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SarahParcak_2012U-_太空时代的考古学_
When I was a child growing up in Maine , one of my favorite things to do was to look for sand dollars on the seashores of Maine , because my parents told me it would bring me luck. [00:12]
Maine:n.缅因州(美国州名); seashores:n.海滨;海岸;adj.海滨的;在海滨的;
But you know, these shells , they're hard to find. [00:23]
shells:n.壳;壳状物;炮弹;v.炮击;给…去壳(shell的第三人称单数和复数)
They're covered in sand. They're difficult to see. [00:26]
However, overtime , I got used to looking for them. [00:28]
overtime:n.加班;加班的时间;加班费;adv.加班;
I started seeing shapes and patterns that helped me to collect them. [00:32]
This grew into a passion for finding things, a love for the past and archaeology . [00:37]
passion:n.激情;热情;酷爱;盛怒; archaeology:n.考古学;考古学的;
And eventually when I started studying Egyptology, [00:44]
eventually:adv.最后,终于;
I realized that seeing with my naked eyes alone wasn't enough. [00:47]
naked:adj.裸体的;无装饰的;无证据的;直率的;
Because all of the sudden in Egypt my beach had grown from a tiny beach in Maine to one eight hundred miles long next to the Nile, and my sand dollars had grown to the size of cities. [00:51]
This is really what brought me to using satellite imagery . [01:06]
imagery:n.像;意象;比喻;形象化;
For trying to map the past, I knew that I had to see differently. [01:09]
So I want to show you an example of how we see differently using the infrared . [01:13]
infrared:n.红外线;adj.红外线的;
This is a site located in the eastern Egyptian delta called Bendix. [01:19]
site:n.地点;位置;场所;v.设置;为…选址; located:adj.位于; v.确定…的准确地点; (locate的过去分词和过去式) eastern:adj.东方的;向东的;东部的;东方国家的;n.东方人;东正教信徒; delta:n.(河流的)三角洲;德耳塔(希腊字母的第四个字);
And the site visibly appears brown, but when we use the infrared and we process it, all of the sudden, using false color, the site appears as bright pink. [01:23]
visibly:adv.明显地;显然;看得见地; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
What you are seeing are the actual chemical changes to the landscape caused by the building materials and activities of the ancient Egyptians . [01:35]
chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的; landscape:n.景观;乡村风景画;(文件的)横向打印格式;v.对…做景观美化;美化…的环境; Egyptians:n.埃及人;埃及语;(Egyptian的复数)
What I want to share with you today is how we've used satellite data to find an ancient Egyptian city, called Itjtawy, missing for thousands of years. [01:45]
Itjtawy was ancient Egypt's capital for over four hundred years, at a period of time called the Middle Kingdom about four thousand years ago. [01:57]
The site is located in the Faiyum of Egypt and site is really important because in the Middle Kingdom there was this great renaissance for ancient Egyptian art, architecture and religion. [02:06]
renaissance:n.文艺复兴(欧洲14至17世纪); architecture:n.建筑学;建筑风格;建筑式样;架构;
Egyptologists have always known the site of Itjtawy was located somewhere near the pyramids of the two kings who built it, indicated within the red circles here, but somewhere within this massive flood plane. [02:16]
Egyptologists:n.埃及古物学者; indicated:v.表明;显示;象征;暗示;示意;(indicate的过去分词和过去式) massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的;
This area is huge -- it's four miles by three miles in size. [02:29]
The Nile used to flow right next to the city of Itjtawy, and as it shifted and changed and moved over time to the east, it covered over the city. [02:33]
shifted:转移;移动(shift的过去式和过去分词);
So, how do you find a buried city in a vast landscape? [02:42]
