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SamRodriques_2017X-_下一个世纪，我们将更了解大脑_
I want to tell you guys something about neuroscience . 我想跟各位聊一聊神经科学。
neuroscience:n.神经系统科学(指神经病学,神经化学等);
I'm a physicist by training. 我是物理学家,科班出身。
physicist:n.物理学家;物理学研究者;
About three years ago, I left physics to come and try to understand how the brain works. 大约三年前,我离开了物理学领域, 转行到神经科学,试图了解 大脑是如何工作的。
And this is what I found. 我发现,
Lots of people are working on depression . 很多人都在研究抑郁症。
depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁;
And that's really good, depression is something that we really want to understand. 这非常好, 我们的确特别想了解抑郁症。
Here's how you do it: you take a jar and you fill it up, about halfway, with water. 但研究是这样进行的: 拿个罐子,装上大约半罐的水。
And then you take a mouse, and you put the mouse in the jar, OK? 然后找一只老鼠,把它放进罐子里。
And the mouse swims around for a little while and then at some point, the mouse gets tired and decides to stop swimming. 老鼠四处游了一会儿, 到某一时刻,老鼠累了, 决定不游了。
And when it stops swimming, that's depression. 它一旦不游了,就是得了抑郁症。
OK? 对吗？
And I'm from theoretical physics, so I'm used to people making very sophisticated mathematical models to precisely describe physical phenomena , so when I saw that this is the model for depression, 我以前是学理论物理的, 所以我习惯了 用非常复杂的数学模型 来精确描述物理现象, 所以当我看到抑郁症的 模型是这个样子时,
theoretical:adj.理论的;理论上的;假设的;推理的; sophisticated:adj.复杂的;老练的;见多识广的;水平高的; mathematical:adj.数学的,数学上的;精确的; describe:v.描述;形容;把…称为;画出…图形; physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查; phenomena:n.现象(phenomenon的复数);
I though to myself, "Oh my God, we have a lot of work to do." 我心想,“天呐, 要做的工作还多着呢。”
(Laughter) （笑声）
But this is a kind of general problem in neuroscience. 但这问题在神经科学中 几乎普遍存在。
So for example, take emotion . 比如说,以情绪为例。
emotion:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;
Lots of people want to understand emotion. 很多人想理解情绪。
But you can't study emotion in mice or monkeys because you can't ask them how they're feeling or what they're experiencing. 但是,在老鼠或猴子身上 没法研究情绪, 因为你不能问它们 感觉如何或正在经历什么。
So instead, people who want to understand emotion, typically end up studying what's called motivated behavior, which is code for "what the mouse does when it really, really wants cheese." 所以,想要理解情绪的人 通常变成研究所谓的行为激励法, 这个术语的意思是“老鼠 特别特别想要奶酪时会做什么”。
typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地; motivated:adj.有动机的; v.使产生动机;
OK, I could go on and on . 我可以没完没了地说下去。
on and on:继续不停地;
I mean, the point is, the NIH spends about 5.5 billion dollars a year on neuroscience research. 我的意思是,关键在于, NIH每年花费大约55亿美元 用于神经科学研究。
And yet there have been almost no significant improvements in outcomes for patients with brain diseases in the past 40 years. 然而,在过去40年中, 对脑病患者的治疗效果 几乎没有获得任何显著的进步。
significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; improvements:n.改善;改进;改善的事物;(improvement的复数) outcomes:n.结果;成果;后果;出路;(outcome的复数) patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数) diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
