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RyanPhelan_2021-_人工助力自然界的预期后果_
Meet Elizabeth Ann. 来认识一下伊丽莎白·安。
She's a black-footed ferret , 她是一只黑足雪貂,
America's most endangered animal. 是美国最濒危的动物。
She was cloned using cells from a ferret that lived 33 years ago. 她是用一只生活在 33 年前的雪貂 身上的细胞克隆的。
Elizabeth Ann is a new hope for the future of her species , a chance to actually restore lost genetic diversity . 伊丽莎白·安是这个物种 未来的新希望, 也给遗传多样性的真正恢复 提供了可能性。
ferret:vt.搜出,查获;驱出;用雪貂猎取;vi.搜索,侦破;n.雪貂;白鼬;侦探; endangered:v.使遭危险;危及;危害;(endanger的过去分词和过去式) cloned:v.以无性繁殖技术复制;克隆;非法复制;(clone的过去分词和过去式) species:n.[生物]物种;种类; restore:v.恢复;修复;恢复(某种情况或感受);使复原; genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的; diversity:n.差异(性):多样性:多样化:
She was born for this intended consequence . 她就是为此而生的。
I've been working in conservation for the last 10 years with innovative scientists from around the world to bring biotechnology to wildlife conservation. 在过去的 10 年里, 我一直从事生态保护工作, 与来自世界各地的创新科学家一起 将生物技术应用于野生动植物保护。
intended:adj.预定的;计划的;v.打算;计划;想要;(intend的过去分词和过去式) consequence:n.结果;重要性;推论; conservation:n.保存,保持;保护; innovative:adj.革新的,创新的; biotechnology:n.[生物]生物技术;[生物]生物工艺学;
We need to solve the escalating threats to biodiversity from climate change, habitat loss, fragmented populations and wildlife diseases . 我们要解决不断升级的威胁, 从气候变化到生物多样性, 再到栖息地丧失、种群分散 和野生动植物疾病。
These are the unintended consequences of the human-dominated time we live in. 这些都是未曾预料的后果, 就发生在我们人类主导的时代。
A time when we need new tools for the conservation toolbox and with genetic rescue , we can actually help stop more species from crossing the line into extinction . 生态保护需要新的手段, 使用基因拯救技术, 我们可以帮助更多物种免于灭绝。
escalating:v.(使)逐步扩大,不断恶化,加剧;(escalate的现在分词) biodiversity:n.生物多样性; habitat:n.[生态]栖息地,产地; fragmented:v.(使)碎裂,破裂,分裂;(fragment的过去分词和过去式) diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类; unintended:adj.无意识的;非计划中的; consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数); toolbox:n.工具箱; rescue:n.救援;抢救;营救;获救;v.抢救;营救;援救; extinction:n.绝种;
And the black-footed ferret is a great example. 黑足雪貂就是一个很好的例子。
The black footed-ferret historically ranged all across the Great Plains of North America , from Canada to Mexico. 黑足雪貂的足迹 曾经遍布整个北美大平原, 从加拿大一直到墨西哥。
That is, until their habitat was converted to ranches and farmland . 直到后来,他们的栖息地 变成了牧场和农田。
By 1981, there was only one colony of ferrets living in Wyoming . 到 1981 年,整个怀俄明州 只剩下一个雪貂群。
They were brought into captivity , and the US Fish and Wildlife Service has successfully been breeding and releasing these individuals back into the wild for the last 30 years. 它们被人工圈养起来, 美国鱼类及野生动植物管理局 在过去的 30 年里, 将它们成功繁殖并放归野外。
historically:adv.历史上地;从历史观点上说; North America:n.北美洲; converted:adj.修改的;改变信仰的;v.转变;改变信仰(convert的过去式和过去分词形式); ranches:n.大农场;大牧场;vi.经营牧场;在牧场工作;vt.经营牧场;在牧场饲养…; farmland:n.农田; colony:n.殖民地;移民队; ferrets:n.雪貂;v.搜索,四处搜寻,翻找(ferret的第三人称单数和复数) Wyoming:n.美国怀俄明州; captivity:n.囚禁;被关; breeding:n.繁殖;饲养;教养;再生;v.生产;培育;使…繁殖;(breed的现在分词) releasing:n.释放;松释动作;脱扣释放;v.释放;排放;(release的现在分词); individuals:n.[经]个人;[生物]个体(individual的复数);
