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RussAltman_2015P-_混合不同药物会如何？_
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| So you go to the doctor and get some tests. |
你去看医生的时候做了一些检查 |
| The doctor determines that you have high cholesterol and you would benefit from medication to treat it. |
医生说你的血脂高 所以吃药会有帮助 |
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determines:v.查明;测定;准确算出;决定;裁决;安排;(determine的第三人称单数) cholesterol:n.[生化]胆固醇; medication:n.药;药物; treat:v.治疗;处理;招待;款待;n.款待;乐事;乐趣;
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| So you get a pillbox . |
那么你就买了一盒药 |
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pillbox:n.碉堡;药丸盒;小屋;
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| You have some confidence , your physician has some confidence that this is going to work. |
你有信心, 你的医生也有信心觉得这会对你有帮助 |
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confidence:n.信心;信任;秘密;adj.(美)诈骗的;骗得信任的; physician:n.[医]医师;内科医师;
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| The company that invented it did a lot of studies, submitted it to the FDA. |
发明这个的药物公司做过很多研究呈送到FDA |
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submitted:v.提交;顺从;投降;表示;认为;建议;(submit的过去分词和过去式)
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| They studied it very carefully, skeptically , they approved it. |
他们充满怀疑地研究,后来许可了。 |
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skeptically:adv.怀疑地; approved:adj.被正式接受的,被正式认可的; v.赞成; (approve的过去分词和过去式)
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| They have a rough idea of how it works, they have a rough idea of what the side effects are. |
他们大概地知道这个药的机理 和药物的副作用 |
| It should be OK. |
它应该可以 |
| You have a little more of a conversation with your physician and the physician is a little worried because you've been blue, haven't felt like yourself, you haven't been able to enjoy things in life quite as much as you usually do. |
你跟你的医生又谈了一会儿 医生对你有点儿担心因为你有些抑郁 感觉你不是自己 你对生活不像以前那么充满兴趣 |
| Your physician says, "You know, I think you have some depression . |
你的医生说,“你知道吗,我觉得你有些抑郁。 |
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depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁;
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| I'm going to have to give you another pill." |
我会给你另一种药“ |
| So now we're talking about two medications . |
所以 现在我们所谈论的是两种药物 |
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medications:n.药;药物;(medication的复数)
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| This pill also -- millions of people have taken it, the company did studies, the FDA looked at it -- all good. |
这种药－－上百万人服用过 公司做过很多研究,FDA许可的－－不会错 |
| Think things should go OK. |
你会想应该没问题 |
| Think things should go OK. |
应该没问题 |
| Well, wait a minute. |
等等 |
| How much have we studied these two together? |
我们知道两种药物一起服用的研究吗 |
| Well, it's very hard to do that. |
而这是很难做到的。 |
| In fact, it's not traditionally done. |
实际上 还从来没有 |
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traditionally:adv.传统上;习惯上;传说上;
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| We totally depend on what we call " post-marketing surveillance ," |
在药物上市之后 |
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post-marketing:上市后; surveillance:n.监督;监视;
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| after the drugs hit the market. |
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| How can we figure out if bad things are happening between two medications? |
我们如何能够弄清楚 混合之后 会有哪些坏处呢？ |
| Three? Five? Seven? |
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| Ask your favorite person who has several diagnoses how many medications they're on. |