And I think a lot of that is basically due to the fact that mice might be OK as a model for cancer or diabetes , but the mouse brain is just not sophisticated enough to reproduce human psychology or human brain disease. 我认为,这在很大程度上是由于 老鼠也许能做癌症 或糖尿病的模型, 但是老鼠的大脑却不够复杂, 无法复制人类的心理 或人类的脑部疾病。
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; cancer:n.癌症;恶性肿瘤; diabetes:n.糖尿病;多尿症; reproduce:v.繁殖;复制;再现;生育; psychology:n.心理学;心理状态;
OK? 对吧？
So if the mouse models are so bad, why are we still using them? 那么,既然老鼠模型那么差, 为什么我们还在用它？
Well, it basically boils down to this: the brain is made up of neurons which are these little cells that send electrical signals to each other. 原因大致是这样的: 大脑是由神经元组成的, 这些神经元是相互发送 电信号的小细胞。
made up of:由…组成,由…构成; electrical:adj.有关电的;电气科学的;
If you want to understand how the brain works, you have to be able to measure the electrical activity of these neurons. 如果你想了解大脑是如何工作的, 就必须能够测量 这些神经元的电活动。
But to do that, you have to get really close to the neurons with some kind of electrical recording device or a microscope . 但要做到这一点,你必须 用某种电记录设备或显微镜 来真正接近神经元。
device:n.装置;策略;图案; microscope:n.显微镜;
And so you can do that in mice and you can do it in monkeys, because you can physically put things into their brain but for some reason we still can't do that in humans, OK? 这个可以在老鼠身上做, 也可以在猴子身上做, 因为你可以真正地把 设备放进它们的大脑, 但是由于某些原因,我们 还不能在人类身上这样做,对吧？
So instead, we've invented all these proxies . 所以,我们发明了各种替代工具。
proxies:n.代理;代理人(proxy的复数);
So the most popular one is probably this, functional MRI, fMRI, which allows you to make these pretty pictures like this, that show which parts of your brain light up when you're engaged in different activities. 最流行的应该是这个, 功能性磁共振成像,fMRI, 它可以做出这样的美丽图片, 显示当你从事不同的活动时, 大脑的哪个部分会发光。
functional:adj.功能的; engaged in:从事于;忙于;
But this is a proxy . 但这只是一个替代工具。
proxy:n.代理人;委托书;代用品;
You're not actually measuring neural activity here. 你实际上并不是在测量神经活动。
neural:adj.神经的;神经系统的;背的;神经中枢的;
What you're doing is you're measuring, essentially , like, blood flow in the brain. 你是在测量大脑中的 血液流动。
essentially:adv.本质上;本来;
Where there's more blood. 看哪里的含血量更高。
It's actually where there's more oxygen, but you get the idea, OK? 其实是看哪里氧气多, 但你懂我意思了,对吧？
The other thing that you can do is you can do this -- electroencephalography -- you can put these electrodes on your head, OK? 另一种方法是这个—— 脑电图——可以把 这些电极放在你的头上,
electroencephalography:n.脑电描记法;脑电流描记器; electrodes:n.[电]电极(electrode的复数);电焊条;
And then you can measure your brain waves. 然后可以测量你的脑电波。
And here, you're actually measuring electrical activity. 而这实际上是在测量电活动。
But you're not measuring the activity of neurons. 而不是在测量神经元的活动。
You're measuring these electrical currents, sloshing back and forth in your brain. 你测量的是这些电流, 在你的大脑中来回流动的电流。
sloshing:n.晃动,晃荡;冲激;v.晃动(slosh的现在分词); back and forth:前后移动的,来回的,反复的;
So the point is just that these technologies that we have are really measuring the wrong thing. 所以问题是,我们所拥有的这些技术 实际上是在测量错误的东西。
technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数);
Because, for most of the diseases that we want to understand -- like, Parkinson's is the classic example. 因为,对于我们想了解的 大多数疾病—— 比如帕金森症就是典型的例子。
classic:n.名著;优秀的典范;adj.最优秀的;第一流的;有代表性的;典型的;