But all 600 living ferrets today are the descendants of just seven ancestors. 但所有 600 只现存的雪貂 都来自共同的七个祖先。
And with inbreeding that jeopardizes their long-term survival in the wild. 近亲繁殖不利于 它们在野外的长期生存。
To solve this challenge of a lack of genetic variation , we reached back in time. 为了解决缺乏遗传变异的难题, 我们追溯到了过去。
Luckily, scientists had the foresight . 幸运的是,科学家们早有远见。
descendants:n.后裔;后代;子孙;派生物;(descendant的复数) inbreeding:n.近亲交配;同系繁殖;v.近亲交配;(inbreed的现在分词) jeopardizes:v.危害(jeopardize的第三人称单数); long-term:adj.长期的;从长远来看; survival:n.幸存,残存;幸存者,残存物; variation:n.变异;变体;变奏;变种; foresight:n.先见,远见;预见;深谋远虑;
Starting in 1975, Dr. Oliver Ryder and his team at the San Diego Zoo started banking endangered species, and it was with one of these cell lines that we were able to actually bring in a new individual who lived 33 years ago, who had unique genetic variation. 从 1975 年开始,奥利弗·赖德博士 和他在圣地亚哥动物园的团队 就开始储存濒危物种（基因）, 正是利用这些细胞系, 我们才能真正引入一个新个体, 生活在 33 年前, 拥有独特遗传变异的个体。
Elizabeth Ann is a result of that cloning . 伊丽莎白·安就是这次克隆的结果。
She has three times more genetic variation than any living ferret today. 她具有的遗传变异性 是其他任何现存雪貂的三倍。
And when she breeds in the next couple of years, her offspring will help create greater resilience for her species. 当她在接下来几年里繁殖时, 她的后代将有助于 为该物种创造更强的适应力。
unique:adj.独特的,稀罕的;[数]唯一的;n.独一无二的人或物; cloning:n.克隆;v.无性繁殖(clone的现在分词); breeds:n.[生物]品种; v.繁殖; offspring:n.后代,子孙;产物; resilience:n.恢复力;弹力;顺应力;
Now Elizabeth Ann isn't the only time that we've done cloning. 伊丽莎白·安并不是 人类实现克隆的唯一案例。
We've worked with the Przewalski's horses. 我们已将其应用在普氏野马身上。
These are the only true species of wild horse remaining in the world. 它们是世界上仅存的真正的野马种类。
Historically, they were native to Central Asia, but they roamed all the way from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean for centuries. 普氏野马原产于中亚, 但几个世纪以来, 它们从太平洋沿岸一路漫游 直至大西洋沿岸。
Until they were basically extinct in the wild, with only several horses left in captivity. 直到它们在野外基本灭绝, 只剩下寥寥几匹被人工圈养。
Conservationists have reintroduced some of those horses since 1960, back into the wild. 自 1960 年以来,环保主义者 已将其中一些马重新放归野外。
native:adj.本国的;土著的;天然的;与生俱来的;天赋的;n.本地人;土产;当地居民; roamed:v.徜徉;闲逛;漫步;(缓慢地)扫遍,摸遍;(roam的过去分词和过去式) Atlantic:adj.大西洋的;巨人阿特拉斯的;n.大西洋; basically:adv.主要地,基本上; Conservationists:n.自然资源保护论者; reintroduced:vt.再引入;再提出;再介绍;
But all 2,000 horses all living today are again at risk of inbreeding. 但是现存的 2,000 匹马 再次面临近亲繁殖的危机。
And many scientists refer to this challenge as the extinction vortex , when small, fragmented populations lose genetic variation and become at risk for the vortex of extinction as their populations dwindle . 许多科学家把这种情况称为灭绝漩涡, 微小而分散的种群失去遗传变异, 随着种群数量减少, 就会面临灭绝漩涡的危机。
Now, with genetic rescue, we can reverse this extinction vortex by bringing a new genetic variation and increasing the long-term survival of these populations. 现在有了基因拯救技术, 我们就可以扭转这种灭绝漩涡, 通过增加新的遗传变异 以及提高这些种群的长期存活率。