问问你最喜欢的被诊断了几个不同疾病的人 他们在吃多少种药 |
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diagnoses:n.诊断;调查分析;评价(diagnosis的复数形式);
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| Why do I care about this problem? |
我为什么关心这个问题呢？ |
| I care about it deeply. |
我对这非常在意 |
| I'm an informatics and data science guy and really, in my opinion , the only hope -- only hope -- to understand these interactions is to leverage lots of different sources of data |
我是信息和数据科学家真的,以我的意见来说 唯一的能够理解这些药物相互作用的希望 就是平衡不同来源的数据 |
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informatics:n.[图情][计]信息学;情报学(复数用作单数); in my opinion:在我看来;我认为; interactions:n.[计]交互,相互作用;相互交流;干扰;(interaction复数) leverage:n.影响力;杠杆作用;杠杆效力;v.举债经营;借贷收购; sources:n.来源;出处;起源;根源;原因;v.(从…)获得(source的第三人称单数和复数)
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| in order to figure out when drugs can be used together safely and when it's not so safe. |
以便弄清楚药物在一起什么时候安全 什么时候不安全 |
| So let me tell you a data science story. |
让我来告诉你们一些数据科学的故事 |
| And it begins with my student Nick. |
它来自于我的学生尼克 |
| Let's call him "Nick," because that's his name. |
我们叫他“尼克”因为那是他的名字 |
| (Laughter) |
笑声 |
| Nick was a young student. |
尼克是一个年轻学生 |
| I said, "You know, Nick, we have to understand how drugs work and how they work together and how they work separately , and we don't have a great understanding. |
我说,“你知道吗,尼克我们需要理解药物的工作机理 不仅是它们单独作用还有它们的协同机理 目前我们还知道得不多 |
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separately:adv.分别地;分离地;个别地;
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| But the FDA has made available an amazing database. |
但FDA已经提供了一个惊人的数据库 |
| It's a database of adverse events. |
是关于反作用事件的数据库 |
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adverse:adj.不利的;相反的;敌对的(名词adverseness,副词adversely);
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| They literally put on the web -- publicly available, you could all download it right now -- hundreds of thousands of adverse event reports from patients , doctors, companies, pharmacists . |
他们发表在互联网上－－ 可公开使用 你现在就可以下载 成千上万例的 从病人,医生,公司,药房的反作用报告 |
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literally:adv.按字面:字面上:确实地: patients:n.接受治疗者,病人;(patient的复数) pharmacists:n.药剂师(pharmacist的复数);
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| And these reports are pretty simple: it has all the diseases that the patient has, all the drugs that they're on, and all the adverse events, or side effects, that they experience. |
这些报告很简单: 它具有病人所有的疾病 他们在用的所有药物 以及他们所经过的所有的反作用、副作用 |
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diseases:n.[医]病(disease的复数);[医]疾病;[植保]病害;疾病种类;
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| It is not all of the adverse events that are occurring in America today, but it's hundreds and hundreds of thousands of drugs. |
它还不是所有的在美国发生的反作用事件 但它有成百上千种药物 |
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occurring:n.事件;事故;事变;
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| So I said to Nick, "Let's think about glucose . |
所以我对尼克说 “让我们考虑葡萄糖 |
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glucose:n.葡萄糖;葡糖(等于dextrose);
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| Glucose is very important, and we know it's involved with diabetes . |
血糖很重要我们知道它和糖尿病相关 |
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involved:adj.有关的; v.涉及; (involve的过去式和过去分词) diabetes:n.糖尿病;多尿症;
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| Let's see if we can understand glucose response . |
让我们看看是否理解血糖的反应 |
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response:n.响应;反应;回答;
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| I sent Nick off. Nick came back. |
