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SandrineThuret_2015S-_这么做，你就能长出新的脑细胞_
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| Can we, as adults, grow new nerve cells? |
我们,作为成人,还能生长新的神经细胞吗？ |
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nerve:n.神经;勇气;神经质;神经紧张;v.鼓足勇气;振作精神;
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| There's still some confusion about that question, as this is a fairly new field of research. |
这个问题还未完全清晰, 因为这还是新的研究领域。 |
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confusion:n.困惑;混淆;混同;困窘; fairly:adv.相当地;公平地;简直;
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| For example, I was talking to one of my colleagues , Robert, who is an oncologist , and he was telling me, "Sandrine, this is puzzling . |
比方说,我跟我的同事罗伯特说, 罗伯特是一名肿瘤学家, 他告诉我, “桑德琳,这很令人疑惑。 |
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colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); oncologist:n.肿瘤学家;肿瘤医师; puzzling:adj.使为难的;费解的;v.迷惑;使困惑;(puzzle的现在分词)
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| Some of my patients that have been told they are cured of their cancer still develop symptoms of depression ." |
我的一些病人,即使被告知他们的癌症已治愈, 仍有抑郁的症状。” |
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patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数) cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤; symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数) depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁;
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| And I responded to him, "Well, from my point of view that makes sense. |
我回答道, “嗯,在我看来这是可以解释的。 |
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responded:v.回答,回应;作出反应;响应;反应灵敏;(respond的过去式和过去分词) point of view:观点;见地;立场;
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| The drug you give to your patients that stops the cancer cells multiplying also stops the newborn neurons being generated in their brain." |
你给病人开的,用以阻止癌细胞增生的药 同时也阻止了他们大脑中生长出新的神经元。” |
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multiplying:n.繁殖;adj.乘法的;v.乘;繁殖;增加(multiply的ing形式); newborn:adj.新生的;再生的;n.婴儿; generated:v.产生;引起;(generate的过去式和过去分词)
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| And then Robert looked at me like I was crazy and said, "But Sandrine, these are adult patients -- adults do not grow new nerve cells." |
罗伯特看着我,仿佛我疯了似的, “但是桑德琳,他们是成年的病人-- 成人不会生长新的神经细胞。” |
| And much to his surprise, I said, "Well actually, we do." |
非常惊讶,我说,“事实上,我们可以。” |
| And this is a phenomenon that we call neurogenesis . |
这个现象我们称之为神经生成。 |
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phenomenon:n.现象;杰出的人;非凡的人(或事物); neurogenesis:n.[胚]神经发生;[胚]神经形成;
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| [Neurogenesis] |
[神经生成] |
| Now Robert is not a neuroscientist , and when he went to medical school he was not taught what we know now -- that the adult brain can generate new nerve cells. |
罗伯特不是一名脑神经科学家, 当他在医学院上学的时候并没有学到我们现在所知道的 成人大脑能够生成新的神经细胞。 |
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neuroscientist:n.神经系统科学家;
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| So Robert, you know, being the good doctor that he is, wanted to come to my lab to understand the topic a little bit better. |
因此罗伯特,作为一名好医生, 想要到我的实验室来 更深层的了解一下这个研究。 |
| And I took him for a tour of one of the most exciting parts of the brain when it comes to neurogenesis -- and this is the hippocampus . |
我向他展示了 大脑最令人兴奋的部分 有关神经生成的活动-- 这是海马体。 |
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hippocampus:n.[解剖][脊椎]海马;马头鱼尾怪兽(神话中的一个形象);
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| So this is this gray structure in the center of the brain. |
就是大脑中心这个灰色的结构。 |
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structure:n.结构;构造;建筑物;vt.组织;构成;建造;
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| And what we've known already for very long, is that this is important for learning, memory, mood and emotion . |
我们早已得知, 这对学习,记忆,情绪和情感很重要。 |
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mood:n.情绪,语气;心境;气氛; emotion:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;