In Parkinson's, there's one particular kind of neuron deep in your brain that is responsible for the disease, and these technologies just don't have the resolution that you need to get at that. 对于帕金森症,大脑深处 有一种特殊的神经元 对这种疾病负责, 而现有的这些技术还没有办法 检测这些神经元。
neuron:n.[解剖]神经元,神经单位; responsible:adj.负责的,可靠的;有责任的; resolution:n.解决;分辨;解析;决议;
And so that's why we're still stuck with the animals. 所以这就是为什么 我们仍然在用动物。
Not that anyone wants to be studying depression by putting mice into jars, right? 谁也不是真的想 用罐子里的老鼠 来研究抑郁症,对吧？
It's just that there's this pervasive sense that it's not possible to look at the activity of neurons in healthy humans. 只是有一种共识告诉我们, 不可能观察到 健康人的神经元活动。
pervasive:adj.普遍的;到处渗透的;流行的;
So here's what I want to do. 那么,接下来,
I want to take you into the future. 我想带你们进入未来。
To have a look at one way in which I think it could potentially be possible. 看一看我认为有可能的一种方式。
have a look at:看一看,看一眼; potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地;
And I want to preface this by saying, I don't have all the details. 首先我想说,我没有完善的细节。
preface:n.序言;v.为…写序言;以…为开端;作…的开场白;
So I'm just going to provide you with a kind of outline . 所以我只提供大概的介绍。
outline:n.概述;轮廓线;梗概;略图;v.概述;略述;显示…的轮廓:勾勒…的外形;
But we're going to go the year 2100. 我们要去的是2100年。
Now what does the year 2100 look like? 2100年是什么样子呢？
Well, to start with, the climate is a bit warmer that what you're used to. 首先,气候比你习惯的暖和一点。
(Laughter) （笑声）
And that robotic vacuum cleaner that you know and love went through a few generations, and the improvements were not always so good. 你了解并喜爱的机器人真空吸尘器 进化了好几代, 但进化的结果不怎么样。
robotic:adj.机器人的,像机器人的;自动的;n.机器人学; vacuum cleaner:n.真空吸尘器;
(Laughter) （笑声）
It was not always for the better . 并不总是越来越好。
for the better:好转,向好的方向发展;
But actually, in the year 2100 most things are surprisingly recognizable . 但实际上,在2100年, 我们居然还能认出大部分的事物,
surprisingly:adv.令人惊讶地;出乎意料地 recognizable:adj.可辨认的;可认识的;可承认的;
It's just the brain is totally different. 只是大脑完全不同了。
For example, in the year 2100, we understand the root causes of Alzheimer's. 例如,在2100年, 我们了解了阿尔茨海默症的病源。
So we can deliver targeted genetic therapies or drugs to stop the degenerative process before it begins. 所以我们可以在 大脑功能退化开始之前, 提供有针对性的基因治疗 或药物来阻止退化。
genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; therapies:n.治疗方法(therapy复数形式); degenerative:adj.退化的;变质的;退步的; process:v.处理;加工;列队行进;n.过程,进行;方法,adj.经过特殊加工(或处理)的;
So how did we do it? 那是怎么做到的呢？
Well, there were essentially three steps. 基本上有三个步骤。
The first step was that we had to figure out some way to get electrical connections through the skull so we could measure the electrical activity of neurons. 第一步,我们必须想办法 让电信号的连接穿过头骨, 这样我们就可以测量 神经元的电活动。
skull:n.头盖骨,脑壳;
And not only that , it had to be easy and risk-free . 不仅如此,这一过程还必须 容易操作且无风险。
only that:只是;要不是; risk-free:adj.无风险的;
Something that basically anyone would be OK with, like getting a piercing . 它必须是人人都能接受的, 就像穿个耳洞。
piercing:adj.刺穿的; n.熔化穿孔; v.刺穿;
Because back in 2017, the only way that we knew of to get through the skull was to drill these holes the size of quarters. 因为早在2017年, 人们知道的穿过头骨的唯一方法 就是钻出硬币大小的洞。