我让尼克去做了。尼克又回来了。 |
| '"Russ," he said, "I've created a classifier that can look at the side effects of a drug based on looking at this database,and can tell you whether that drug is likely to change glucose or not." |
”罗斯,“ 他说 ”我已经根据这个数据库创建了一个分类 并告诉你这个药物是否会改变血糖。“ |
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classifier:n.[测][遥感]分类器;
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| He did it. It was very simple, in a way. |
他这样做了,而且在他来说很简单 |
| He took all the drugs that were known to change glucose and a bunch of drugs that don't change glucose, and said, "What's the difference in their side effects? |
他把所有我们知道会改变血糖的药物 还有很多不会改变血糖的都分了类 他说,“他们的副作用有不同吗？” |
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a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆;
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| Differences in fatigue ? In appetite ? In urination habits?" |
在疲劳？胃口？以及排尿习惯方面有不同吗？ |
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fatigue:n.疲劳;劳累;厌倦;(金属或木材的)疲劳;v.疲劳;使疲乏;(士兵)担任杂役; appetite:n.食欲;嗜好; urination:n.撒尿,排尿;
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| All those things conspired to give him a really good predictor . |
所有这些指标都给予他一个很好的预测 |
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conspired:v.密谋;图谋;阴谋;(conspire的过去分词和过去式) predictor:n.[气象]预报器;预言者;
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| He said, "Russ, I can predict with 93 percent accuracy when a drug will change glucose." |
他说,“罗斯,我能以93%的精确度预测 一个药物会改变血糖” |
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accuracy:n.[数]精确度,准确性;
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| I said, "Nick, that's great." |
我说,“尼克, 那很好。” |
| He's a young student, you have to build his confidence. |
他是一个年轻的学生你得帮他建立自信 |
| '"But Nick, there's a problem. |
“但是尼克, 有一个问题 |
| It's that every physician in the world knows all the drugs that change glucose, because it's core to our practice. |
要让这世界上的每一个医生都知道所有改变血糖的药物 这是我们作业的核心 |
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core:n.核心;要点;果心;[计]磁心;vt.挖...的核;
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| So it's great, good job, but not really that interesting, definitely not publishable ." |
这是我们作业的核心 绝对不能发表 |
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definitely:adv.清楚地,当然;明确地,肯定地; publishable:adj.可出版的;可发表的;
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| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| He said, "I know, Russ. I thought you might say that." |
他说,“我知道,罗斯我知道你会那样说。” |
| Nick is smart. |
尼克很聪明 |
| '"I thought you might say that, so I did one other experiment. |
“我想到你会这么说,所以我做了另一个试验。 |
| I looked at people in this database who were on two drugs, and I looked for signals similar, glucose-changing signals, for people taking two drugs, where each drug alone did not change glucose, but together I saw a strong signal." |
我查看了在这个数据中服用两种药物的病人, 我查看相似的,血糖改变信号, 对那些服用两种药物的人, 一种药物本身不改变血糖, 但一起的时候,我看到了很强的信号。 |
| And I said, "Oh! You're clever. Good idea. Show me the list." |
我说,”喔！你真聪明。好主意。给我看看列表。“ |
| And there's a bunch of drugs, not very exciting. |
有很多药物但并不令人兴奋 |
| But what caught my eye was, on the list there were two drugs: paroxetine, or Paxil , an antidepressant; and pravastatin , or Pravachol, a cholesterol medication. |
但在列表上有两种药物吸引了我的眼球: paroxetine, 或 Paxil,一种抗抑郁药物 和pravastatin, 或Pravachol,抗胆固醇药物 |
|
Paxil:n.帕罗西汀(抗抑郁药物); pravastatin:普伐他汀;
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| And I said, "Huh. There are millions of Americans on those two drugs." |
然后我说,“呵上百万的美国人都在用这两种药物。” |