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| However, what we have learned more recently is that this is one of the unique structures of the adult brain where new neurons can be generated. |
然而,我们进来新研究出的是 这是一个对成人大脑来说很特别的结构, 这里能够生成新的神经元。 |
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recently:adv.最近;新近; unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物; structures:n.结构; v.建造(structure的第三人称单数形式);
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| And if we slice through the hippocampus and zoom in, what you actually see here in blue is a newborn neuron in an adult mouse brain. |
当我们切开海马体 并放大, 你所看到的这些蓝色物质 就是成年老鼠大脑中新生张出来的神经元。 |
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slice:n.片; v.切成片; (很容易地)切开; neuron:n.[解剖]神经元,神经单位;
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| So when it comes to the human brain -- my colleague Jonas Frisén from the Karolinska Institutet, has estimated that we produce 700 new neurons per day in the hippocampus. |
在人类大脑中-- 我来自卡罗林斯卡学院的同事Jonas Frisén说, 人类每天生长约700个新的神经元 在海马体内。 |
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estimated:adj.估计的;预计的;估算的;
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| You might think this is not much, compared to the billions of neurons we have. |
你可能认为这并不是很多, 因为人体有数十亿神经元。 |
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compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
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| But by the time we turn 50, we will have all exchanged the neurons we were born with in that structure with adult-born neurons. |
但是当我们快到50岁的时候, 我们出生时所有的神经元都会变成那个结构中 成人时期生长出的神经元。 |
| So why are these new neurons important and what are their functions? |
为什么新的神经元是重要的它们有怎样的作用呢？ |
| First, we know that they're important for learning and memory. |
首先,我们指导它们对于学习和记忆功能来说很重要。 |
| And in the lab we have shown that if we block the ability of the adult brain to produce new neurons in the hippocampus, then we block certain memory abilities. |
在实验室中,我们发现 如果我们阻止了成人大脑中 海马体生长新的神经元的功能, 那意味着我们也阻止了某些记忆能力。 |
| And this is especially new and true for spatial recognition -- so like, how you navigate your way in the city. |
这对空间识别感非常重要-- 就像,你如何在城市中活动。 |
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especially:adv.尤其;特别;格外;十分; spatial:adj.空间的;存在于空间的;受空间条件限制的; recognition:n.识别;认识;承认;认可; navigate:vt.驾驶,操纵;使通过;航行于;vi.航行,航空;
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| We are still learning a lot, and neurons are not only important for memory capacity , but also for the quality of the memory. |
我们仍在学习, 神经元对于记忆能力, 以及记忆的质量来说非常重要。 |
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capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力;
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| And they will have been helpful to add time to our memory and they will help differentiate very similar memories, like: how do you find your bike that you park at the station every day in the same area, but in a slightly different position? |
他们能够帮助我们的记忆加入时间概念 他们也会帮助我们区分非常相近的记忆,比如: 如何寻找你的自行车 你每天都将它停在车站附近的同一块地方, 但是在这片地不同的位置？ |
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differentiate:vi.区分,区别;vt.区分,区别; slightly:adv.些微地,轻微地;纤细地;
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| And more interesting to my colleague Robert is the research we have been doing on neurogenesis and depression. |
对我的同事罗伯特来说更有意思的是 我们正在做有关神经生成和抑郁的研究。 |
| So in an animal model of depression, we have seen that we have a lower level of neurogenesis. |
在这个关于抑郁的动物模型, 我们可以看到它的神经生成在较低的水平, |
| And if we give antidepressants , then we increase the production of these newborn neurons, and we decrease the symptoms of depression, establishing a clear link between neurogenesis and depression. |
如果给牠们服用抗抑郁剂, 我们增加了新生的神经元, 于是抑郁的症状就减轻了, 在细胞生成和抑郁症状间建立了清晰地联系。 |
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antidepressants:n.[药]抗抑郁药(antidepressant的复数形式);抗忧郁剂; decrease:v.降低;减少;缩小;减弱;n.减少;减小量;所减少的总量;减缩位置; establishing:v.建立;创立;设立;使稳固;(establish的现在分词)
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| But moreover , if you just block neurogenesis, then you block the efficacy of the antidepressant. |