You would never let someone do that to you. 谁都不会接受的。
So in the 2020s, people began to experiment -- rather than drilling these gigantic holes, drilling microscopic holes, no thicker than a piece of hair. 所以在21世纪20年代, 人们开始实验—— 不是钻这些巨大的孔, 而是钻出不到一根头发丝 那么厚的微型孔。
gigantic:adj.巨大的,庞大的; microscopic:adj.微观的;用显微镜可见的;
And the idea here was really for diagnosis -- there are lots of times in the diagnosis of brain disorders when you would like to be able to look at the neural activity beneath the skull and being able to drill these microscopic holes would make that much easier for the patient. 这个方法实际是用于诊断—— 在脑部疾病的诊断中,有很多时候, 你希望能够看到 颅骨底下的神经活动, 而能够钻这些微小的孔, 会让病人更容易 接受这种诊断方法。
diagnosis:n.诊断; disorders:n.无秩序,混乱; v.[电子]扰乱(disorder的单三形式); beneath:prep.在…之下;adv.在下方;
In the end, it would be like getting a shot. 最终,它就像打针。
You just go in and you sit down and there's a thing that comes down on your head, and a momentary sting and then it's done, and you can go back about your day. 你只要到医院,坐下来, 有个设备降到你的头上, 短暂的一下刺痛,就完事了, 你可以回去继续忙你的了。
momentary:adj.瞬间的;短暂的;随时会发生的; sting:v.刺;蜇;叮;(使)感觉刺痛;n.刺;刺伤;蜇伤;刺毛;
So we're eventually able to do it using lasers to drill the holes. 最终,我们能够用激光钻孔 来实现这种方法。
eventually:adv.最后,终于;
And with the lasers, it was fast and extremely reliable , you couldn't even tell the holes were there, any more than you could tell that one of your hairs was missing. 激光又快又非常可靠, 你甚至感觉不到有孔, 就像感觉不到掉了一根头发一样。
extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; reliable:adj.可信赖的;可依靠的;真实可信的;可靠的;
And I know it might sound crazy, using lasers to drill holes in your skull, but back in 2017, people were OK with surgeons shooting lasers into their eyes for corrective surgery 我知道用激光在颅骨上钻孔 听起来可能很疯狂, 但早在2017年, 人们就已经接受外科医生向 他们的眼睛里发射激光了, 就为了做矫正手术,
surgeons:n.外科医生;(surgeon的复数) corrective:adj.矫正的;惩治的;n.矫正物;改善法; surgery:n.外科;外科手术;手术室;诊疗室;
So when you're already here, it's not that big of a step. 所以,有了这个基础, 跨度也就不显得那么大了。
OK? 对吧？
So the next step, that happened in the 2030s, was that it's not just about getting through the skull. 下一步,发生在2030年代的, 就不仅仅是穿过头骨了。
To measure the activity of neurons, you have to actually make it into the brain tissue itself. 为了测量神经元的活动, 你必须真正进入大脑组织本身。
tissue:n.纸巾,手巾纸;(人、动植物细胞的)组织;
And the risk, whenever you put something into the brain tissue, is essentially that of stroke . 而风险是,只要往脑组织里放东西, 那基本上就等于在引发中风。
stroke:n.中风;笔画;钟声;抚摩;v.抚摩(动物的毛皮);轻抚;轻挪;轻触;
That you would hit a blood vessel and burst it, and that causes a stroke. 你会碰到血管并使其破裂, 从而导致中风。
blood vessel:n.血管; burst:v.破裂;爆炸;突破;冲进;n.爆发;点射;释放;(情感的)迸发;
So, by the mid 2030s, we had invented these flexible probes that were capable of going around blood vessels , rather than through them. 所以,到2030年代中期, 我们发明了柔性探针, 它能围绕血管安置, 而不用穿过血管。
flexible:adj.灵活的;柔韧的;易弯曲的; probes:n.探索; v.探查; capable:adj.能干的,能胜任的;有才华的; vessels:n.血管(vessel的复数);船舶;容器;
And thus, we could put huge batteries of these probes into the brains of patients and record from thousands of their neurons without any risk to them. 因此,我们可以将 这些探针的巨大电池 放入病人的大脑中, 对成千上万个神经元 进行记录,而不带来风险。
batteries:n.电池;炮组;炮列;[法]殴打;(batteries是battery的复数)