refer:v.参考;涉及;提到;查阅; vortex:n.[航][流]涡流;漩涡;(动乱,争论等的)中心;旋风; dwindle:vi.减少;变小;vt.使缩小,使减少; reverse:n.反面; v.颠倒; adj.相反的;
And that's exactly what we did with this Przewalski's foal named Kurt. 这正是我们对这只 名为库尔特的小普氏野马所做的事。
That's actually his surrogate mother to the right. 画面右边是他的代孕妈妈。
She's an American Quarter Horse , a different species. 她是一匹美国夸特马, 与库尔特的物种并不相同。
But Kurt's genome is all wild horse. 但库尔特的基因组都是野马基因。
Now, here's Kurt, exactly one year later, this August. 这是库尔特, 在这之后一年, 这是今年八月的照片。[04:16]
foal:n.驹(尤指一岁以下的马,驴,骡);vi.(马等)生仔;vt.(马等)生仔; surrogate mother:n.代孕母亲; Quarter Horse:n.四分之一英里赛马(美国一种在短距离内能疾跑的矮种马); genome:n.基因组;染色体组;
He's a wild, healthy, vibrant Przewalski's horse. 他是一匹野性、健康、 充满活力的普氏野马。
Now, these genetic rescue stories could not have happened without the collaboration of multiple partners and the tools of biotechnology. 这些基因拯救故事本可能不会发生, 幸亏有许多合作伙伴的帮助, 以及生物技术工具。
Fundamental to all of this is the most essential tool, is genomic sequencing and the power of bringing that information into the light to help the management of these species. 所有这一切的基础和最重要的工具, 就是基因组测序, 以及相关技术信息的公开, 都有助于更好地保护这些物种。
vibrant:adj.振动的;充满生气的;响亮的;战栗的; collaboration:n.合作;勾结;通敌; multiple:adj.数量多的;多种多样的;n.倍数; Fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; essential:n.要点;要素;实质;必需品;adj.完全必要的;必不可少的;极其重要的;本质的; genomic:adj.基因组的;染色体的; sequencing:n.[计]排序; v.[计]定序(sequence的ing形式); management:n.管理;管理人员;管理部门;操纵;经营手段;
In addition , the bio banking, the cell culturing and the in vitro technologies have made this kind of genetic rescue possible. 此外,生物银行、 细胞培养和体外技术 都使基因拯救计划变得可行。
But even these technologies are not widely adopted by conservation. 但即使是这些技术 也没有被环保组织广泛采用。
We hope to change that. 我们希望改变这样的状况。
Emerging technologies of genetic engineering hold the promise of helping species adapt to climate change, solve wildlife disease problems, and even help solve invasive species problems. 新兴的基因工程技术 有望帮助物种适应气候变化, 解决野生动植物疾病问题, 甚至有助于解决入侵物种问题。
addition:n.添加;[数]加法;增加物; vitro:n.在试管内; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); adopted:adj.被收养的;被采用的;v.采用;接受;(adopt的过去式和过去分词); Emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词) genetic engineering:n.基因工程;遗传工程(学); adapt:vt.使适应;改编;vi.适应; invasive:adj.侵略性的;攻击性的;
But very often these technologies never get out of the starting gate because the fear of unintended consequences absolutely stymies even the most basic innovation at the get-go . 但很多时候,这些技术连起点都迈不出, 因为对意外后果的恐惧 毫无疑问会阻碍创新, 哪怕是最基础的技术创新。
Probably there's no more urgent need to overcome some of this reluctance to use these technologies than in the case of coral . 我们在某些领域迫切需要 克服拒绝这些技术的想法, 特别是在珊瑚保护的领域。
Coral, as many of you know, are the most diverse and rich ecosystems in the world. 珊瑚,正如你们许多人所知, 是世界上最多样化的生态系统。
