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RobynSteinDeluca_2014X-_经前症候群的好消息_
How many people here have heard of PMS? 有多少人听过经前症候群 (PMS)？
Everybody, right? 大家都听过,对吧？
Everyone knows that women go a little crazy right before they get their period, that the menstrual cycle throws them onto an inevitable hormonal roller coaster of irrationality and irritability . 大家都知道女人在月经来之前 会有点发神经, 月经周期让她们坐上无可避免的荷尔蒙导致的 不理性与易怒的云霄飞车。
menstrual:adj.月经的;每月的;一月一次的; inevitable:adj.必然的,不可避免的; hormonal:adj.荷尔蒙的,激素的; roller coaster:过山车; irrationality:n.不合理,无理性; irritability:n.过敏性;易怒;兴奋性;
There's a general assumption that fluctuations in reproductive hormones cause extreme emotions and that the great majority of women are affected by this. 有个很普遍的说法, 说生殖荷尔蒙波动会造成极端的情绪, 而且绝大部分妇女都受此影响。
assumption:n.假定;设想;担任;采取; fluctuations:n.[物]波动(fluctuation的复数);变动;起伏现象; reproductive:adj.生殖的;再生的;复制的; hormones:n.[生理]激素;荷尔蒙;性激素;荷尔蒙制剂(hormone的复数); extreme:adj.极端的;极度的;偏激的;尽头的;n.极端;末端;最大程度;极端的事物; emotions:n.强烈的感情;激情;情感;(emotion的复数) majority:n.大部分:大多数:多数票:成年人:
Well, I am here to tell you that scientific evidence says neither of those assumptions is true. 嗯,我在这里告诉大家科学证据显示 这两个说法都不对。
scientific:adj.科学的,系统的; evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; assumptions:n.假定;假设;承担;获得;(assumption的复数)
I'm here to give you the good news about PMS. 我要在这里宣布经前症候群的好消息。
But first, let's take a look at how firmly the idea of PMS is entrenched in American culture. 但首先来看一下经前症候群这个说法 有多么深植于美国文化。
take a look at:看一看;检查; entrenched:adj.根深蒂固的;v.使处于牢固地位;牢固确立;(entrench的过去式和过去分词)
If you examine newspaper or magazine articles, you'll see how widely assumed it is that everyone gets PMS. 如果你檢视报章杂志的文章, 你就会发现大家都以为每个人都有经前症候群。
assumed:adj.假定的;假设的;v.假定;假设;认为;承担;(assume的过去分词和过去式)
In an article in the magazine Redbook titled "You: PMS Free," 女性杂志《红书》有篇文章标题为:「妳！从经前症候群释放吧！」
readers were informed that between 80 to 90 percent of women suffer from PMS. 文章告诉读者约有八九成的女性为经前症候群所苦。
informed:adj.见多识广的; v.通知; (inform的过去分词和过去式)
L.A. Muscle magazine warned its readers that 40 to 50 percent of women suffer from PMS, and that it plays a major role in women's mental and physical health, 伦敦保健食品杂志则警告读者 有四到五成的妇女为经前症候群所苦, 而且这还在女性的身心健康扮演重要角色,
Muscle:n.肌肉;力量;v.加强;使劲搬动;使劲挤出; mental:adj.精神的;脑力的;疯的;n.精神病患者; physical:adj.[物]物理的;身体的;物质的;符合自然法则的;n.体格检查;
and a couple of years ago, even the Wall Street Journal ran an article on calcium as a treatment for PMS, asking its female readers, "Do you turn into a witch every month?" 而在几年前,甚至华尔街日报 也有篇文章在谈钙质如何治疗经前症候群, 并这样问其女性读者, 「妳每个月都变成巫婆吗？」
Wall Street:n.华尔街(美国纽约金融中心和证券交易所所在地); Journal:n.杂志;日记;日志;(用于报纸名)…报; calcium:n.[化学]钙; treatment:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论; female:adj.女性的;雌性的;柔弱的,柔和的;n.女人;[动]雌性动物; witch:n.巫婆,女巫;vt.迷惑;施巫术;
From all these articles, you would think there must be a mountain of research verifying the widespread nature of PMS. 有这么多文章你可能会想,一定有如山般铁证 能验证经前症候群的普遍性。
verifying:v.验证;核查(verify的ing形式); widespread:adj.普遍的,广泛的;分布广的;
