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RoderickPhillips_HistoryofDivorce_2020E-_离婚的简史_-
The earliest known divorce laws were written on clay tablets in ancient Mesopotamia around 2000 BCE. 早在约公元前 2000 年, 最早的离婚法律就刻在了 古代美索不达米亚的泥板上。
Formally or informally , human societies across place and time have made rules to bind and dissolve couples. 无论是正式的还是非正式的, 制定了约束和解除夫妻关系的规则。
Inca couples, for example, started with a trial partnership , during which a man could send his partner home. 比如,印加族的情侣们 实行试验性伴侣关系。 试验期间, 男性可以让他的伴侣回家。
divorce:n.离婚;分离;v.与某人离婚;使分离; clay:n.黏土;陶土; tablets:n.药片;片剂;(固定于墙上作纪念的)牌,碑,匾;(tablet的第三人称单数和复数) informally:adv.非正式地;不拘礼节地; bind:v.结合;装订;有约束力;过紧;n.捆绑;困境;讨厌的事情;植物的藤蔓; dissolve:v.溶;使(固体)溶解;解除;终止;解散;消除;n.(电影、电视等画面的)渐隐 Inca:n.印加;印加人; partnership:n.合伙;[经管]合伙企业;合作关系;合伙契约;
But once a marriage was formalized , there was no getting out of it. 但双方一旦成为了法定夫妻, 便不可分开了。
Among the Inuit peoples, divorce was discouraged , but either spouse could demand one. 因纽特人则不鼓励离婚, 但是夫妻任何一方都可以要求离婚,
or they could exchange partners with a different couple—as long as all four people agreed. 或者他们可以与其他夫妻互换伴侣—— 只要四个人都同意。
formalized:adj.形式化的; v.使正式; Inuit:n.因纽特人(加拿大北部以及格陵兰和阿拉斯加部分地区的一个种族的人,有时误指西伯利亚及阿拉斯加南部和西部的人); discouraged:adj.泄气的; v.阻拦; (discourage的过去分词和过去式) spouse:n.配偶;vt.和…结婚; exchange:n.交换;交流;交易所;兑换;v.交换;交易;兑换;
The stakes of who can obtain a divorce, and why, have always been high. 谁能离婚以及为何离婚 所投入的赌注一向很高。
Divorce is a battlefield for some of society's most urgent issues , including the roles of church and state, individual rights, and women’s rights. 离婚是当今社会上 最棘手的问题们的战场, 其中包括教堂和国家的作用, 个人权利和女性权利。
Religious authorities have often regulated marriage and divorce. 宗教权威通常会去制约结婚与离婚。
stakes:n.桩; v.以…打赌,拿…冒险; obtain:vi.获得;流行;vt.获得; battlefield:n.战场;沙场;斗争的领域;容易引发冲突的情况 urgent:adj.紧急的;急迫的; issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; Religious:adj.宗教的;虔诚的;严谨的;修道的;n.修道士;尼姑; authorities:n.权力;威权;职权;批准;(authority的复数) regulated:v.约束,控制,管理;(regulate的过去式和过去分词)
Muslims in Africa, the Middle East , and Asia began using the Quran’s rules in the 7th century AD— generally , a husband can divorce his wife without cause or agreement, while a wife must secure her husband’s agreement to divorce him. 公元 7 世纪,居住在非洲、中东和亚洲的穆斯林们 开始参照《古兰经》中的规矩—— 丈夫往往可以在无理由 或无协议的情况下与妻子离婚, 但是妻子却需要得到 丈夫的许可才可以离婚。
In Europe, Christian churches controlled divorce from the 11th century on, with the Catholic Church banning it entirely and Protestant churches allowing it in restricted circumstances , particularly adultery . 从 11 世纪开始, 欧洲的天主教开始干涉离婚, 天主教当时不允许离婚, 而新教教会则在少数情况下允许离婚, 例如通奸行为。
Middle East:n.中东(包括亚洲西南部和非洲东北部); generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地; Catholic:adj.天主教的;宽宏大量的;n.天主教徒;罗马天主教; banning:n.禁止;禁令;v.禁止;取缔;限制(ban的ing形式);adj.禁止的; Protestant:adj.抗议的;持异议的;n.抗议者;持异议者; restricted:adj.受限制的;保密的;v.限制(restrict的过去式和过去分词); circumstances:n.情况;环境;情形;(circumstance的复数) particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地; adultery:n.通奸,通奸行为;
In the late 18th century, a series of changes took place that would eventually shape divorce laws around the world. 18 世纪末, 世界各地的离婚法律在一系列 改变的推动下最终成型。
Following centuries of religious conflict , 经历了几个世纪的宗教斗争,