And what we discovered, sort of to our surprise, is that the neurons that we could identify were not responding to things like ideas or emotion, which was what we had expected. 令人惊讶的是,我们发现, 我们能识别的神经元 对想法或情绪之类的东西 并没有做出反应, 这就与我们所期望的不一样。
identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现: responding:v.响应;作出反应;反应灵敏;(respond的现在分词)
They were mostly responding to things like Jennifer Aniston or Halle Berry or Justin Trudeau. 让它们有反应的是 珍妮弗 · 安妮斯顿、 哈里 · 贝瑞、 或贾斯汀 · 特鲁多。
Halle:n.哈雷(德国城市); Berry:n.浆果;莓;
I mean -- 我的意思是——
(Laughter) （笑声）
In hindsight , we shouldn't have been that surprised. 事后看来,也不用太惊讶。
hindsight:n.后见之明;枪的照门;
I mean, what do your neurons spend most of their time thinking about? 再说,你的神经元 大部分时间想的是什么呢？
(Laughter) （笑声）
But really, the point is that this technology enabled us to begin studying neuroscience in individuals . 但说真的,关键是, 这项技术使我们能够开始 以个体为单位研究神经科学。
technology:n.技术;工艺;术语; enabled:v.使得;授予…权力;(enabled是enable的过去式) individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
So much like the transition to genetics , at the single cell level, we started to study neuroscience, at the single human level. 就像遗传学转化到 单细胞水平的研究, 我们开始在单个人类水平上 研究神经科学。
transition:n.过渡;转变;变革;变迁;v.经历转变过程;过渡; genetics:n.遗传学;
But we weren't quite there yet. 但这一步也还不够。
Because these technologies were still restricted to medical applications, which meant that we were studying sick brains, not healthy brains. 因为这些技术 仍然局限于医学应用, 意味着我们研究的是病态大脑, 而不是健康的大脑。
restricted:adj.受限制的;保密的;v.限制(restrict的过去式和过去分词);
Because no matter how safe your technology is, you can't stick something into someone's brain for research purposes. 因为不管技术有多安全, 你都不能为了研究目的把东西塞进 别人的大脑。
They have to want it. 人们必须自己想要这么做。
And why would they want it? 那人们为什么想这么做呢？
Because as soon as you have an electrical connection to the brain, you can use it to hook the brain up to a computer. 因为一旦大脑通了电, 就可以把人脑连接到电脑上。
as soon as:一…就; hook:n.钩;挂钩;鱼钩;钓钩;v.挂住;箍住;钓(鱼);打曲线球;
Oh, well, you know, the general public was very skeptical at first. 你知道,公众一开始很怀疑。
general public:n.普通百姓;大众;公众; skeptical:adj.怀疑的;怀疑论的,不可知论的;
I mean, who wants to hook their brain up to their computers? 谁想把自己的大脑连到电脑上呢？
Well just imagine being able to send an email with a thought. 那想象一下,你可以 用你的想法来发电邮。
(Laughter) （笑声）
Imagine being able to take a picture with your eyes, OK? 想象一下能用眼睛拍照。
(Laughter) （笑声）
Imagine never forgetting anything anymore, because anything that you choose to remember will be stored permanently on a hard drive somewhere, able to be recalled at will. 想象永远不会忘记任何东西, 因为你选择记住的所有事 都将永久存储在某个硬盘上, 可以随意回忆。
permanently:adv.永久地,长期不变地; hard drive:n.硬盘驱动器; recalled:v.记起;回想起;使想到;勾起;召回;(recall的过去分词和过去式)
(Laughter) （笑声）
The line here between crazy and visionary was never quite clear. 疯狂与眼界之间的界限 一直不太清晰。
visionary:adj.梦想的;幻影的;n.空想家;梦想者;有眼力的人;
But the systems were safe. 但这些系统是安全的。
So when the FDA decided to deregulate these laser-drilling systems, in 2043, commercial demand just exploded . 因此,当FDA在2043年决定 解除对激光钻孔系统的管制时, 商业需求爆发了。
deregulate:vt.解除对…的管制;vi.解除控制; commercial:adj.贸易的;商业的;赢利的;以获利为目的的;n.(电台或电视播放的)广告; exploded:adj.分解的; v.爆炸; (explode的过去分词和过去式)