However, after five decades of research, there's no strong consensus on the definition , the cause, the treatment, or even the existence of PMS. 然而,经过五十年的研究, 众人对经前症候群的定义、起因、疗法, 甚至到底是否存在都没有强烈共识。
consensus:n.一致;舆论;合意; definition:n.定义;清晰度;(尤指词典里的词或短语的)释义;解释;
As most commonly defined by psychologists , 心理学家最常用的定义是,
defined:adj.有定义的,确定的; v.使明确; psychologists:n.[心理]心理学家(psychologist的复数形式);
PMS involves negative behavioral , cognitive and physical symptoms from the time of ovulation to menstruation . 经前症候群会使人从排卵开始到月经来其间, 陷入负面的行为、认知、及身体症状,
involves:v.包含;需要;牵涉;牵连;影响;(使)参加,加入(involve的第三人称单数) negative:adj.[数]负的;消极的;否定的;阴性的;n.否定;负数;[摄]底片;v.否定;拒绝; behavioral:adj.行为的; cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的; symptoms:n.症状;征候;征兆;(symptom的复数) ovulation:n.排卵;产卵作用; menstruation:n.[生理]月经;月经期间;有月经;
But here's where it gets tricky . 但这就是诡异的地方了。
tricky:adj.难办的;难对付的;狡猾的;诡计多端的;
Over 150 different symptoms have been used to diagnose PMS, and here are just a few of those. 已有超过 150 种不同的症状被拿来诊断经前症候群, 这里只是其中几种。
diagnose:vt.诊断;断定;vi.诊断;判断;
Now, I want to be clear here. 那,我要澄清一下。
I'm not saying women don't get some of these symptoms. 我不是说妇女不会有这些症状。
What I'm saying is that getting some of these symptoms doesn't amount to a mental or="Bla ck"> disorder , and when psychologists or="Bla ck"> come up with a disorder that's so vaguely defined, the label or="Bla ck"> eventually becomes meaningless. 我要说的是有这些症状 并不等于妳精神异常, 心理学家提出某种失调病症, 却定义模糊不清, 这样的标签最终会失去意义。
disorder:n.混乱;骚乱;vt.使失调;扰乱; come up with:提出;想出;赶上; label:n.标签;标记;谓;唱片公司;v.贴标签于;用标签标明;
With a list of symptoms this long and wide, 有这么洋洋洒洒的症状表,
I could have PMS, you could have PMS, the guy in the third row here could have PMS, my dog could have PMS. (Laughter) 我可能会得经前症候群,你可能也会, 第三排的男生也会得经前症候群, 连我的狗都会得到经前症候群。（笑声）
Some researchers said you had to have five symptoms. 有些研究员说你得要有五种症状,
Some said three. 有些人说三种就好。
Other researchers said that symptoms were only meaningful if they were highly disturbing to you, but others said minor symptoms were just as important. 还有些研究员说那些症状 要在非常困扰妳时才有意义。 但也有人说轻微的症状也很重要。
meaningful:adj.严肃的;重要的;重大的;意味深长的; highly:adv.高度地;非常;非常赞许地; disturbing:adj.引起烦恼的;令人不安的;v.打扰;干扰;搅乱;使不安;(disturb的现在分词) minor:adj.未成年的; n.未成年人; vi.副修;
For many years, because there was no standardization in the definition of PMS, when psychologists tried to report prevalence rates, their estimates ranged from five percent of women to 97 percent of women, so at the same time almost no one and almost everyone had PMS. 多少年了,因为没有统一 定义经前症候群, 当心理学家试着报出患病率, 他们的估计范围是 5% 到 97% 的妇女有这个病症, 意思是同一时间,几乎没有人或几乎所有人都有经前症候群。
standardization:n.标准化;[数]规格化;校准; prevalence:n.流行;普遍;广泛; estimates:n.估计;估价;估计的成本;v.估价;估算(estimate的第三人称单数和复数) at the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时;
Overall , the weaknesses in the methods of research on PMS have been considerable . 整体来看,经前症候群的研究方法缺陷相当多。
Overall:v.全部; n.外套; adj.全面的; considerable:adj.相当大的;重要的,值得考虑的;