| In fact, we learned later, 15 million Americans on paroxetine at the time, 15 million on pravastatin, and a million, we estimated , on both. |
事实上,我们后来知道, 一千五百万的美国人在用paroxetine而同时 一千五百万人服用pravastatin 我们估计 有一百万人 两者同时服用 |
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estimated:adj.估计的;预计的;估算的;
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| So that's a million people who might be having some problems with their glucose if this machine-learning mumbo jumbo that he did in the FDA database actually holds up. |
所以是一百万人 可能在血糖上会有问题 但会不会他在FDA数据库的异想天开 只是瞎猫碰上了死老鼠呢？ |
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machine-learning:机器学习; mumbo jumbo:n.繁琐严肃但无意义的语言(或仪式);
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| But I said, "It's still not publishable, because I love what you did with the mumbo jumbo, with the machine learning, but it's not really standard-of-proof evidence that we have." |
但我说,“还是不能发表。” 因为我喜欢你用搜索技术 所做出来的奇思妙想 但它不是我们真正的标准证据 |
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evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明;
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| So we have to do something else. |
所以我们必须再做些其他的 |
| Let's go into the Stanford electronic medical record. |
让我们进入斯坦福的医疗记录电子库 |
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electronic:adj.电子的;电子器件的;电子设备的;
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| We have a copy of it that's OK for research, we removed identifying information. |
我们有拷贝权,搜索时许可的 我们挪开了个人信息 |
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identifying:n.识别,标识;标识关系;v.识别;(identify的现在分词)
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| And I said, "Let's see if people on these two drugs have problems with their glucose." |
然后我说,“让我们看看同时服用这两种药物的人 和他们的血糖问题。” |
| Now there are thousands and thousands of people in the Stanford medical records that take paroxetine and pravastatin. |
在斯坦福的医疗记录里有成千上万的人 在服用paroxetine and pravastati |
| But we needed special patients. |
但我们需要很特别的病人 |
| We needed patients who were on one of them and had a glucose measurement , then got the second one and had another glucose measurement , all within a reasonable period of time -- something like two months. |
我们需要服用其中一种药物的病人有血糖纪录 然后在服用第二种以后有另一次血糖纪录 并且是在一个比较合理的阶段以内比如像两个月 |
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measurement:n.测量;度量;长度; reasonable:adj.合理的,公道的;通情达理的;
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| And when we did that, we found 10 patients. |
当我们这样做以后我们发现了10个病人 |
| However, eight out of the 10 had a bump in their glucose when they got the second P -- we call this P and P -- when they got the second P. |
然而,10个中有8个在血糖上有变化 当他们服用第二个P药物的时候我们把这个叫做P和P-- 当他们服用第二个P时 |
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bump:n.肿块,隆起物;撞击;v.碰撞,撞击;颠簸而行;adv.突然地,猛烈地;
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| Either one could be first, the second one comes up, glucose went up 20 milligrams per deciliter . |
可以是任意一个在先第二个服用后 血糖升高了20mg／dl |
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milligrams:[计量]毫克; deciliter:n.分升(十分之一公升);
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| Just as a reminder, you walk around normally , if you're not diabetic , with a glucose of around 90. |
给一个小小的提示 当你没有糖尿病正常的四处活动时 你的血糖是90 |
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normally:adv.正常地;通常地,一般地; diabetic:adj.糖尿病的,患糖尿病的;n.糖尿病患者;
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| And if it gets up to 120, 125, your doctor begins to think about a potential diagnosis of diabetes. |
如果升高到120, 125, 你的医生会认为是潜在的糖尿病。 |
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potential:n.潜能;可能性;[电]电势;adj.潜在的;可能的;势的; diagnosis:n.诊断;