starting gate:n.(赛马或赛狗等比赛用的)起跑门; absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地; stymies:n.妨碍球;困难的境地(等于stymie);vt.完全妨碍;从中作乱; innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法; get-go:n.开始;开端; urgent:adj.紧急的;急迫的; overcome:vt.克服;胜过;vi.克服;得胜; reluctance:n.[电磁]磁阻;勉强;不情愿; coral:n.珊瑚;珊瑚虫;adj.珊瑚的;珊瑚色的; diverse:adj.不同的;多种多样的;变化多的; ecosystems:n.生态系统(ecosystem的复数);
They provide a rich biodiversity for reef-dwelling fish and all ocean life. 它们提供了丰富的生物多样性, 造福礁栖鱼类和所有海洋生物。
And yet, sadly, 50 percent of the Great Barrier Reef has been lost already to climate change and environmental degradation . 然而,可悲的是, 大堡礁的 50% 已经消失, 原因是气候变化和环境衰退。
Estimates predicts that by 2050, we could lose as much as 90 percent of the coral in the world. 据估计,到 2050 年, 我们可能会失去 世界上多达 90% 的珊瑚。
There is hope. 但希望还在。
Scientists around the world are utilizing new technologies to cryopreserve even living coral fragments that can be transplanted onto artificial reefs . 世界各地的科学家正在利用新技术 冷冻保存活珊瑚碎片, 这些碎片可以移植到人工鱼礁上。
Barrier Reef:n.堡礁(近海岸的珊瑚礁); degradation:n.退化;降格,降级;堕落; Estimates:n.估计;估价;估计的成本;v.估价;估算(estimate的第三人称单数和复数) predicts:vt.预报,预言;预知;vi.作出预言;作预料,作预报; utilizing:v.利用(utilize的ing形式); cryopreserve:冷藏保存的; fragments:n.碎片(fragment的复数);片断;[计]分段;v.破碎(fragment的三单形式);打碎; transplanted:移植;转移; artificial:adj.人造的;仿造的;虚伪的;非原产地的;武断的; reefs:n.礁石(reef的复数形式); v.收帆;
This is just the beginning of some of the work that is pioneering and can happen. 这只是开始着手做一些 具备可行性和开创性的工作。
I'm most excited about the use of the new technologies for developing stem cells. 最令我感到兴奋的是 开发干细胞新技术的使用。
Now these stem cells could be used to actually genome edit in thermal resilience to warming oceans. 现在,这些干细胞可用于 对海洋变暖的热弹性 进行真正的基因组编辑。
Now, you may be looking at that and saying, " Genetically modified corals ? 现在,你可能会看着它说, “转基因珊瑚？
What about the unintended consequences?" 之前说的可能意外后果呢？”
This question comes up so often with any innovation in science, we decided to actually identify just how often, when humans intervene , did they cause the disasters that people fear so much. 这个问题经常出现在科学创新中, 因此我们决定实际探究一下, 当人类干预自然活动时, 是否经常造成令人类恐惧的灾难后果。
edit:v.编辑;剪辑;编纂;编选;n.编辑[校订]工作; thermal:adj.热的;热量的;保热的;n.上升的热气流; Genetically modified:adj.(植物等)遗传修饰的; corals:n.[无脊椎]珊瑚(coral的复数); identify:v.识别:鉴定:确认:发现: intervene:vi.干涉;调停;插入; disasters:n.灾难(disaster的复数);
And yes, your classic stories of humans intervening in nature and causing disasters, like bringing rodents to islands, that stowed away on colonial sailing ships. 是的,你可能听过许多 人类干预自然并造成灾难的经典故事, 比如啮齿动物藏在殖民帆船里 并被带到岛屿上的故事。
These invasive species and others have caused greater than 60 percent of the extinctions worldwide since the early 1500s. 自 1500 年代初以来, 包括入侵物种在内的诸多因素 已导致全球 60% 以上的物种灭绝。
And then there's the poster child for intentionally releasing the poisonous cane toad to Australia. 典型代表是澳大利亚 引入有毒甘蔗蟾蜍。
classic:n.名著;优秀的典范;adj.最优秀的;第一流的;有代表性的;典型的; intervening:adj.介于中间的;v.介入(intervene的ing形式); rodents:n.啮齿动物,啮齿类; stowed:v.装填,收藏起来;存放; colonial:n.殖民地居民;adj.殖民地的,殖民的; extinctions:n.[生物]灭绝(extinction的复数);消失;废除; worldwide:adj.全世界的;adv.在世界各地; poster child:n.(为慈善等目的)出现在海报上的儿童;代表人物;典型; intentionally:adv.故意地,有意地; poisonous:adj.有毒的;恶毒的;讨厌的; toad:n.蟾蜍;癞蛤蟆;讨厌的家伙;