First, many studies asked women to report their symptoms retrospectively , looking to the past and relying on memory, which is known to inflate reporting of PMS compared to what's called prospective reporting, which involves keeping a daily log of symptoms for at least two months in a row. 第一,许多研究要求妇女回溯她们的症状, 靠着记忆回想过去, 大家都知道这个方法会大量增加经前症候群的报告数据, 较之于所谓的前瞻性研究, 要受试者每天记录症状 至少连续两个月。
retrospectively:adv.回顾地; relying:v.依赖;信任;指望(rely的现在分词); inflate:vt.使充气;使通货膨胀;vi.膨胀;充气; compared:adj.比较的,对照的; v.相比; (compare的过去式和过去分词) prospective:adj.未来的;预期的;n.预期;展望;
Many studies also exclusively focused on white, middle-class women, which makes it problematic to apply study findings to all women. 许多研究也只专注在白人中产阶级妇女, 如果将研究结果应用在全部妇女会成为问题。
exclusively:adv.唯一地;专有地;排外地; middle-class:adj.中产阶级的;中层社会的; problematic:adj.问题的;有疑问的;不确定的; apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求; findings:n.调查发现;判决;裁决;(finding的复数)
We know there's a strong cultural component to the belief in PMS because it's nearly unheard of outside of Western nations. 我们知道相信经前症候群与否有很强的文化要素, 因为这在西方国家以外几乎是闻所未闻。
cultural:adj.与文化有关的;文化的;与艺术、文学、音乐等有关的; component:n.成分;部件;组成部分;adj.构成的; unheard:adj.听不到的;未被倾听的;不予理睬的;
Third, many studies failed to use control groups. 第三,许多研究没有设控制组。
If we want to understand the specific characteristics of women who have PMS, we need to be able to compare them to women who don't have PMS. 如果我们想要瞭解 有经前症候群妇女的特性, 我们必须要将她们与没有经前症候群的女性比较。
specific:adj.特殊的,特定的;明确的;详细的;[药]具有特效的;n.特性;细节;特效药; characteristics:n.特征;特点;品质;(characteristic的复数)
And finally , many different types of questionnaires were used to diagnose PMS, focusing on different symptoms, symptom duration and severity . 最后是,使用太多不同型态的问卷 来诊断经前症候群,专注在不同的症状, 症状持续多久及多严重。
finally:adv.终于;最终;(用于列举)最后;彻底地; questionnaires:n.问卷,调查表(questionnaire的复数形式); duration:n.持续时间;期间; severity:n.严重;严格;猛烈;
To do reliable research on any condition, scientists must agree on the specific characteristics that make up that condition so they're all talking about the same thing, and with PMS, this has not been the case. 要对任何病症做出可靠的研究, 科学家必须先商定 会造成此病症的特性, 这样大家见解才会一致, 但是对经前症候群却不是这样研究的。
reliable:adj.可信赖的;可依靠的;真实可信的;可靠的;
However, in 1994, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , known as the DSM, thankfully -- it's also the manual for mental health professionals -- they redefined PMS as PMDD, 然而,在 1994 年 精神疾病诊断与统计手册, 俗称 DSM,还好这么短—— 这也是身心科专家的手册—— 他们重新定义 PMS 成 PMDD,
Diagnostic:adj.诊断的;特征的;n.诊断法;诊断结论; Statistical:adj.统计的;统计学的; Manual:n.说明书;指南;使用手册;adj.用手的;手工的;体力的;手动的; Disorders:n.无秩序,混乱; v.[电子]扰乱(disorder的单三形式); thankfully:adv.感谢地;感激地; professionals:n.[管理]专业人员(professional的复数); redefined:adj.重新定义的;vt.对…再加以解说;再给…下定义(redefine的过去分词);
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. 经前不悦症。
Premenstrual:adj.月经前的,经期前的;
And dysphoria refers to a feeling of agitation or unease . 不悦指的是烦躁不安的感觉。
dysphoria:n.[医]烦躁不安; refers:v.谈及;提到;提及;涉及;描述;(refer的第三人称单数) agitation:n.激动;搅动;煽动;烦乱; unease:n.不安;不舒服;