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| So a 20 bump -- pretty significant . |
所以 一个20 的升高－－太明显了。 |
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significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物;
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| I said, "Nick, this is very cool. |
我说,“尼克,这太好了。 |
| But, I'm sorry, we still don't have a paper, because this is 10 patients and -- give me a break -- it's not enough patients." |
但很抱歉,我们还是没有文章 因为这是10个病人,而且让我想想 没有足够的病人。 |
| So we said, what can we do? |
所以我们说 我们还能怎么做呢？ |
| And we said, let's call our friends at Harvard and Vanderbilt, who also -- Harvard in Boston , Vanderbilt in Nashville , who also have electronic medical records similar to ours. |
后来我们决定打电话给我们在Harvard和Vanderbilt的朋友 在波士顿的哈佛和纳什维尔的范德比尔 也都有和我们相似的医疗电子记录 |
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Harvard:n.哈佛大学;哈佛大学学生; Boston:n.波士顿(美国城市); Nashville:n.那什维尔(美国田纳西州首府);
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| Let's see if they can find similar patients with the one P, the other P, the glucose measurements in that range that we need. |
我们想看看他们是否能够找到相似的病人 服用一种P, 然后另一种P,并在我们需要的那个范围内 做过血糖检测 |
|
measurements:n.测量值,尺寸(measurement的复数);
|
| God bless them, Vanderbilt in one week found 40 such patients, same trend . |
上帝祝福他们。范德贝尔在一周内发现40个这样的病人 都有同样的血糖增长 |
|
trend:n.趋势;动向;趋向;动态;v.走向;趋向;
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| Harvard found 100 patients, same trend. |
哈佛发现100个同样的病人,也有着一样的增长 |
| So at the end, we had 150 patients from three diverse medical centers that were telling us that patients getting these two drugs were having their glucose bump somewhat significantly . |
所以,最后我们有150个病人来自三个不同的的医学中心 这150个病人的记录告诉我们这些使用这两种药物的病人 在某种程度上都有血糖的明显改变 |
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diverse:adj.不同的;多种多样的;变化多的; somewhat:n.几分;某物;adv.有点;多少;几分;稍微; significantly:adv.意味深长地;值得注目地;
|
| More interestingly , we had left out diabetics , because diabetics already have messed up glucose. |
更令人感兴趣的是我们没有算上糖尿病人 因为糖尿病人的血糖本身就是一本糊涂账 |
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interestingly:adv.有趣地; diabetics:n.糖尿病,糖尿病患者;
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| When we looked at the glucose of diabetics, it was going up 60 milligrams per deciliter, not just 20. |
当我们查看糖尿病人的血糖 它通常是升高60mg以上而不是只有20 |
| This was a big deal , and we said, "We've got to publish this." |
这是一个了不起的结果。然后我们说,“我们一定要发表这个结果。” |
|
a big deal:na.要人;重要的事;
|
| We submitted the paper. |
我们呈送了文章 |
| It was all data evidence, data from the FDA, data from Stanford, data from Vanderbilt, data from Harvard. |
全是数据证据 来自FDA,来自斯坦福 来自范德贝尔,来自哈佛 |
| We had not done a single real experiment. |
我们还没做一个实验 |
| But we were nervous. |
但我们很紧张 |
| So Nick, while the paper was in review, went to the lab. |
所以当文章在审查阶段尼克去了实验室 |
| We found somebody who knew about lab stuff . |
我们找到了一些懂得实验的人 |
|
stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
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| I don't do that. |
我做不了那个活 |
| I take care of patients, but I don't do pipettes . |
我看病人我不用移液器 |
|
pipettes:n.吸量管(pipette的复数);v.用移液器吸取(pipette的三单形式);
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| They taught us how to feed mice drugs. |
他们教我们怎样喂老鼠吃药 |
| We took mice and we gave them one P, paroxetine. |
我们拿过老鼠给它们喂一种P paroxetine |
| We gave some other mice pravastatin. |
我们又给某些老鼠pravastatin. |
| And we gave a third group of mice both of them. |
我们给了第三组老鼠两种药 |
| And lo and behold , glucose went up 20 to 60 milligrams per deciliter in the mice. |
老鼠的血糖升高了20-60毫克／分升 |
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behold:v.看;注视;把...视为;int.瞧;看呀;
