It was great to hear Bill Joy. 我想未来会变得相当普遍 从生物技术到材料合成。我听到Bill Joy的演讲,很振奋
prevalent:adj.流行的;普遍的,广传的; biotech:abbr.生物技术;生物科技(biotechnology);
They're starting to invest in materials science, but these are the new things in materials science. 他们正希望在材料科学方面进行投资 但我们见到了这类新的材料科学
invest:v.投资;(把资金)投入;投入(时间、精力等);授予;
How do we put real information and real structure into new ideas, and see the world in a different way? And it's not going to be binary code that defines the computers of the universe -- it's sort of an analog computer. 我们如何才能把真正的信息以及结构化为真正的点子 进而以不一样的视角来看世界？新的世界视野 将不再是2进制的视野 那很快会像模拟计算机一样走向衰败
binary:adj.[数]二进制的;二元的,二态的; analog:n.[自]模拟;类似物;adj.[自]模拟的;有长短针的;
But it's definitely an interesting new worldview . 但必然是很有趣的一种视野
definitely:adv.清楚地,当然;明确地,肯定地; worldview:n.世界观;
I've gone too far. So that sounds like it's it. 我也许讲得有点离题了
I've probably got a couple of minutes of questions, or I can show -- I think they also said that I do extreme stuff in the introduction, so I may have to explain that. 我想还剩几分钟 我想——有人说我会做一些极端的东西 我就解释一下吧
So maybe I'll do that with this short video. 也许可以放这个视频给大家看
So this is actually a 3,000-square foot kite, which also happens to be a minimal energy surface. 这是一个3000平方英尺的风筝 也是一个可以吸取能量的最低直径
minimal:adj.最低的;最小限度的;
So returning to the droplet, again, thinking about the universe in a new way. 还是回到刚才所讲的 以不一样的视野看宇宙
This is a kite designed by a guy called Dave Kulp. 这是由Dave Kulp设计的风筝
And why do you want a 3,000-square foot kite? 为何要做这么大的风筝呢？
So that's a kite the size of your house. 它简直就跟你家一般大小啊
And so you want that to tow boats very fast. 因为只有这样你才能很快的拉动一条船
tow:v.牵引;n.拽引;
So I've been working on this a little, also, with a couple of other guys. 我也在跟一些朋友 在做这个
But, you know, this is another way to look at the -- if you abstract again, this is a structure that is defined by the physics of the universe. 这是另外一种看—— 假如允许我用抽象的语言讲的话 这是一种被宇宙定义的结构
defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确;
You could just hang it as a bed sheet , but again, the computation of all the physics gives you the aerodynamic shape. 你可以像蚊帐一样挂着它 但各种物理成分的计算 则使得它可以实现一种很强的空气动力结构
sheet:n.薄板;床单;纸张;报纸;v.覆盖;展开;给…铺床单;铺开;adj.片状的; aerodynamic:adj.空气动力学的,[航]航空动力学的;
And so you can actually sort of almost double your boat speed with systems like that. So that's sort of another interesting aspect of the future. 并且还能给船的速度加倍 这会是未来很有趣的一种应用
aspect:n.方面;层面;外观;方位;
(Applause) （掌声）