此外,如果你阻止了细胞生成, 那你也就阻止了抗抑郁剂的功效。 |
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moreover:adv.而且;此外; efficacy:n.功效,效力;
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| So by then, Robert had understood that very likely his patients were suffering from depression even after being cured of their cancer, because the cancer drug had stopped newborn neurons from being generated. |
那时,罗伯特理解到 他的病人们很有可能会遭受抑郁的症状 即使在癌症治愈以后, 因为抗癌药物阻止了身体新的神经元的生成。 |
| And it will take time to generate new neurons that reach normal functions. |
那需要一些时间生成新的神经元 让它达到正常的运作。 |
| So, collectively , now we think we have enough evidence to say that neurogenesis is a target of choice if we want to improve memory formation or mood, or even prevent the decline associated with aging, or associated with stress. |
总的来说,我想我们有足够的证据 来表明细胞生成是一个目标方法, 如果我们想要提高记忆力或是提高情绪, 或是防止衰老, 或是抗击压力。 |
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collectively:adv.共同地,全体地; evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; improve:v.改进;改善; formation:n.形成;编队;组成;队形; decline:v.下降;衰退;减少;谢绝;n.下降; associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式)
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| So the next question is: can we control neurogenesis? |
下一个问题就是: 我们能够控制神经生成吗？ |
| The answer is yes. |
答案是,是。 |
| And we are now going to do a little quiz . |
我们现在进行一个小问答。 |
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quiz:n.小测验;知识竞赛;v.盘问;查问;询问;
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| I'm going to give you a set of behaviors and activities, and you tell me if you think they will increase neurogenesis or if they will decrease neurogenesis. |
我会给你们一组行为或是活动, 你们来判断这些能否促进细胞新生 或是这些会降低细胞生成。 |
| Are we ready? |
准备好了吗？ |
| OK, let's go. |
现在开始。 |
| So what about learning? |
学习？ |
| Increasing? |
增长？ |
| Yes. |
是的。 |
| Learning will increase the production of these new neurons. |
学习能够提高神经细胞的生成。 |
| How about stress? |
压力？ |
| Yes, stress will decrease the production of new neurons in the hippocampus. |
是的,压力会降低海马体内神经细胞的生成。 |
| How about sleep deprivation ? |
那么睡眠匮乏呢？ |
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deprivation:n.剥夺;损失;免职;匮乏;贫困;
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| Indeed, it will decrease neurogenesis. |
确实,它会降低神经生成。 |
| How about sex? |
性爱呢？ |
| Oh, wow! |
哇！ |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| Yes, you are right, it will increase the production of new neurons. |
是,你们是对的,它能促进神经新生。 |
| However, it's all about balance here. |
然而,这一切都有关平衡。 |
| We don't want to fall in a situation -- |
我们不希望出现这样的情况-- |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| about too much sex leading to sleep deprivation. |
太多的性爱导致睡眠匮乏。 |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| How about getting older? |
年龄增长？ |
| So the neurogenesis rate will decrease as we get older, but it is still occurring . |
细胞生成率会随着我们变老而降低, 但它仍会生成。 |
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occurring:n.事件;事故;事变;
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| And then finally , how about running? |
最后,跑步？ |
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finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地;
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| I will let you judge that one by yourself. |
这要看你们各自的情况自己决定。 |
| So this is one of the first studies that was carried out by one of my mentors , Rusty Gage from the Salk Institute , showing that the environment can have an impact on the production of new neurons. |
这是第一个研究 是我在索尔克研究所的导师Rusty Gage做的, 显示出环境对于 生长新的神经有影响。 |
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mentors:n.导师,教练(mentor复数); Gage:vt.以…为担保;以…为赌注;n.计量器;挑战;抵押品; Institute:v.开始(调查);制定;创立;提起(诉讼);n.学会,协会;学院; impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
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| And here you see a section of the hippocampus of a mouse that had no running wheel in its cage. |
这幅图片是老鼠的海马体, 它的笼子里没有滚动跑轮。 |
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wheel:车轮,转动