Back in 1935, the sugar cane industry brought this invasive, poisonous cane toad in to solve their problem with beetles in their crops. 回到 1935 年, 甘蔗行业引入了这种 入侵性的有毒甘蔗蟾蜍, 为的是解决他们庄稼上的甲虫问题。
It didn't do much for the beetles, and instead, since 1935, it has continued to work its way across Australia, leaving nothing in its wake and killing native species all along the way. 它对甲虫没有产生太大作用, 反而自 1935 年以来, 它持续在澳大利亚各地活动, 所过之地寸草不留, 一路杀死本地物种。
sugar cane:n.甘蔗; beetles:n.甲虫;v.快速移动;(beetle的第三人称单数和复数)
These disasters stoke the minds of people about fear of intervention , and yet they happened in an era when there was little regard for the overall environmental ecosystem. 这些灾难激起了 人们对干预自然的恐惧, 但它们发生的年代, 几乎没有对整体环境生态系统的关注。
And they were done, in some cases, even with profit motivation in mind, they weren't done for conservation benefit. 在某些故事中, 人类干预可能实现了预期, 但那也是从利润动机去考虑, 并不是出于保护自然的目的。
And sadly, we never hear about the success stories. 可悲的是, 我们从未听说过成功的故事。
stoke:v.烧火;做司炉工;大吃大喝; intervention:n.介入;调停;妨碍; overall:v.全部; n.外套; adj.全面的; profit:n.利润;利益;v.获利;有益; motivation:n.动机;积极性;推动;
So when we looked at the research about what happens when conservation intend to intervene in nature, we found a very different story. 因此,当我们关注相关研究, 想弄清环保行动干预自然时会发生什么时, 我们发现了一个完全不同的故事。
All across the globe, for over a century, scientists have been introducing and reintroducing plants and animals with no environmental harm. 在全球范围内,一个多世纪以来, 科学家们一直在引入和引回 对环境无害的植物和动物。
You may know the classic success story of introducing wolves to Yellowstone. 你可能知道其中的成功典型: 将狼引入黄石公园的故事。
But that's not the only one. 但这并不是唯一的成功案例。
Think about this. 了解一下这个。
Over 1,000 species have been introduced all across North America for the last 125 years. 在过去的 125 年里, 超过 1,000 个物种被引入北美。[08:54]
reintroducing:vt.再引入;再提出;再介绍; success story:n.获得巨大成功的人(或事物);
There has been no documented case, except one, of any intervention causing a local extinction. 而仅有一次记录在案的个例, 显示干预导致了局部灭绝。
That was a native freshwater fish from a small spring in Alabama . 那次失败祸及了阿拉巴马州 一个小泉的原生淡水鱼。
Ninety-nine percent of these interventions have succeeded in achieving their intended consequence. 但 99% 的干预措施 已成功实现其预期结果。
So you may look at this and wonder, if intervention is so common in nature, why aren't we more aware of this? 你看到这里可能会纳闷, 如果干预在自然界中如此普遍, 为什么我们没有意识到这一点？
freshwater:adj.淡水的;无经验的;n.淡水;内河;湖水; Alabama:n.阿拉巴马州(美国州名); interventions:n.[法]干预,干涉;处置(intervention的复数);
And I think it's because sometimes success is actually invisible to us. 我认为这是因为有时候 成功在我们见不到的地方。
Take, for example, this image of the Great Smoky Mountains, 以这张大雾山的图片为例,
America's most visited national park . 它是美国访问量最大的国家公园。
What we see as pristine wilderness is actually a very managed environment. 我们所看到的原始荒野 实际上是一个高度治理下的环境。
invisible:adj.看不见的;n.看不见的人或物; Smoky:adj.冒烟的;烟熏味的;熏着的;呛人的;烟状的; national park:n.国家公园; pristine:adj.原始的,古时的;纯朴的; wilderness:n.荒野;(草木丛生的)荒地;荒芜的地方;杂草丛生处;