Europeans pushed for state governance separate from religious control. 欧洲人奋力争取了一个 与宗教分离的政治体系。
Secular courts gradually took over education, welfare , health, marriage—and divorce. 法院掌管了教育、社会福利、 健康、婚姻——与离婚。
series:n.系列,连续;[电]串联;级数;丛书; eventually:adv.最后,终于; conflict:n.冲突;矛盾;争执;抵触;v.抵触; Europeans:n.欧洲人(European的复数); governance:n.管理;统治;支配; Secular:adj.世俗的; n.修道院外的教士,(对宗教家而言的)俗人; gradually:adv.渐渐地;逐步地; welfare:n.福祉;(政府给予的)福利;
The French Revolution ushered in the first of the new divorce laws, allowing men and women to divorce for a number of grounds, including adultery, violence , and desertion , or simply mutual consent . 法国大革命引领了第一批新离婚法, 允许男性和女性在不同情况下离婚, 例如通奸、暴力、遗弃家庭, 或者单纯双方同意。
Though progress was uneven , overall this sort of legislation spread in Europe, 虽然进展并不平衡,这种立法很大程度上 在 19 世纪的欧洲、北美,
North America and some European colonies in the 19th century. 以及一些欧洲的殖民地中传播。
Still, women's access to divorce often remained restricted compared to men. 即便如此,女性的离婚权利 相比男性还是受到了限制。
Revolution:n.革命;旋转;运行;循环; ushered:n.引座员,带位员; vt.引导,招待; vi.作招待员; violence:n.暴力;侵犯;激烈;歪曲; desertion:n.遗弃;开小差;逃亡; mutual:adj.共同的;相互的,彼此的; consent:vi.同意;赞成;答应;n.同意;(意见等的)一致;赞成; uneven:adj.不均匀的;不平坦的;[数]奇数的; overall:v.全部; n.外套; adj.全面的; legislation:n.立法;法律; North America:n.北美洲; compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词)
Adultery was considered more serious for women— a man could divorce his wife for adultery alone, while a woman would need evidence of adultery, plus an additional offense to divorce her husband. 通奸对于女性来说更加的严重—— 男性可以单单因通奸与妻子离婚, 但是女性却需要通奸的证据, 加上辩护才可以与丈夫离婚。
Sometimes this double standard was written into law; other times, the courts enforced the laws unequally . 有时这个双重标准会被写进法律; 而其他时候,法庭会不公平 地进行判决。
Domestic violence by a man against his wife was not widely considered grounds for divorce until the 20th century. 直到 20 世纪,丈夫对妻子 实施的家庭暴力通常不被认为 是一个决定离婚的因素。
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; additional:adj.附加的,额外的; offense:n.犯罪,过错;进攻;触怒;引起反感的事物; double standard:双重标准; enforced:adj.强迫的;强制性的;v.强制执行;迫使;(enforce的过去分词和过去式) unequally:adv.不相等地;不均匀地;不公平地; Domestic:n.佣人;家佣;家庭纠纷;家庭矛盾;adj.本国的;国内的;家用的;家庭的;
And though new laws expanded the reasons a couple could divorce, they also retained the fundamental ideology of their religious predecessors : that a couple could only split if one person wronged the other in specific ways. 虽然新的法律扩充了 夫妻可以离婚的理由, 它们还是保留了宗教前辈 留下来的核心观念, 夫妻只可以在另一方 有明确过错时离婚。
This state of affairs really overstayed its welcome. 这种状态存在过久而使人生厌。
Well into the 20th century, couples in the U.S. 进入 20 世纪,
resorted to hiring actors to jump into bed with one spouse, fully clothed , and take photos as evidence of cheating. 美国的夫妻甚至通过 雇佣演员表演,并拍照取证, 去制造另一方出轨的证据。
expanded:adj.扩充的;展开的;vt.扩大(expand的过去式); retained:v.保持;持有;保留;聘请(律师等);(retain的过去分词和过去式) fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; ideology:n.意识形态;思想意识;观念学; predecessors:n.前任(predecessor的复数); split:v.分离;使分离;劈开;离开;分解;n.劈开;裂缝;adj.劈开的; specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; overstayed:v.停留过久(overstay的过去分词和过去式) resorted:n.凭借,手段;度假胜地;常去之地;vi.求助,诉诸;常去;采取某手段或方法; clothed:adj.穿…衣服的;覆盖著…的;v.穿…;授以(clothe的过去式);