And according to these new DSM guidelines , in most menstrual cycles in the last year, at least five of 11 possible symptoms must appear in the week before menstruation starts; 根据这些新的经前不悦症准则, 在过去一年大部分的月经周期中, 至少有五种 11 个可能出现的症状, 在月经来潮前一星期内出现;
according to:根据,据说; guidelines:n.指导方针;参考;
the symptoms must improve once menstruation has begun; and the symptoms must be absent the week after menstruation has ended. 这些症状在月经来潮后就改善; 而且这些症状要在月经结束一周内消失。
improve:v.改进;改善; absent:adj.缺席的;缺少的;心不在焉的;茫然的;v.使缺席;
One of these symptoms must come from this list of four: marked mood swings, irritability, anxiety , or depression . 一定要有下列四种症状之一: 显着的情绪起伏、易怒、焦虑或忧虑。
mood:n.情绪,语气;心境;气氛; anxiety:n.焦虑;渴望;挂念;令人焦虑的事; depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁;
The other symptoms could come from the first slide or from those on the second slide, including symptoms like feeling out of control and changes in sleep or appetite . 其他的症状则可能是第一张幻灯片 或第二张幻灯片所列出的, 包括失控的感觉, 睡眠或食欲改变。
appetite:n.食欲;嗜好;
The DSM also required now that the symptoms should be associated with clinically significant distress -- there should be some kind of disturbance in work or school or social relationships -- 经前不悦症还必须有 具临床意义的明显困扰—— 对工作、学校或社交 产生一定程度的影响——
associated:adj.有关联的; v.联想; (associate的过去分词和过去式) clinically:adv.临床地;门诊部地;不偏不倚;通过临床诊断; significant:adj.重大的;有效的;有意义的;值得注意的;意味深长的;n.象征;有意义的事物; distress:n.危难,不幸;贫困;悲痛;v.使悲痛;使贫困; disturbance:n.干扰;骚乱;忧虑;
and that symptoms and symptom severity should now be documented by keeping a daily log for at least two cycles in a row. 出现的症状及其严重性必须记录下来, 至少连续两个周期每天做记录。
And finally, the DSM required that the emotional disturbance should be more than simply an exacerbation of an already existing disorder. 最后,经前不悦症的情绪困扰, 其严重性应大于原有失调的放大效应。
emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的; exacerbation:n.加重;[医]病势加重;激怒;
So scientifically speaking, this is an improvement . 所以从科学角度说,这是很大的进步。
scientifically:adv.系统地;合乎科学地;学问上; improvement:n.改进,改善;
We now have a limited number of symptoms, and a high impact on functioning that's required, and the reporting and timing of symptoms have both become very specific. 我们现在得到有限数量的症状, 要对生活功能产生强烈冲击, 而且对症状的描述及发生时间讲得很明确。
limited:adj.有限的; n.高级快车; v.限制; (limit的过去分词和过去式) impact:n.影响;效果;碰撞;冲击力;v.挤入,压紧;撞击;对…产生影响;
Well, using this criteria and looking at most recent studies, we see that on average, three to eight percent of women suffer from PMDD. 嗯,使用这个标准 并看一下最近的研究, 我们看到平均 有百分之三到八的女性为经前不悦症所苦。
criteria:n.标准,条件(criterion的复数);
Not all women, not most women, not the majority of women, not even a lot of women: three to eight percent. 不再说是所有的女性,多数的女性, 也不是大部分的女性,更不是很多女性: 是百分之三到八。
For everyone else, variables like stressful events or happy occasions or even day of the week are more powerful predictors of mood than time of the month, and this is the information the scientific community has had since the 1990s. 对其它女性,变因像是压力很大的事件或开心的场合, 甚至今天是星期几 都比月经更能预测情绪, 而这是自 1990 年代开始科学界就有的资料。