People started signing their emails, "Please excuse any typos . 人们的电邮签名变成, “请原谅我的错别字。
typos:打字稿;
Sent from my brain." 本文来自我的大脑。”
(Laughter) （笑声）
Commercial systems popped up left and right, offering the latest and greatest in neural interfacing technology. 商业系统左右逢源, 开始提供最新最大的 神经接口技术。
interfacing:v."interface"的现在分词;网络释义:接口;界面联系;对接;
There were 100 electrodes. 有百电极规格。
A thousand electrodes. 千电极规格。
High bandwidth for only 99.99 a month. 高速带宽,每月仅99.99。
bandwidth:n.[电子][物]带宽;[通信]频带宽度;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Soon, everyone had them. 很快,大家都有了。
And that was the key. 那才是关键。
Because, in the 2050s, if you were a neuroscientist , you could have someone come into your lab essentially from off the street. 因为,到2050年代, 如果你是神经科学家, 你可以到大街上 随便找个人来实验室。
neuroscientist:n.神经系统科学家;
And you could have them engaged in some emotional task or social behavior or abstract reasoning, things you could never study in mice. 让他们做一些情绪任务、 社交行为或抽象推理, 这些不能用老鼠研究的东西。
emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的; abstract:n.摘要; adj.抽象的; vt.摘要; vi.做摘要;
And you could record the activity of their neurons using the interfaces that they already had. 你可以用他们已经有的接口 记录他们神经元的活动。
interfaces:n.分界面; v.把界面缝合; (interface的复数)
And then you could also ask them about what they were experiencing. 然后问他们的感受。
So this link between psychology and neuroscience that you could never make in the animals, was suddenly there. 所以在动物身上永远无法建立的 心理学和神经科学 之间的这种联系,就这么出现了。
So perhaps the classic example of this was the discovery of the neural basis for insight . 这方面的典型例子可能是 发现了洞察力的神经基础。
insight:n.洞察力;洞悉;
That "Aha!" moment, the moment it all comes together, it clicks. 那种“原来如此！”的瞬间, 恍然大悟的时刻到来了。
And this was discovered by two scientists in 2055, 这是两位科学家巴里和雷特
Barry and Late, who observed , in the dorsal prefrontal cortex , how in the brain of someone trying to understand an idea, how different populations of neurons would reorganize themselves -- 在2055年发现的, 他们在背侧前额叶皮层观察到 人的大脑如何理解一个想法, 不同的神经元群体 如何重新组织自己——
observed:adj.观察的;观测的;v.观察;遵守;注意到(observe的过去分词形式); dorsal:adj.背部的;背的,背侧的; prefrontal:adj.[解剖]前额的;额叶前部的;n.[解剖]额前骨; cortex:n.[解剖]皮质;树皮;果皮; reorganize:v.重新组织;改组;整顿;
you're looking at neural activity here in orange -- until finally their activity aligns in a way that leads to positive feedback . 你现在看到的橙色是神经活动—— 直到它们的活动最终以一种 导向正反馈的方式匹配。
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片; feedback:n.反馈;反馈意见;回授;[电子]反馈;
Right there. 就这一下。
That is understanding. 这就是理解。
So finally, we were able to get at the things that make us human. 终于,我们能够找到 让我们成为人类的东西。
And that's what really opened the way to major insights from medicine. 它真正为医学的 深入研究开辟了道路。
insights:n.洞察力;眼力;深刻见解(insight的复数);
Because, starting in the 2060s, with the ability to record the neural activity in the brains of patients with these different mental diseases, rather than defining the diseases on the basis of their symptoms , as we had at the beginning of the century, we started to define them on the basis of the actual pathology that we observed at the neural level. 因为从2060年代开始, 我们将有能力记录 这些不同精神疾病的 患者大脑中的神经活动, 而不是像本世纪初那样, 根据症状来定义疾病, 我们开始根据 在神经层面观察到的 实际病理来定义疾病。