Finally , in the 1960s and 70s, many countries and states adopted no-fault divorce laws, where someone could divorce their spouse without proving harm, and importantly, without the other’s consent. 最后,在 1960 和 70 年代, 很多国家实行了无过错离婚法律, 配偶不需要证明 另一方有过错便可以离婚。 最重要的是, 不需要得到另一方的同意。
The transition from cultural and religious rules to state sanctioned ones has always been messy and incomplete— people have often ignored their governments’ laws in favor of other conventions . 从文化和宗教条例到国家准许的转变, 一直是棘手和残缺的—— 人们经常因更倾向其他惯例, 而忽略政府的法律。
Finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; adopted:adj.被收养的;被采用的;v.采用;接受;(adopt的过去式和过去分词); no-fault:adj.(保险)不追究过失的;(离婚)不寻求亦不判定过失的; transition:n.过渡;转变;变革;变迁;v.经历转变过程;过渡; cultural:adj.与文化有关的;文化的;与艺术、文学、音乐等有关的; sanctioned:v.许可;准许;惩罚;实施制裁;(sanction的过去分词和过去式) messy:adj.肮脏的;凌乱的;不整洁的; ignored:v.忽视;对…不予理会;佯装未见;不予理睬;(ignore的过去分词和过去式) conventions:n.[法]惯例;会议;[计]约定(convention的复数);
Even today, the Catholic Church doesn’t recognize divorces granted by law. 直到今天,天主教仍旧 不认可法律批准的离婚。
In some places, like parts of India, 在有些地方, 例如印度的部分地区,
Western-style divorce laws have been seen as a colonial influence and communities practice divorce according to other religious rules. 西式的离婚法律被当作殖民的影响。 社会里的人们按照 其他宗教的规定实行离婚。
recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到; granted:v.不错,的确; conj.因为; v.同意,准予,允许; (grant的过去分词和过去式) Western-style:西部风格; colonial:n.殖民地居民;adj.殖民地的,殖民的; influence:n.影响;势力;感化;有影响的人或事;v.影响;改变; communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) according to:根据,据说;
In others, though the law may allow for equal access to divorce, bias in the legal system, cultural stigma , or community pressures can make it far more difficult for certain people, almost always women. 在其他地区,即便法律 给予夫妻双方离婚的资格, 法律体系的偏见、文化歧视, 或者社会施加的压力, 都会让某些人群更难离婚, 尤其是女性。
And even in the places where women aren’t disadvantaged by law or otherwise, social and economic conditions often make divorce more difficult for women. 即便在那些女性在法律上 不处于劣势的地方, 社会与经济性因素 通常使女性更难离婚。
In the United States, for example, women experience economic loss far more than men after divorce. 比如,离婚后的美国女性 相比男性承受了更大的经济损失。
bias:adv.使有偏见;n.偏见;偏心;偏爱;v.使有偏见;使偏向;adj.斜的;[电]偏动的; legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的; stigma:n.[植]柱头;耻辱;污名;烙印;特征; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; for certain:肯定地;确凿地; disadvantaged:adj.贫困的; n.弱势团体; v.使处于不利地位(disadvantage的过去式和过去分词); economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; United:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
At its best, modern no-fault divorce allows people to leave marriages that make them unhappy. 幸运的是,现代的无过错离婚 让人们远离不快乐的婚姻。
But dissolving a marriage is almost never as simple as sending two people their separate ways. 但是,解除婚姻并不是让 双方分道扬镳这么简单。
What divorcing partners owe each other, and how they manage aspects of a once shared life remain emotionally and philosophically complex issues. 离婚的双方对彼此有哪些亏欠, 他们如何管理一个 曾经与他人一起度过的人生, 仍旧是情感与哲学上 复杂难解的问题。
dissolving:adj.消溶的;毁灭性的;v.使溶解(dissolve的现在分词); owe:v.归功于;欠(债);欠(账);欠(情) aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数); emotionally:adv.感情上;情绪上;令人激动地;情绪冲动地; philosophically:adv.哲学上;贤明地; complex:adj.复杂的;合成的;n.复合体;综合设施;