variables:n.[数]变量; stressful:adj.紧张的;有压力的; predictors:[气象]预报器; community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体;
In 2002, my colleagues and I published an article describing the PMS and PMDD research, and several similar articles have appeared in psychology journals . 2002 年,我与几个同事发表了一篇论文 讲述经前症候群与经前不悦症的研究, 还有几篇类似的论文也发表在心理学期刊上。
colleagues:n.同事;同行(colleague的复数); describing:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的现在分词) psychology:n.心理学;心理状态; journals:n.学术期刊(journal的复数);日记;日记账;
The questions is, why hasn't this information trickled down to the public? 问题是,为什么这样的资讯还没有流入大众？
trickled:vi.滴;细细地流;慢慢地移动;vt.使…滴;使…淌;使…细细地流;n.滴,淌;细流;
Why do these myths persist ? 为什么这些迷思依然存在？
myths:神话;谬见; persist:v.保持;持续存在;维持;顽强地坚持;
Well, certainly the onslaught of messages that women receive from books, TV, movies, the Internet, that everyone gets PMS go a long way in convincing them it must be true. 嗯,显然女性长时间从书籍、电视、电影及网路 接收到的一波波消息,都说每个人都有经前症候群, 已经说服她们这是事实。
onslaught:n.猛攻;突击; convincing:adj.令人信服的; v.使确信; (convince的现在分词)
Research tells us that the more a woman believes that everyone gets PMS, the more likely she is to erroneously report that she has it. 研究人员告诉我们女性愈相信每个人都有经前症候群的说法, 她就愈有可能错误地说她自己有。
erroneously:adv.错误地;不正确;
Let me tell you what I mean by "erroneously." 我解释一下我说「错误」的意思。
You might ask her, "Do you have PMS?" 你可能问她,妳有经前症候群吗？
and she says yes, but then, when you have her keep a daily log of psychological symptoms for two months, no correlation is found between her symptoms and time of the month. 她说有, 但之后,在你要她每天记录 精神症状两个月后, 她的症状与月经找不到关连性。
psychological:adj.心理的;心理学的;精神上的; correlation:n.[数]相关,关联;相互关系;
Another reason for the persistence of the PMS myth has to do with the narrow boundaries of the feminine role. 另一个经前症候群迷思持久不衰的理由 与狭隘的女性角色范围有关。
persistence:n.持续;固执;存留;坚持不懈;毅力; narrow:adj.狭窄的; v.使窄小; n.峡谷; (场所,物品等的)狭窄部分; boundaries:n.边界;分界线;(boundary的复数) feminine:adj.女性的;妇女(似)的;阴性的;娇柔的;
Feminist psychologists like Joan Chrisler have suggested that taking on the label of PMS allows women to express emotions that would otherwise be considered unladylike . 女性主义心理学家如乔安克莱斯勒提出, 把自己贴上经前症候群的标签, 让女性能表达原本会被视为不娴淑的情绪。
Feminist:n.男女平等主义者;adj.主张男女平等的; express:v.表达; adj.特快的; n.特快列车; v.使用快速服务; unladylike:adj.不像淑女的;
The near universal definition of a good woman is one who is happy, loving, caring for others, and taking great satisfaction from that role. 几乎放诸四海皆准的好女人定义 是快乐、慈爱、对人充满爱心, 并且对这样的角色很满足。
universal:adj.普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的; satisfaction:n.满意,满足;赔偿;乐事;赎罪;
Well, PMS has become a permission slip to be angry, complain , be irritated , without losing the title of good woman. 经前症候群已经成为能生气、抱怨、烦躁, 却不会失去好女人头衔的同意书。
slip:v.溜;下降;滑落;n.纸条;衬裙; complain:v.投诉;发牢骚;诉说; irritated:adj.烦恼;恼怒;v.使烦恼;刺激(irritate的过去分词和过去式)
We know that the variables in a woman's environment are much more likely to cause her to be angry than her hormones, but when she attributes anger to hormones, she's absolved of responsibility or criticism . 我们知道女性的环境中有很多变数 比荷尔蒙更容易让她生气, 但是当她将怒气归咎于荷尔蒙, 她就免于责任,也免除了责难。