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| And the little black dots you see are actually newborn neurons-to-be. |
黑色的小点点是将要新生的神经元。 |
| And now, you see a section of the hippocampus of a mouse that had a running wheel in its cage. |
现在,这幅是老鼠的海马体 它的笼子里有滚动跑轮。 |
| So you see the massive increase of the black dots representing the new neurons-to-be. |
你可以看到数量巨大的 黑色小点点显示出它的神经元生成状况。 |
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massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; representing:v.代表;维护…的利益;等于;相当于;(represent的现在分词)
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| So activity impacts neurogenesis, but that's not all. |
所以,活动会影响神经生成,但并不只是如此。 |
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impacts:n.影响; v.有影响,有作用;
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| What you eat will have an effect on the production of new neurons in the hippocampus. |
你吃的东西会影响到 海马体生长新的神经元。 |
| So here we have a sample of diet -- of nutrients that have been shown to have efficacy. |
这里我们有一个健康饮食的样本-- 这些有功效的营养物质。 |
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nutrients:营养盐;[食品]营养素;
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| And I'm just going to point a few out to you: |
我要指出一些来: |
| Calorie restriction of 20 to 30 percent will increase neurogenesis. |
卡路里保持在20%-30%会增强细胞生长。 |
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Calorie:n.卡;大卡; restriction:n.限制;约束;束缚;
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| Intermittent fasting -- spacing the time between your meals -- will increase neurogenesis. |
间歇地断食--在餐与餐之间空下时间-- 会提高神经细胞新生。 |
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Intermittent:adj.间歇的;断断续续的;间歇性;
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| Intake of flavonoids , which are contained in dark chocolate or blueberries , will increase neurogenesis. |
摄入黄酮类物质, 在黑巧克力或蓝莓中, 会提高神经细胞新生。 |
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Intake:n.摄取量;通风口;引入口;引入的量; flavonoids:n.黄酮类(flavonoid的复数形式);[有化]类黄酮;蒲公英黄酮; dark chocolate:n.黑巧克力; blueberries:n.蓝莓(blueberry的复数); v.采集越橘或乌饭树浆果(blueberry的三单形式);
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| Omega-3 fatty acids, present in fatty fish, like salmon , will increase the production of these new neurons. |
欧米伽-3 脂肪酸, 在脂质鱼中,比如三文鱼, 会提高神经细胞新生率。 |
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fatty:adj.脂肪的;肥胖的;多脂肪的;脂肪过多的;n.胖子; salmon:n.鲑鱼;大马哈鱼;鲑肉色;鲑鱼肉;橙红色,粉橙色;adj.浅澄色的;
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| Conversely , a diet rich in high saturated fat will have a negative impact on neurogenesis. |
相对的,那些高饱和脂肪 会对神经生成有不好的影响。 |
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Conversely:adv.相反地; saturated fat:n.饱和脂肪(存在于黄油、煎炸食品和很多肉类中,能促使胆固醇增长,危害身体); negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝;
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| Ethanol -- intake of alcohol -- will decrease neurogenesis. |
乙醇--酒精中摄取--会降低神经新生。 |
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Ethanol:n.[有化]乙醇,[有化]酒精; alcohol:n.酒精;乙醇;含酒精饮料;
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| However, not everything is lost; resveratrol , which is contained in red wine, has been shown to promote the survival of these new neurons. |
然而,并不是所有都不好, 白藜芦醇,红酒中的物质, 就能够促进新生神经的存活率。 |
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resveratrol:n.白藜芦醇; promote:v.促进;推动;促销;提升;晋升; survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物;
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| So next time you are at a dinner party , you might want to reach for this possibly "neurogenesis-neutral" drink. |
下次你再去晚宴派对的时候, 你也许想要喝这种可能“神经新生——中立”饮品。 |
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dinner party:晚宴;
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| And then finally, let me point out the last one -- a quirky one. |
最后,让我在说最后一点—— 古怪的一点 |
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quirky:adj.古怪的;离奇的;诡诈的;
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| So Japanese groups are fascinated with food textures , and they have shown that actually soft diet impairs neurogenesis, as opposed to food that requires mastication -- chewing -- or crunchy food. |