Those elk you see, they're the result of being absent for 200 years and being reintroduced. 你看到的那些麋鹿, 它们是消失 200 年后 又被重新引入的结果。
That meadow is a result of repeated controlled burns. 那片草地是反复受控燃烧的结果。
And non-native insects have been used to control pathogens and invasive pests. 外来昆虫已被用于 控制病原体和入侵性害虫。
And there's one more iconic species that could come back to this forest. 还有一种标志性的物种 可能会回到这片森林。
absent:adj.缺席的;缺少的;心不在焉的;茫然的;v.使缺席; meadow:n.草地;牧场; non-native:adj.非本地;非原生;n.外乡人; pathogens:n.[基医]病原体;病原菌;[基医]致病菌; iconic:adj.图标的,形象的;
That's the American chestnut tree. 那就是美国栗树。
Historically, this majestic tree rained down sweet nuts and fed humans and animals alike for centuries. 这个雄伟的树种在几个世纪以来 不断地洒下甜美的坚果, 为人类和动物提供食物。
For thousands of years, it was the most abundant tree species across the eastern deciduous forest. 千百年来, 它曾是东部落叶林中数量最多的树种。
chestnut:n.栗树;栗子;板栗;深红棕色;adj.栗色的;红棕色的; majestic:adj.庄严的;宏伟的; abundant:adj.丰富的;充裕的;盛产; eastern:adj.东方的;向东的;东部的;东方国家的;n.东方人;东正教信徒; deciduous:adj.落叶性的,脱落性的;非永久性的;
It's lumber was used to create fine musical instruments and hardwood furniture . 它的木材被用来 制作精美的乐器和硬木家具。
And until 1800, there were four billion of these trees across the forest until blight , a fungal blight that came in, imported, invasive species, absolutely wiped out these trees. 直到 1800 年, 森林中还有 40 亿棵栗树存活。 后来一种真菌枯萎病开始蔓延, 病原体是入侵物种, 彻底消灭了这些树木。
lumber:vi.伐木; vt.砍伐木材; n.木材; instruments:n.器械;仪器;器具;手段(instrument的复数) hardwood:n.硬木,硬木材;[植][林]阔叶树; furniture:n.家具;设备;储藏物; blight:n.枯萎病;荒芜;vt.破坏;使…枯萎;vi.枯萎; fungal:adj.真菌的(等于fungous);
By 1950, all four billion trees were decimated . 到 1950 年, 40 亿棵树全部毁灭了。
Now, since that time, scientists have tried for decades to figure out how to create a blight-resistant chestnut tree. 从那时起, 科学家们几十年来一直试图 创造一种抗枯萎病的栗树。
And it's happened. 然后真的成功了。
Scientists at the State University of New York have identified a way inserting a single gene from wheat that will convey blight resistance . 纽约州立大学的科学家们 已经找到了一种方法: 插入从小麦中提取的, 能够表达抗枯病性的基因。
decimated:v.摧毁;大幅度下降(decimate的过去式及过去分词); State University:n.(美国)州立大学; identified:v.确认;认出;找到;发现;说明身份;(identify的过去式和过去分词) convey:vt.传达;运输;让与; resistance:n.电阻;抵抗;阻力;抗力;
These genetically modified trees right now are the first chance in 100 years to restore these majestic trees to the forest. 现在,这些转基因树木是 近 100 年来的第一次转机, 能够让这些雄伟的树木重现森林。
The US Department of Agriculture right now is reviewing these trees for release into the wild. 美国农业部目前正在审查这些树木, 以便让它们重现野外。
These are all bold initiatives . 这些都是很大胆的举措。
Engineering coral to withstand warming waters, restoring the American chestnut tree, the genetic rescue of the black-footed ferret. 改造珊瑚以抵御变暖的海水, 重现美洲栗树, 以及黑足雪貂的基因拯救计划。
reviewing:v.复查;重新考虑;反思;评论;(review的现在分词) release:v.释放;发射;让与;允许发表;n.释放;发布;让与; bold:adj.大胆的,英勇的;黑体的;厚颜无耻的;险峻的; initiatives:n.积极性;主动权(initiative的复数);创始; withstand:vt.抵挡;禁得起;反抗;vi.反抗; restoring:adj.恢复的;v.恢复,重建;正在恢复;(restore的现在分词);