attributes:v.把…归因于; n.属性; (attribute的第三人称单数和复数) absolved:v.宣告…无罪;判定…无责;赦免…的罪(absolve的过去分词和过去式) criticism:n.批评;批判;评论;指责;
'"Oh, that's not who she is. It's out of her control." 喔,她平常不是那样的。她控制不了。
And while this can be a useful tool, it serves to invalidate women's emotions. 尽管这可以当作有用的工具,实际上却否定了女性的情绪。
invalidate:vt.使无效;使无价值;
When people respond to a woman's anger with the thought, "Oh, it's just that time of the month," 在大家对女性的怒气 用「喔,大姨妈来了」这样的想法来回应时,
respond:vi.回答;作出反应;承担责任;n.应答;唱和;
her ability to be taken seriously or effect change is severely limited. 她被人认真看待或有效改变的机会就大受限制。
severely:adv.严重地;严格地,严厉地;纯朴地;
So who else benefits from the myth of PMS? 那么还有谁会从经前症候群迷思中得利？
Well, I can tell you that treating PMS has become a profitable , thriving industry. 我可以告诉你们治疗经前症候群 已成为有利可图、蓬勃发展的行業。
treating:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;处理;讨论;(treat的现在分词) profitable:adj.有利可图的;赚钱的;有益的; thriving:v.兴旺发达;繁荣;旺盛;茁壮成长;(thrive的现在分词)
A quick Google search will bring up a cornucopia of clinics , workshops and seminars . 在谷歌上随便找找就能找到 一箩筐的诊所、专讨或研讨会。
Google:谷歌;谷歌搜索引擎; cornucopia:n.哺乳宙斯的羊角;装满花果及谷穗表丰饶的羊角状物;丰饶的象征; clinics:n.诊所(clinic的复数形式); workshops:n.工作坊,[工业]车间;研习会,讲习班(workshop的复数形式); seminars:n.研讨会(seminar的复数);专题讨论会;
Reputable Internet sources of medical information like WebMD or the Mayo Clinic list PMS as a known disorder. 声誉良好的医疗资源网站 如网路医师或梅奥医院将经前症候群列为已知的病症。
Reputable:adj.声誉好的;受尊敬的;卓越的; sources:n.来源;出处;起源;根源;原因;v.(从…)获得(source的第三人称单数和复数)
It's not a known disorder, but they list it. 这并不是已知的病症,但他们将其列为之一。
And they also list the medications that physicians have prescribed to treat it, like anti-depressants or hormones. 他们也列出医师开出的治疗药物, 如抗忧郁剂或荷尔蒙。
medications:n.药;药物;(medication的复数) physicians:n.[内科]内科医生(physician的复数); prescribed:v.给…开(药); (prescribe的过去式和过去分词) anti-depressants:n.抗抑郁剂;
Interestingly , though, both websites say that the success of medication in treating PMS symptoms vary from woman to woman. 但很有意思的是,两个网站都说 治疗经前症候群的药物成效因不同女人而异。
Interestingly:adv.有趣地; vary:vi.变化;变异;违反;vt.改变;使多样化;变奏;
Well, that doesn't make sense . 这没道理。
make sense:有意义;讲得通;言之有理;
If you've got a distinct disorder with a distinct cause, which PMS is supposed to be, then the treatment should bring improvement for a great number of women. 如果你得了某种很明确的病症起因也很明确, 经前症候群就被归为此类, 那么应该会在大部分女性身上看到治疗成效。
distinct:adj.明显的;独特的;清楚的;有区别的; supposed:adj.误信的;所谓的;v.认为;假设;设想;(suppose的过去分词和过去式)
This has not been the case with these treatments , and FDA regulations say that for a drug to be deemed effective , a large portion of the target population should see clinically significant improvement. 但是这些治疗药物并非如此, 美国食品药物管理局的法规说某种药物要视为有效, 必须在大部分的目标族群身上 看到有临床意义的改善。
treatments:n.治疗;疗法;对待;处理;讨论;(treatment的复数) regulations:n.章程;规则;法规;管理,控制;(regulation的复数) deemed:v.认为;视为;相信;(deem的过去分词和过去式) effective:adj.有效的,起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象; portion:n.部分;(食物的)一份;分担的责任;v.把…分成若干份(或部分);
