返回首页

SanjayPradhan_2012G-_开放性数据在怎样改变国际援助_
I grew up in Bihar, India's poorest state, and I remember when I was six years old, [00:12]
I remember coming home one day to find a cart full of the most delicious sweets at our doorstep . [00:21]
cart:n.运货马车;手推车;手拉车;v.用车装运;用手提;强行带走;抓走;. doorstep:n.门阶;
My brothers and I dug in, and that's when my father came home. [00:30]
He was livid , and I still remember how we cried when that cart with our half-eaten sweets was pulled away from us. [00:37]
livid:adj.铅色的;青灰色的;非常生气的; half-eaten:adj.一半被吃掉的;
Later, I understood why my father got so upset . [00:49]
upset:adj.沮丧; v.打乱; n.苦恼; (意外的)混乱;
Those sweets were a bribe from a contractor who was trying to get my father to award him a government contract. [00:54]
bribe:v.贿赂,收买;n.贿赂; contractor:n.承包人;立契约者;
My father was responsible for building roads in Bihar, and he had developed a firm stance against corruption , even though he was harassed and threatened. [01:05]
responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的; stance:n.立场;姿态;位置;准备击球姿势; corruption:n.贪污,腐败;堕落; harassed:adj.疲惫焦虑的;v.侵扰;骚扰;不断攻击(敌人);(harass的过去分词和过去式)
His was a lonely struggle, because Bihar was also India's most corrupt state, where public officials were enriching themselves, [01:18]
enriching:v.使丰富,充实;使饱含(某物);使富有;(enrich的现在分词)
[rather] than serving the poor who had no means to express their anguish if their children had no food or no schooling. [01:29]
express:v.表达; adj.特快的; n.特快列车; v.使用快速服务; anguish:n.痛苦;苦恼;v.使极度痛苦;感到极度的痛苦;
And I experienced this most viscerally when I traveled to remote villages to study poverty . [01:41]
viscerally:内脏的;位于内脏的;影响内脏的; remote:adj.偏远的;偏僻的;遥远的;久远的; poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣;
And as I went village to village, [01:51]
I remember one day, when I was famished and exhausted , and I was almost collapsing in a scorching heat under a tree, and just at that time, one of the poorest men in that village invited me into his hut and graciously fed me. [01:55]
famished:adj.极饥饿的;v.使饥饿;(famish的过去分词和过去式) exhausted:adj.筋疲力尽的; v.使筋疲力尽; (exhaust的过去分词和过去式) collapsing:v.倒塌,坍塌; (collapse的现在分词) scorching:adj.灼热的; v.把…烧焦; hut:n.小屋;木屋;[军事]临时营房;[美俚]牢房;v.(使)住临时营房[小屋]; graciously:adv.和蔼地;仁慈地;雅致地;
Only I later realized that what he fed me was food for his entire family for two days. [02:19]
This profound gift of generosity challenged and changed the very purpose of my life. [02:29]
profound:adj.深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的; generosity:n.慷慨,大方;宽宏大量;
I resolved to give back. [02:39]
resolved:adj.下定决心; v.解决; (resolve的过去分词和过去式)
Later, I joined the World Bank , which sought to fight such poverty by transferring aid from rich to poor countries. [02:43]
World Bank:n.世界银行(向处于困境需要资助的成员国贷款的国际机构); sought:v.seek(寻求、寻找)的过去式和过去分词形式; transferring:n.[计]转移,传递;v.移动,[计]转移(transfer的现在分词形式);
My initial work focused on Uganda , where I focused on negotiating reforms with the Finance Ministry of Uganda so they could access our loans. [02:53]
initial:adj.最初的; n.(名字的)首字母; v.用姓名的首字母作标记(或签名)于; Uganda:n.乌干达(非洲国家); negotiating:v.谈判;磋商;协商;商定;达成协议;(negotiate的现在分词) reforms:n.改革(reform的复数);v.改革(reform的单数第三人称); Finance:n.财政,财政学;金融;v.负担经费,供给…经费; Ministry:n.(政府的)部门;
But after we disbursed the loans, I remember a trip in Uganda where I found newly built schools without textbooks or teachers, new health clinics without drugs, and the poor once again without any voice or recourse . [03:05]
disbursed:adj.已支付的;v.支付(disburse的过去分词); clinics:n.诊所(clinic的复数形式); recourse:n.求援,求助;[经]追索权;依赖;救生索;
It was Bihar all over again. [03:24]
Bihar represents the challenge of development: abject poverty surrounded by corruption. [03:28]
represents:v.代表;维护…的利益;相当于;(represent的第三人称单数) abject:adj.卑鄙的;可怜的;不幸的;
Globally, 1.3 billion people live on less than [03:36]
$1.25 a day, and the work I did in Uganda represents the traditional approach to these problems that has been practiced since 1944, when winners of World War II, 500 founding fathers, and one lonely founding mother, gathered in New Hampshire , USA, to establish the Bretton Woods institutions , including the World Bank. [03:40]
traditional:传统的,惯例的, approach:n.方法;路径;v.接近;建议;着手处理; Hampshire:n.汉普郡(英国南部之一郡); establish:v.创立;设立;建立;确立;使立足;查实; institutions:n.机构;慈善机构;风俗习惯,制度;(institution的复数)