All of these initiatives will require public engagement and public support. 这些举措都需要公众参与和支持。
I think it matters how people think about intervention. 我认为人们如何看待干预很重要。
I believe we need to bring more balance to how we think about risk. 在如何看待风险问题上, 我相信我们需要找到更好的平衡点。
There will always be unexpected outcomes to any innovation in science, but we have the tools and technology today and the protocols to minimize risks and maximize benefits. 科学创新总会有意外结果, 但我们有现代工具和技术, 以及相关协议, 可以实现风险最小化,收益最大化。
engagement:n.婚约;约会;交战;诺言;n.参与度; unexpected:adj.意外的,想不到的; outcomes:n.结果;成果;后果;出路;(outcome的复数) protocols:n.协议; v.拟定议定书; minimize:v.使减少到最低限度;降低;贬低;使显得不重要; maximize:vt.取…最大值;对…极为重视;vi.尽可能广义地解释;达到最大值;
So the next time you hear about some bold new idea, 所以下次听到 一些大胆的新想法时,
I hope you'll think first about the intended consequences. 希望你先考虑下预期的后果。
We don't have the luxury of time to stand by and wait and see what happens for the thousands of plants and animals at risk today. 我们没有富裕时间置身事外, 冷眼旁观面临风险的 成千上万动植物的未来走向。
We know that doing nothing can cause extinction. 我们冷眼旁观,它们就会灭绝。
Instead, let's carefully and intentionally plan with all the tools in the toolbox to achieve and create the future we want and not overreact to a future that we fear. 相反,我们要认真专程地制定计划, 充分利用人类的智慧结晶, 实现和创造我们预期的未来, 而不是对未来的过度恐惧。
luxury:n.奢侈,奢华;奢侈品;享受;adj.奢侈的; overreact:vi.反应过度;反作用过强;
Thank you. 谢谢。
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Chris Anderson: Please stay. 克里斯·安德森:请等一下。
I think this is so interesting. 我觉得这太有趣了。
It seems to me, at the heart of what you're wrestling with each time is this, you know, it's a moral question. 在我看来,你每次论证的核心 都是一个道德问题。
So most moral philosophers , I think, would say that fundamentally , there's not a difference between intentional action and intentional inaction that leads to the same thing. 所以我认为,大多数道德哲学家会说, 从根本上说,有意的作为 和有意不作为并没有区别, 只要它们产生的结果是相同的,
wrestling:n.摔跤运动;v.摔跤;奋力对付;全力解决;(wrestle的现在分词) moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的; philosophers:n.哲学家(philosopher的复数); fundamentally:adv.从根本上;基础地;重要地 inaction:n.不活动;迟钝;
So why is it that in so many areas of public policy and certainly in the environmental movement, there is this huge distinction that people make between action and inaction? 那么为什么在如此多的公共政策领域, 当然,我是指环保活动领域, 人们会在行动与否之间 如此泾渭分明呢？
They would rather not act and see something go wrong than take the risk of acting. 他们选择不采取行动, 哪怕出现问题, 也不愿冒采取行动的风险。
Why? 这其中的原因是什么？
Ryan Phelan: You know, I think it's public pressure that they feel as scientists innovating . 瑞恩·费伦:我认为, 他们是感受到了公众压力, 以科学家身份创新的压力,
policy:n.政策,方针;保险单; distinction:n.区别;区分;差别;卓越; would rather:宁愿,宁可; innovating:n.创新;v.革新(innovate的现在分词);创立;
They don't want to get it wrong. 他们不想犯错。
They have funders that challenged them on taking on innovation and action. 资助方也阻碍了 他们的创新行动。
They run the risk of losing jobs, funding , security, public shame. 他们要创新,就必须冒失败的风险: 失去工作、资助、安全,遭受公众耻辱。