日本人着迷于食物的质感, 软质饮食减少神经生成, 相对于那些需要咀嚼,或是脆的食物。 |
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textures:n.纹理;材质(texture的复数);v.使具有某种结构(texture的三单形式); impairs:损害;受损的; opposed:adj.强烈反对; v.反对(计划、政策等); (oppose的过去分词和过去式) crunchy:adj.易碎的;发嘎吱嘎吱声的;
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| So all of this data, where we need to look at the cellular level, has been generated using animal models. |
这些数据, 我们用于观察细胞水平的, 都是通过动物模型完成。 |
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cellular:adj.细胞的;多孔的;由细胞组成的;n.移动电话;单元;
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| But this diet has also been given to human participants , and what we could see is that the diet modulates memory and mood in the same direction as it modulates neurogenesis, |
但这样的饮食同样也给与了人类参与者, 我们能看到的是饮食调节记忆和情绪 和它调节神经生成同样的方向, |
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participants:n.参与者(participant的复数形式); modulates:vt.调节;(信号)调制;调整;vi.调制;转调;
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| such as: calorie restriction will improve memory capacity, whereas a high-fat diet will exacerbate symptoms of depression -- as opposed to omega-3 fatty acids, which increase neurogenesis, and also help to decrease the symptoms of depression. |
比如:卡路里限制会提高记忆能力, 反之,一个高脂肪的饮食会加剧抑郁的症状。 相反的,欧米伽-3脂肪酸,会提高神经生成, 同时也会帮助减缓抑郁的症状。 |
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whereas:conj.然而;鉴于;反之; high-fat:高脂肪的; exacerbate:vt.使加剧;使恶化;激怒;
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| So we think that the effect of diet on mental health, on memory and mood, is actually mediated by the production of the new neurons in the hippocampus. |
因此我们认为饮食的效用 在神经健康、记忆和情绪, 是通过在海马体内制造新的神经元间接完成的。 |
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mental:adj.精神的;脑力的;疯的;n.精神病患者; mediated:vt.仲裁,调停;调解(mediate的过去式及过去分词形式);
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| And it's not only what you eat, but it's also the texture of the food, when you eat it and how much of it you eat. |
不只是你吃什么, 还有食物的质地,什么时候吃 吃了多少来决定。 |
| On our side -- neuroscientists interested in neurogenesis -- we need to understand better the function of these new neurons, and how we can control their survival and their production. |
在我们神经科学家这边--有兴趣的神经生成-- 我们需要更好的了解这些新生神经的功能, 以及我们如何控制它们的存活率和制造情况。 |
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neuroscientists:n.神经系统科学家;
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| We also need to find a way to protect the neurogenesis of Robert's patients. |
我们同样也要寻找一个方法来保护罗伯特病人的神经生成。 |
| And on your side -- |
在你们这边-- |
| I leave you in charge of your neurogenesis. |
请你们自己决定自己的细胞生成。 |
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in charge of:负责;主管;
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| Thank you. |
谢谢 |
| (Applause) |
（鼓掌） |
| Margaret Heffernan: Fantastic research, Sandrine. |
玛格丽特·赫夫南:太精彩的研究,桑德琳。 |
|
Fantastic:奇异的,空想的
|
| Now, I told you you changed my life -- |
现在,我告诉你你改变了我的生活-- |
| I now eat a lot of blueberries. |
我现在开始吃大量的蓝莓。 |
| Sandrine Thuret: Very good. |
桑德琳·苏瑞:这太好了。 |
| MH: I'm really interested in the running thing. |
玛格丽特:我很好奇关于跑步的那个讨论。 |
| Do I have to run? |
我需要跑步吗？ |
| Or is it really just about aerobic exercise, getting oxygen to the brain? |
还是指我们要做有氧运动, 让大脑吸氧？ |
|
aerobic:adj.需氧的;增氧健身法的;
|
| Could it be any kind of vigorous exercise? |
可以是任何激烈运动吗？ |
|
vigorous:adj.有力的;精力充沛的;
|
| ST: So for the moment, we can't really say if it's just the running itself, but we think that anything that indeed will increase the production -- or moving the blood flow to the brain, should be beneficial . |
桑德琳:此时此刻, 我们无法准确说明是否只能跑步, 但我想任何事能够提高生成-- 或是血液移动到大脑的, 应该都是有益的。 |
|
beneficial:adj.有益的,有利的;可享利益的;
|
| MH: So I don't have to get a running wheel in my office? |
玛格丽特:那我不需要在我的办公室放一个转轮了？ |
| ST: No, you don't! |
桑德琳:不,你不需要！ |
| MH: Oh, what a relief ! That's wonderful. |
玛格丽特:真是松了口气！太精彩了。 |
|
relief:n.救济;减轻,解除;安慰;浮雕;
|
| Sandrine Thuret, thank you so much. |
桑德琳·苏瑞,非常感谢你。 |
| ST: Thank you, Margaret. |
桑德琳:谢谢你,玛格丽特。 |
| (Applause) |
（鼓掌） |