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| So the paper was accepted based on the informatics evidence alone, but we added a little note at the end, saying, oh by the way , if you give these to mice, it goes up. |
所以 基于尽有信息考据的文章被接受了 但是我门在文章的结尾加上了一个小小的注解 顺便说一下如果你给老鼠喂两种药 血糖会升高 |
|
by the way:顺便说一下;
|
| That was great, and the story could have ended there. |
这太棒了 故事在此应该了结了 |
| But I still have six and a half minutes. |
但我还要讲六分半钟 |
| (Laughter) |
笑声 |
| So we were sitting around thinking about all of this, and I don't remember who thought of it, but somebody said, " I wonder if patients who are taking these two drugs are noticing side effects of hyperglycemia . |
当我们坐在一起想着这件事时 我记不得是谁说的了但有人说: “我好奇那些服用这两种药的病人 是否注意到自己有高血糖的症状 |
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I wonder if:我不知道是否…？; hyperglycemia:n.[内科]高血糖症;多糖症;
|
| They could and they should. |
他们理应注意到的 |
| How would we ever determine that?" |
我们又怎样确定他们是否真有呢 |
| We said, well, what do you do? |
我们说:那你怎么做呢？ |
| You're taking a medication, one new medication or two, and you get a funny feeling. |
“如果你在服用一种新药或者是两种 然后你有了一种奇怪的感觉 |
| What do you do? |
你会怎么做？ |
| You go to Google and type in the two drugs you're taking or the one drug you're taking, and you type in "side effects." |
你会在谷歌上查找 你会在搜索栏上打出两种药物的名称 然后输入”副作用“ |
|
Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎;
|
| What are you experiencing? |
你觉得这想法怎么样？” |
| So we said OK, let's ask Google if they will share their search logs with us, so that we can look at the search logs and see if patients are doing these kinds of searches. |
于是我们说还不错 我们可以试着问问谷歌他们能不能与我们分享搜索记录 然后我们可以通过这些搜索记录 进而知道病人是否在做这种搜索 |
|
logs:n.日志;原木v.记录;把…载入正式记录;采伐树木;(logs是log的复数)
|
| Google, I am sorry to say, denied our request. |
很遗憾的是,谷歌拒绝了我们的请求 |
|
denied:v.否认;拒绝;否定;不承认;(deny的过去分词和过去式)
|
| So I was bummed . |
于是我有点闷闷不乐 |
|
bummed:v.提出要;乞讨;使不安;使灰心;(bum的过去分词和过去式)
|
| I was at a dinner with a colleague who works at Microsoft Research and I said, "We wanted to do this study, |
当时我在和一个微软公司的同事吃饭 我说:”我们想要做一个调查, |
|
colleague:n.同事,同僚;
|
| Google said no, it's kind of a bummer ." |
但谷歌拒绝了,这真令人烦恼” |
|
bummer:n.懒汉;游手好闲的人;吸食迷幻药的反效果;
|
| He said, "Well, we have the Bing searches." |
他说“哦,我们有必应bing搜索啊” |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| Yeah. |
是的 |
| That's great. |
这太棒了 |
| Now I felt like I was -- |
我感觉我就像要...了一样 |
| (Laughter) |
（笑声） |
| I felt like I was talking to Nick again. |
我感觉我就像又在和尼克说话了 |
| He works for one of the largest companies in the world, and I'm already trying to make him feel better. |
他在全世界最大的公司工作 我不想伤害他的自信心 |
| But he said, "No, Russ -- you might not understand. |
但他说:“不,罗斯...你可能不知道 |
| We not only have Bing searches, but if you use Internet Explorer to do searches at Google, |
我们不只有必应bing 但是如果你用IE浏览器在谷歌上搜索词条 |
|
Explorer:n.探险者;勘探者;考察者;
|
| Yahoo , Bing, any ... |
或是在雅虎,bing上 |
|
Yahoo:n.粗鲁的人;
|
| Then, for 18 months, we keep that data for research purposes only." |
然后我们将这些搜索信息为了学术目的自动保存18个月 |
| I said, "Now you're talking!" |
我于是说:”你真有两下子！“ |
| This was Eric Horvitz, my friend at Microsoft. |
他叫 Eric Horvitz,我在微软的朋友 |
| So we did a study where we defined 50 words that a regular person might type in if they're having hyperglycemia, like "fatigue," "loss of appetite," " urinating a lot," " peeing a lot" -- forgive me, but that's one of the things you might type in. |
因此我们就这样做了调查 我们先确定了高血糖症患者 可能会搜索的50个词条 比如”疲劳“”食欲不振“”尿频“等 不好意思,但这些是你可能输入的词语 |
|
defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确; urinating:v.排尿;小便(urinate的现在分词) peeing:v.撒尿;(pee的现在分词) forgive:v.原谅;免除(债务,义务等);
|
| So we had 50 phrases that we called the "diabetes words." |
于是我们有了50个叫做“肥胖词语”的词条 |