And that traditional approach to development had three key elements . First, transfer of resources from rich countries in the North to poorer countries in the South, accompanied by reform prescriptions . [04:10]
elements:n.要素;基本部分;少量;一群;(element的复数) resources:n.[计][环境]资源; v.向…提供资金(resource的第三人称单数); accompanied:v.陪同;陪伴;与…同时发生;为…伴奏;(accompany的过去式和过去分词) prescriptions:n.医药处方,[医]药方(prescription复数形式);
Second, the development institutions that channeled these transfers were opaque , with little transparency of what they financed or what results they achieved. [04:24]
channeled:adj.有沟的;槽形的;v.引导;在…上开渠;输送;(channel的过去分词) transfers:n.[电子][计]传输(tansfer的复数); v.[计]转移; opaque:adj.不透明的;不传热的;迟钝的;n.不透明物;vt.使不透明;使不反光; transparency:n.透明,透明度;幻灯片;有图案的玻璃;
And third, the engagement in developing countries was with a narrow set of government elites with little interaction with the citizens, who are the ultimate beneficiaries of development assistance. [04:37]
engagement:n.婚约;约会;交战;诺言;n.参与度; narrow:adj.狭窄的; v.使窄小; n.峡谷; (场所,物品等的)狭窄部分; elites:n.精英(elite的复数); interaction:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰; ultimate:adj.最终的;极限的;根本的;n.终极;根本;基本原则; beneficiaries:n.[金融]受益人(beneficiary的复数形式);
Today, each of these elements is opening up due to dramatic changes in the global environment. [04:51]
opening up:n.解禁;开放;供开发;启用; dramatic:adj.突然的;巨大的;令人吃惊的;激动人心的; global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的;
Open knowledge, open aid, open governance , and together, they represent three key shifts that are transforming development and that also hold greater hope for the problems [04:59]
governance:n.管理;统治;支配; shifts:n.转移; v.转移; (shift的第三人称单数) transforming:v.使改变形态;使改变外观(或性质);使改观;(transform的现在分词)
I witnessed in Uganda and in Bihar. [05:13]
witnessed:v.当场看到,目击;见证;作证;(witness的过去式和过去分词)
The first key shift is open knowledge. [05:17]
You know, developing countries today will not simply accept solutions that are handed down to them by the U.S., Europe or the World Bank. [05:20]
They get their inspiration, their hope, their practical know-how , from successful emerging economies in the South. [05:31]
practical:adj.实际的;真实的;客观存在的;n.实习课;实践课; know-how:n.诀窍;实际知识;专门技能; emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词) economies:n.经济;经济结构;节约;(economy的复数)
They want to know how China lifted 500 million people out of poverty in 30 years, how Mexico's Oportunidades program improved schooling and nutrition for millions of children. [05:40]
improved:adj.改良的:v.改进:改善(improve的过去分词和过去式) nutrition:n.营养,营养学;营养品;
This is the new ecosystem of open-knowledge flows, not just traveling North to South, but South to South, and even South to North, with Mexico's Oportunidades today inspiring New York City. [05:56]
ecosystem:n.生态系统; inspiring:adj.鼓舞人心的;灌输的;v.鼓舞;激发;使感悟;(inspire的现在分词)
And just as these North-to-South transfers are opening up, so too are the development institutions that channeled these transfers. [06:15]
This is the second shift: open aid. [06:24]
Recently , the World Bank opened its vault of data for public use, releasing 8,000 economic and social indicators for 200 countries over 50 years, and it launched a global competition to crowdsource innovative apps using this data. [06:28]
Recently:adv.最近;新近; vault:n.金库,保险库;地下墓室;墓穴;拱顶;v.跳跃,腾跃; releasing:n.释放;松释动作;脱扣释放;v.释放;排放;(release的现在分词); economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; indicators:n.指示信号;标志;指针;方向灯;(indicator的复数) launched:v.发射;发起;开展;开始;(launch的过去式和过去分词) competition:n.竞争;比赛,竞赛; crowdsource:vi.众包,众包指的是一个公司或机构把过去由员工执行的工作任务,以自由自愿的形式外包给非特定的(而且通常是大型的)大众网络的做法; innovative:adj.革新的,创新的;
Development institutions today are also opening for public scrutiny the projects they finance. [06:48]
scrutiny:n.详细审查;监视;细看;选票复查;
Take GeoMapping. In this map from Kenya, the red dots show where all the schools financed by donors are located , and the darker the shade of green, the more the number of out-of-school children. [06:55]
donors:n.捐赠人(donor的复数);[电子]施主; located:adj.位于; v.确定…的准确地点; (locate的过去分词和过去式) shade:n.阴凉处;色度;灯罩;背阴;v.给…遮挡(光线);加灯罩;把…涂暗;画阴影;