Finding it randomly would be the equivalent of locating a needle in a haystack , blindfolded wearing baseball mitts . [02:47]
randomly:adv.随便地,任意地;无目的,胡乱地;未加计划地; equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的;n.等价物,相等物; locating:n.定位;定位查找;v.找出;安置;确定…的位置;(locate的现在分词) a needle in a haystack:大海捞针啊;海底捞针;被忽略的人; blindfolded:v.(用布等)蒙住…的眼睛(blindfold的过去分词和过去式) mitts:n.连指手套(mitt的复数形式);
So what we did is we used NASA topography data to map out the landscape, very subtle changes. [02:54]
topography:n.地势;地形学;地志; subtle:adj.微妙的;精细的;敏感的;狡猾的;稀薄的;
We started to be able to see where the Nile used to flow. [03:01]
But you can see in more detail -- and even more interesting -- this very slight raised area seen within the circle up here, which we thought could possibly be the location of the city of Itjtawy. [03:04]
slight:adj.轻微的;略微的;细小的;纤细的;n.侮慢;冷落;轻视;v.侮慢;冷落;轻视; location:n.地方;地点;位置;定位
So we collaborated with the Egyptian scientists to do coring work, which you see here. [03:15]
collaborated:v.合作;协作;通敌;勾结敌人;(collaborate的过去分词和过去式) coring:n.(事物,问题等的)中心; v.挖去…的果心; (core的现在分词)
When I say coring, it's like ice coring, but instead of layers of climate change you're looking for layers of human occupation . [03:20]
layers:n.层;表层;层次;阶层;v.把…分层堆放;(layer的第三人称单数和复数) occupation:n.职业;占领;占用;工作;
And five meters down, underneath a thick layer of mud, we found a dense layer of pottery . [03:27]
underneath:prep.在…的下面;在…的支配下;n.下面;底部;adj.下面的;底层的; dense:adj.稠密的;浓厚的;愚钝的; pottery:n.陶器;陶器厂;陶器制造术;
What this shows is that at this possible location of Itjtawy, five meters down, we have of layer of occupation for several hundred years dating to the Middle Kingdom, dating to the exact period of time we think Itjtawy is. [03:34]
We also found work stone -- carnelian , quartz and agate that shows that there was a jewelers workshop here. [03:46]
carnelian:n.玛瑙;[宝]红玉髓,[矿物]光玉髓; quartz:n.石英; agate:n.玛瑙;(比喻)矮子;[美国](小孩玩的)石子; jewelers:n.珠宝商;宝石匠;钟表匠;钟表商; workshop:n.车间;研讨会;讲习班;工场;v.学习;
These might not look like much, but when you think about the most common stones used in jewelry from the Middle Kingdom, these are the stones that were used. [03:53]
So, we have a dense layer of occupation dating to the Middle Kingdom at this site. [04:02]
We also have evidence of an elite jewelers workshop, showing that whatever was there was a very important city. [04:07]
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; elite:n.精英;精华;杰出人物;
No Itjtawy was here yet, but we're going to be returning to the site in the near future to map it out. [04:13]
And even more importantly, we have funding to train young Egyptians in the use of satellite technology so they can be the ones making great discoveries as well. [04:19]
funding:n.基金;资金;提供资金;v.为…提供资金;拨款给;(fund的现在分词) technology:n.技术;工艺;术语;
So I wanted to end with my favorite quote from the Middle Kingdom -- it was probably written at the city of Itjtawy four thousand years ago. [04:30]
quote:v.引用;报价;举例说明;开价;为(企业的股份)上市;n.引用;
'"Sharing knowledge is the greatest of all callings . [04:39]
callings:n.职业;欲望;点名;召集;邀请;v.召;呼唤(call的现在分词);称之为;
There's nothing like it in the land." [04:42]
So as it turns out, TED was not founded in 1984 AD. [04:44]
(Laughter) [04:50]
Making ideas actually started in 1984 BC at a not-lost-for-long city, found from above. [04:52]
It certainly puts finding seashells by the seashore in perspective . [05:01]
seashells:n.海贝壳;(seashell的复数) perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的;
Thank you very much. [05:05]
(Applause) [05:07]
Thank you. [05:09]
(Applause) [05:10]