| And we did first a baseline . |
我们先是确定了基线搜索率 |
|
baseline:n.基线;底线;
|
| And it turns out that about .5 to one percent of all searches on the Internet involve one of those words. |
大概0.5-1%的网络搜索 含有一个这些词语 |
| So that's our baseline rate. |
这就是我们的底线比率 |
| If people type in "paroxetine" or "Paxil" -- those are synonyms -- and one of those words, the rate goes up to about two percent of diabetes-type words, if you already know that there's that "paroxetine" word. |
如果人们输入paroxetine或Paxil—它们是同义词— 它们其中的一个 那么如果搜索者已经知道了这个药物术语的话 则在肥胖类内容的搜索中它们出现的概率升高到了大约2% |
|
synonyms:n.[语]同义词,同义字;同一性(synonym的复数);
|
| If it's "pravastatin," the rate goes up to about three percent from the baseline. |
如果是pravastatin概率则超过了基线3% |
| If both "paroxetine" and "pravastatin" are present in the query , it goes up to 10 percent, a huge three- to four-fold increase in those searches with the two drugs that we were interested in, and diabetes-type words or hyperglycemia-type words. |
如果paroxetine和pravastatin同时出现 那么比例则到达了10% 这是在那些肥胖类或高血糖类搜索中 出现我们研究的两种药物的概率的 三至四倍的增长 |
|
query:n.疑问,质问;疑问号;[计]查询;vt.询问;对…表示疑问;vi.询问;表示怀疑;
|
| We published this, and it got some attention. |
我们发表了这个结果 获取了一些注意 |
| The reason it deserves attention is that patients are telling us their side effects indirectly through their searches. |
这个研究值得注意的原因是 病人在通过他们的网上搜索 向我们间接地传达他们的副作用 |
|
deserves:v.值得;应得;应受;(deserve的第三人称单数) indirectly:adv.间接地;不诚实;迂回地;
|
| We brought this to the attention of the FDA. |
我们吸引了FDA的注意 |
| They were interested. |
他们很感兴趣 |
| They have set up social media surveillance programs to collaborate with Microsoft, which had a nice infrastructure for doing this, and others, to look at Twitter feeds, to look at Facebook feeds, to look at search logs, |
他们建立了社交网站监测项目 和有着可以完成这些项目的设施的 微软合作 在推特网页上 脸书上 观察人们的搜索内容 |
|
media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; collaborate:vi.合作;勾结,通敌; infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造;
|
| to try to see early signs that drugs, either individually or together, are causing problems. |
以此来发现一种或多种药物可能在产生问题的 早期迹象 |
|
individually:adv.个别地,单独地;
|
| What do I take from this? Why tell this story? |
那么我们由此学到了什么？为什么讲这个故事？ |
| Well, first of all ,we have now the promise of big data and medium-sized data to help us understand drug interactions and really, fundamentally , drug actions. |
我们现在有了大数据的支持 来帮助我们了解药物的相互作用 更本上就是药物的机理 |
|
first of all:adv.首先; medium-sized:adj.中型的,中等大小的;普通型的; fundamentally:adv.从根本上;基础地;重要地
|
| How do drugs work? |
药物是怎样起效的？ |
| This will create and has created a new ecosystem for understanding how drugs work and to optimize their use. |
这已经创造了一种新的系统 来了解药物的工作原理以及优化它们的使用 |
|
ecosystem:n.生态系统; optimize:vt.使最优化,使完善;vi.优化;持乐观态度;
|
| Nick went on; he's a professor at Columbia now. |
尼克继续从事着这事他现在是哥伦比亚大学的教授 |
| He did this in his PhD for hundreds of pairs of drugs. |
他在他的PhD中研究了成百对的药物 |
| He found several very important interactions, and so we replicated this and we showed that this is a way that really works for finding drug-drug interactions. |
他发现了几种十分重要的药物反应 于是我们记录了这些结果 而且我们展示了这种方法 在发现药物相互作用上的可行性 |
|
replicated:重复的;
|
| However, there's a couple of things. |
然而,这有几件事 |
| We don't just use pairs of drugs at a time. |
我们不只是研究一对药物 |
| As I said before, there are patients on three, five, seven, nine drugs. |
像我之前说的,有的人同时服用3.5.7.9种药物 |
|
As I said:正如我所说的
|
| Have they been studied with respect to their nine-way interaction? |
他们的九种药物反应有被研究过吗？ |
|
with respect:怀有敬意;
|
| Yes, we can do pair-wise , A and B, A and C, A and D, but what about A, B, C, D, E, F, G all together, being taken by the same patient, perhaps interacting with each other |
是的,我们确实可以用排列组合a和b,a和c,a和d 但如果是a,b,c,d,e,f,g全部混在一起呢？ 它们被同一个患者服用 可能会和对方反应 |