So this simple mashup reveals that donors have not financed any schools in the areas with the most out-of-school children, provoking new questions. Is development assistance targeting those who most need our help? [07:11]
mashup:n.混搭程式;混搭网站;混合; reveals:v.揭示;显示;透露;展示;(reveal的第三人称单数) provoking:adj.刺激的;令人生气的,激怒人的;v.激怒;挑拨;诱发(provoke的ing形式);
In this manner, the World Bank has now GeoMapped 30,000 project activities in 143 countries, and donors are using a common platform to map all their projects. [07:29]
platform:n.平台; v.把…放在台上[放在高处;
This is a tremendous leap forward in transparency and accountability of aid. [07:43]
tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的; leap forward:跃进;向前跳;快速发展; accountability:n.有义务;有责任;可说明性;
And this leads me to the third, and in my view, the most significant shift in development: open governance. Governments today are opening up just as citizens are demanding voice and accountability. [07:51]
significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物;
From the Arab Spring to the Anna Hazare movement in India, using mobile phones and social media not just for political accountability but also for development accountability. [08:05]
mobile:n.手机;汽车;移动电话;adj.活跃的;可动的; media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉;
Are governments delivering services to the citizens? [08:19]
So for instance , several governments in Africa and Eastern Europe are opening their budgets to the public. [08:23]
instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; Eastern:adj.东方的;向东的;东部的;东方国家的;n.东方人;东正教信徒; budgets:n.[财政]预算(budget复数形式);v.为…做预算(budget的第三人称单数形式);
But, you know, there is a big difference between a budget that's public and a budget that's accessible . [08:33]
accessible:adj.易接近的;可进入的;可理解的;
This is a public budget. (Laughter) [08:40]
And as you can see , it's not really accessible or understandable to an ordinary citizen that is trying to understand how the government is spending its resources. [08:45]
as you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的; understandable:adj.可以理解的;可以了解的;
To tackle this problem, governments are using new tools to visualize the budget so it's more understandable to the public. [08:56]
tackle:v.处理; n.用具; visualize:vt.形象,形象化;想像,设想;vi.显现;
In this map from Moldova, the green color shows those districts that have low spending on schools but good educational outcomes , and the red color shows the opposite. [09:07]
educational:adj.教育的;有关教育的;有教育意义的 outcomes:n.结果;成果;后果;出路;(outcome的复数)
Tools like this help turn a shelf full of inscrutable documents into a publicly understandable visual, and what's exciting is that with this openness , there are today new opportunities for citizens to give feedback and engage with government. [09:20]
inscrutable:adj.神秘的;不可理解的;不能预测的;不可思议的; openness:n.公开;宽阔;率真; feedback:n.反馈;反馈意见;回授;[电子]反馈;
So in the Philippines today, parents and students can give real-time feedback on a website, [09:42]
Philippines:n.菲律宾; real-time:adj.实时的;接到指示立即执行的;
Checkmyschool.org, or using SMS, whether teachers and textbooks are showing up in school, the same problems I witnessed in Uganda and in Bihar. [09:50]
And the government is responsive . So for instance, when it was reported on this website that 800 students were at risk because school repairs had stalled due to corruption, the Department of Education in the Philippines took swift action. [10:03]
responsive:adj.响应的;应答的;回答的; stalled:失速的; swift:n.[鸟]雨燕; adj.飞快的;
And you know what's exciting is that this innovation is now spreading South to South, from the Philippines to Indonesia , Kenya, Moldova and beyond. [10:20]
innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法; Indonesia:n.印尼,印度尼西亚(东南亚岛国);
In Dar es Salaam , Tanzania, even an impoverished community was able to use these tools to voice its aspirations . [10:33]
Salaam:n.问安;额手礼;vt.向…行额手礼;向…问候;vi.行额手礼;问候; impoverished:adj.穷困的;用尽了的,无创造性的;v.使贫困(impoverish的过去分词); community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; aspirations:n.愿望;
This is what the map of Tandale looked like in August, 2011. But within a few weeks, university students were able to use mobile phones and an open-source platform to dramatically map the entire community infrastructure . [10:43]
open-source:adj.(计算机)开放源代码; dramatically:adv.戏剧地;引人注目地;adv.显著地,剧烈地; infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造;