mental:adj.精神的;脑力的;疯的;n.精神病患者; defining:v.解释(词语)的含义;给(词语)下定义;阐明;界定;(define的现在分词) on the basis of:根据;基于…; symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数) at the beginning of:在…的开始; define:v.定义;使明确;规定; pathology:n.病理(学);(比喻)异常状态;
So for example, in the case of ADHD, we discovered that there are dozens of different diseases, all of which had been called ADHD at the start of the century, that actually had nothing to do with each other, except that they had similar symptoms. 例如,在多动症（ADHD）的例子中, 我们发现有数十种不同的疾病, 所有这些疾病在本世纪初 都被称为ADHD, 但它们除了症状相似之外, 实际上彼此无关。
had nothing to do with:与…无关;
And they needed to be treated in different ways. 并且需要以不同的方式治疗。
treated:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;(treat的过去分词和过去式)
So it was kind of incredible , in retrospect , that at the beginning of the century, we had been treating all those different diseases with the same drug, just by giving people amphetamine , basically is what we were doing. 回想起来,令人难以置信的是, 在本世纪初, 我们一直用同一种药物 治疗所有这些不同的疾病, 基本上我们所做的就是 给患者服用安非他明。
incredible:adj.难以置信的,惊人的; retrospect:n.回顾,追溯;vi.回顾,追溯;回想;vt.回顾;追忆; treating:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;处理;讨论;(treat的现在分词) amphetamine:n.苯丙胺,安非他明(解除忧郁,疲劳的药);
And schizophrenia and depression are the same way.
schizophrenia:n.[内科]精神分裂症;
So rather than prescribing drugs to people essentially at random , as we had, we learned how to predict which drugs would be most effective in which patients, and that just led to this huge improvement in outcomes. 因此,我们不再像以前那样, 几乎是随机地 给人们开药, 而是学会了如何预测 哪些药物对哪些患者 最有效, 这将带来治疗结果的巨大改善。
prescribing:v.给…开(药);让…采用(疗法);开(处方);命令;(prescribe的现在分词) random:adj.[数]随机的;任意的;胡乱的;n.随意;adv.胡乱地; predict:v.预报;预言;预告; effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象;
OK, I want to bring you back now to the year 2017. 好的,现在我们回到2017年。
Some of this may sound satirical or even far fetched . 有些内容可能听起来很讽刺, 甚至有些牵强。
satirical:adj.讽刺性的;讥讽的;爱挖苦人的; far fetched:adj.强词夺理的;太牵强了;
And some of it is. 有些的确是。
I mean, I can't actually see into the future. 我的意思是,我不能真的看到未来。
I don't actually know if we're going to be drilling hundreds or thousands of microscopic holes in our heads in 30 years. 我也不知道 30年后我们是否 会在头上钻上成百上千个 微小的孔。
But what I can tell you is that we're not going to make any progress towards understanding the human brain or human diseases until we figure out how to get at the electrical activity of neurons in healthy humans. 但我可以告诉你的是, 如果要在了解人脑或 人类疾病方面取得任何进步, 就必须先知道如何获得
And almost no one is working on figuring out how to do that today. 今天几乎没有人在研究 要如何做到这一点。
That is the future of neuroscience. 而这才是神经科学的未来。
And I think it's time for neuroscientists to put down the mouse brain and to dedicate the thought and investment necessary to understand the human brain and human disease. 我认为是时候让 神经科学家放弃鼠脑, 投入必要的人力和资金 去理解人脑和人类疾病了。
neuroscientists:n.神经系统科学家; dedicate:vt.致力;献身;题献; investment:n.投资;投入;封锁;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）