|
pair-wise:成对的; interacting:v.交流;沟通;合作;相互影响;(interact的现在分词)
|
| in ways that either makes them more effective or less effective or causes side effects that are unexpected ? |
有可能是让药效增强或是减弱 更甚是始料不及的副作用？ |
|
effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象; unexpected:adj.意外的,想不到的;
|
| We really have no idea. |
我们真不知道 |
| It's a blue sky, open field for us to use data to try to understand the interaction of drugs. |
我们可以很自由地使用数据 来了解药物的协同机理 |
| Two more lessons: |
另外两个教训: |
| I want you to think about the power that we were able to generate with the data from people who had volunteered their adverse reactions through their pharmacists, through themselves, through their doctors, the people who allowed the databases at Stanford, Harvard, Vanderbilt,to be used for research. |
我想让你们想想我们使用人们 通过他们的药师,医生或是自己上传的药物反作用案例 那些为斯坦福,哈佛和范德比尔数据库提供了资料的案例 能够产生的力量有多大 |
|
generate:v.产生;引起; volunteered:v.自愿做;义务做;自愿参军;(volunteer的过去分词和过去式) reactions:n.反应;回应;抗拒;生理反应;副作用(reaction的复数)
|
| People are worried about data. |
人们担心自己的数据被泄露 |
| They're worried about their privacy and security -- they should be. |
他们害怕自己的隐私和信息安全被偷取--他们理应这样想 |
|
privacy:n.隐私;秘密;隐居;隐居处;
|
| We need secure systems. |
因此我们需要安全的网络系统 |
| But we can't have a system that closes that data off, because it is too rich of a source of inspiration, innovation and discovery for new things in medicine. |
但是我们不应该容忍那些垄断这些数据的网络系统 因为网络资源是在药理方面 创造灵感,创新和发现的 强大资源 |
|
innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法;
|
| And the final thing I want to say is, in this case we found two drugs and it was a little bit of a sad story. |
我最后想说的是 在这个案例中我们发现了两种药物,十分遗憾 |
|
a little bit of a:一点点了;
|
| The two drugs actually caused problems. |
这两种药物实际上产生了麻烦 |
| They increased glucose. |
它们增加血糖含量 |
| They could throw somebody into diabetes who would otherwise not be in diabetes, and so you would want to use the two drugs very carefully together, perhaps not together, make different choices when you're prescribing . |
它们可能让原本没有糖尿病的人 患上糖尿病 所以当你同时使用这两种药时会千万小心 分开用时也是 订购药物时做出其他选择 |
|
prescribing:v.给…开(药);让…采用(疗法);开(处方);命令;(prescribe的现在分词)
|
| But there was another possibility. |
但也有另一种可能 |
| We could have found two drugs or three drugs that were interacting in a beneficial way. |
我们可能可以发现二至三种药物 能通过有益的方式相互反应 |
|
beneficial:adj.有益的,有利的;可享利益的;
|
| We could have found new effects of drugs that neither of them has alone, but together, instead of causing a side effect , they could be a new and novel treatment for diseases that don't have treatments or where the treatments are not effective. |
我们也可以发现药物的新作用 单独不具有的 但是在一起服用,不是产生副作用 而是成为一种新型治疗手段 治疗那些无药可医的病症 或是旧的治疗方法效果不明显的疾病 |
|
side effect:n.副作用;附带后果; novel:adj.新奇的;异常的;n.小说; treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数)
|
| If we think about drug treatment today, all the major breakthroughs -- for HIV , for tuberculosis , for depression, for diabetes -- it's always a cocktail of drugs. |
如果我们今天纵观药物治疗 所有的重大突破-- 治疗艾滋病,肺结核,抑郁症或是糖尿病的-- 都是几种药物的混合疗法 |
|
breakthroughs:突破; HIV:n.艾滋病病毒; tuberculosis:n.肺结核;结核病; cocktail:n.鸡尾酒;开味食品;n.混合物;adj.鸡尾酒的;
|
| And so the upside here, and the subject for a different TED Talk on a different day, is how can we use the same data sources to find good effects of drugs in combination that will provide us new treatments, new insights into how drugs work and enable us to take care of our patients even better? |
所以我们目前所做的 也是TED大会今后探讨的话题 就是我们怎样使用同样的数据资源 来寻找药物混合使用后的好处 这将会为我们提供新的疗法 药物工作原理的新视角 使我们可以更好地治愈我们的病人 |
|
combination:n.结合;组合;联合;[化学]化合; insights:n.洞察力;眼力;深刻见解(insight的复数); enable:v.使能够;使有机会;使成为可能;使可行;
|
| Thank you very much. |
十分感谢 |
| (Applause) |
掌声 |