And what is very exciting is that citizens were then able to give feedback as to which health or water points were not working, aggregated in the red bubbles that you see, which together provides a graphic visual of the collective voices of the poor. [11:03]
aggregated:adj.聚合的;合计的; bubbles:n.泡; v.起泡; (bubble的第三人称单数和复数) graphic:adj.形象的;图表的;绘画似的; collective:adj.集体的;共同的;集合的;集体主义的;n.集团;集合体;集合名词;
Today, even Bihar is turning around and opening up under a committed leadership that is making government transparent , accessible and responsive to the poor. [11:27]
committed:adj.坚信的; v.做出错事; (commit的过去分词和过去式) transparent:adj.透明的;显然的;坦率的;易懂的;
But, you know, in many parts of the world, governments are not interested in opening up or in serving the poor, and it is a real challenge for those who want to change the system. [11:41]
These are the lonely warriors like my father and many, many others, and a key frontier of development work is to help these lonely warriors join hands so they can together overcome the odds . [11:57]
warriors:n.(尤指旧时的)武士,勇士,斗士(warrior的复数) overcome:vt.克服;胜过;vi.克服;得胜; odds:n.几率;胜算;不平等;差别;
So for instance, today, in Ghana, courageous reformers from civil society, Parliament and government, have forged a coalition for transparent contracts in the oil sector , and, galvanized by this, reformers in Parliament are now investigating dubious contracts. [12:16]
courageous:adj.有胆量的,勇敢的; reformers:维新派; civil:adj.公民的;民间的;文职的;有礼貌的;根据民法的; Parliament:n.议会,国会; forged:v.艰苦干成;努力加强;假冒;制作;(forge的过去分词和过去式) coalition:n.联合;结合,合并; contracts:n.[经]合同; v.使收缩; sector:n.部门;扇形,扇区;象限仪;函数尺;vt.把…分成扇形; galvanized:adj.镀锌的,电镀的;v.电镀;刺激(galvanize的过去式和过去分词形式); investigating:v.调查;研究;审查;(investigate的现在分词) dubious:adj.可疑的;暧昧的;无把握的;半信半疑的;
These examples give new hope, new possibility to the problems I witnessed in Uganda or that my father confronted in Bihar. [12:37]
confronted:v.使…无法回避;降临于;处理;面对;对抗;(confront的过去分词和过去式)
Two years ago, on April 8th, 2010, I called my father. [12:51]
It was very late at night, and at age 80, he was typing a 70-page public interest litigation against corruption in a road project. [12:58]
litigation:n.诉讼;起诉;
Though he was no lawyer, he argued the case in court himself the next day. He won the ruling, but later that very evening, he fell, and he died. [13:11]
He fought till the end, increasingly passionate that to combat corruption and poverty, not only did government officials need to be honest, but citizens needed to join together to make their voices heard. [13:27]
increasingly:adv.越来越多地;渐增地; passionate:adj.热情的;热烈的,激昂的;易怒的; combat:v.战斗;防止;减轻;与…搏斗;n.战斗;搏斗;打仗;
These became the two bookends of his life, and the journey he traveled in between mirrored the changing development landscape . [13:46]
bookends:n.挡书板;书夹;书挡(bookend的复数形式); journey:n.旅行;行程;vi.旅行; landscape:n.景观;乡村风景画;(文件的)横向打印格式;v.对…做景观美化;美化…的环境;
Today, I'm inspired by these changes, and I'm excited that at the World Bank, we are embracing these new directions, a significant departure from my work in Uganda 20 years ago. [13:58]
inspired:adj.受到启发的; v.鼓舞; (inspire的过去分词和过去式) embracing:n.拥抱;v.拥抱,包含;(embrace的现在分词) departure:n.离开;出发;违背;
We need to radically open up development so knowledge flows in multiple directions, inspiring practitioners , so aid becomes transparent, accountable and effective , so governments open up and citizens are engaged and empowered with reformers in government. [14:13]
radically:adv.根本上;彻底地;以激进的方式; multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; practitioners:n.实践者;开业者;实习者(practitioner的复数); accountable:adj.有责任的;有解释义务的;可解释的; effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象; engaged:adj.已订婚的; v.吸引住; (engage的过去分词和过去式) empowered:v.授权;给(某人)…的权力;(empower的过去分词和过去式)
We need to accelerate these shifts. [14:34]
accelerate:v.加快;加速;n.接受速成教育的学生;
If we do, we will find that the collective voices of the poor will be heard in Bihar, in Uganda, and beyond. [14:37]
We will find that textbooks and teachers will show up in schools for their children. [14:49]
We will find that these children, too, have a real chance of breaking their way out of poverty. [14:56]
Thank you. (Applause) [15:06]
(Applause) [15:10]