It's so much easier for people to stand by and do nothing and not take ownership of it. 袖手旁观就容易得多, 什么都不做,不扛起任何责任。
And I think this is really what we're trying to say, is if we can encourage scientists and innovators to be bold, it will behoove all of us. 我认为我们要提倡这一点: 如果能鼓励科学家 和创新者胆子大一点, 我们所有人都应该去鼓励他们。
funding:n.基金;资金;提供资金;v.为…提供资金;拨款给;(fund的现在分词) innovators:n.创新者;发明家签证;革新消费者(innovator的复数形式); behoove:vt.理应;对…有此必要;vi.有必要;理所当然;n.适宜;
CA: Right. 克里斯·安德森:是的。
So one advantage of inaction is just that you're less likely to be blamed. 因此,不作为的好处之一就是 你不太可能会被指责。
RP: Exactly. 瑞恩·费伦:没错。
You don't get credit either. 你也不会有功劳。
CA: No. 克里斯·安德森:对。
Ryan, these same technologies, synthetic biology and so forth, like in principle , they allow actual de-extinction, species that the planet hasn't seen for years, in principle , we could bring back. 瑞恩,这些相同的技术、合成生物学等等, 好像原则上,它们能实现真正的复活, 比如地球上多年未见的物种, 原则上,我们可以让它们重现。[14:19]
advantage:n.有利条件:优势:优点: synthetic:adj.综合的;合成的,人造的;n.合成物; biology:n.(一个地区全部的)生物;生物学; in principle:大体上,原则上;
Are there any projects you're involved with that excite you or possibly terrify you, where we could see such de-extinction taking place? 你参与的项目中, 有没有让你兴奋或恐惧的项目, 其中就包含了这样的复活计划？
RP: Well, technically the American chestnut tree is almost extinct. 瑞恩·费伦:从技术上讲, 美国栗树几乎就灭绝了。
You know, people will see some sprouts come up because the roots are there, but they basically, you know, fail within 15 years. 人们可能会看到一些新芽长出来, 因为那里还有根, 但它们基本上在 15 年内 就不会再长了。
involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) terrify:vt.恐吓;使恐怖;使害怕; sprouts:v.发芽;生长;出现;(使)涌现出;n.新芽;嫩枝;(sprout的第三人称单数和复数)
So they're not totally extinct, but they're very close to it. 所以他们没有完全灭绝, 但也很接近灭绝了。
You know, we are working on everything from the woolly mammoth , as some of you may know, to the passenger pigeon . 我们研究很多生物, 你们中的一些人可能知道, 大到猛犸象,小到旅鸽。
But to me, the most motivating part of these technologies is, de-extinction is just a big, hairy, audacious goal. 但这些技术中 最让我有动力的是, 已灭绝生物的复活只是一个 宏大的、模糊的、大胆的目标。
And if we get there, it'll be grand. 如果我们成功了,会很伟大。
woolly:adj.羊毛的;模糊的;似羊毛的;n.羊;毛织衣服; mammoth:n.长毛象;猛犸象;庞然大物;adj.巨大的,庞大的;猛犸似的; passenger:n.旅客;乘客;白吃饭的人;闲散人员; pigeon:n.[鸟]鸽子;(非正式)易受骗的人;(非正式)责任; motivating:v.激励;刺激;调动…的积极性(motivate的ing形式); audacious:adj.无畏的;鲁莽的;
But getting there, all of these genetic rescue tools and technology can be applied to save endangered species. 但成功之前, 所有这些基因拯救工具和技术 都可以用于拯救濒危物种。
It's all a fundamental tool kit . 这些技术就是基础工具包。
It's essential. 不可或缺。
CA: Well, Ryan, you're an extremely compelling and persuasive and trustworthy voice, I would say. 克里斯·安德森:瑞恩,我想说, 你所述内容非常有说服力,
So thank you so much for the work you're doing and for sharing this. 非常感谢你们所做的工作, 以及与我们的分享。[15:37]
applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式) kit:v.装备;n.成套工具;配套元件;成套设备;全套衣服及装备; extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地; compelling:adj.引人入胜的; v.强迫; (compel的现在分词) persuasive:adj.有说服力的;劝诱的,劝说的; trustworthy:adj.可靠的;可信赖的;
(Applause) （掌声）