So we have not had that at all with these so-called treatments. 我们还没有在这些所谓的治疗法上看到这点。
so-called:adj.所谓的;号称的;
However, the financial gain of perpetuating the myth that PMS is a common mental disorder and is treatable is quite substantial . 然而,延续此项迷思, 即经前症候群是常见、可治疗的精神病症, 所得到的经济利益相当可观。
financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的; perpetuating:v.使永久化;使持久化;使持续;(perpetuate的现在分词) treatable:adj.能治疗的;好对付的;能处理的; substantial:adj.大量的;实质的;内容充实的;n.本质;重要材料;
When women are prescribed drugs like anti-depressants or hormones, medical protocol requires that they have physician follow-up every three months. 如果妇女接受药物如抗忧郁剂或荷尔蒙, 医疗计画常规要求她们必须每三个月回诊一次。
protocol:n.协议;草案;礼仪;vt.拟定;vi.拟定; follow-up:adj.后续的;增补的;n.随访;跟进;后续行动;
That's a lot of doctor visits. 这可是相当大量的就医次数。
Pharmaceutical companies reap untold profits when women are convinced they should take a prescribed medication for all of their child-bearing lives. 制药公司赚进数不清的利润, 就因为女人接受她们必须 在生育年龄吃处方药的说法。
Pharmaceutical:adj.制药(学)的;n.药物; reap:vt.收获,获得;收割;vi.收割,收获; untold:adj.数不清的;未说过的;未透露的;无限的; profits:n.利润; v.获益; (profit的第三人称单数和复数) convinced:adj.坚信; v.使确信; (convince的过去分词和过去式) child-bearing:n.生孩子;
Over-the-counter drugs like Midol even claim to treat PMS symptoms like tension and irritability, even though they only contain a diuretic , a pain reliever and caffeine . 非处方药物如止经痛药「美多」甚至宣称 可以治疗经前症候群症状,如紧张及易怒, 即使药物成分只有利尿剂、止痛药 及咖啡因。
Over-the-counter:adj.不通过交易所而直接售给顾客的;不需处方可以出售的; claim:v.要求;声称;需要;认领;n.要求;声称;索赔;断言;值得; tension:n.张力;拉伸;矛盾;紧张局势(或关系,状况);v.绷紧; diuretic:adj.利尿的;n.[药]利尿剂; reliever:n.救济者;减压装置; caffeine:n.[有化][药]咖啡因;茶精(兴奋剂);
Now, far be it from me to argue with the magical powers of caffeine, but I don't think reducing tension is one of them. 那么,我没立场争论咖啡因的神奇力量, 但我也不认为咖啡因有减轻紧张的效用。
Since 2002, Midol has marketed a Teen Midol to adolescents . 自 2002 年起,美多开始销售「婷美多」给青少女。
adolescents:n.[人类]青少年(adolescent复数);
They are aiming at young girls early, to convince them that everyone gets PMS and that it will make you a monster , but wait, there's something you can do about it: 他们早早把目标对准年轻少女, 说服她们每个人都会得经前症候群,而且这会让妳变成大怪物, 但是等一下！妳还有救的！
monster:n.怪物;恶魔;庞然大物;adj.巨大的;
Take Midol and you will be a human being again. 吃下美多妳就变回人了！
In 2013, Midol took in 48 million dollars in sales revenue . 2013 年,美多的销货收入为四千八百万美金。
revenue:n.收益;营业额;税务署;
So while perpetuating the myth of PMS has been lucrative for some, it comes with some serious adverse consequences for women. 所以延续经前症候群迷思除了成为某些人吸金的工具外, 还为妇女带来严重的不良后果。
lucrative:adj.有利可图的,赚钱的;合算的; adverse:adj.不利的;相反的;敌对的(名词adverseness,副词adversely); consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数);
First, it contributes to the medicalization of women's reproductive health. 第一,它使女性的生育健康医疗化。
contributes:[图情]投稿;[经]捐助;[经]捐献(contribute的第三人称单数); medicalization:n.医学化;用医疗的方法处理;
The medical field has a long history of conceptualizing women's reproductive processes as illnesses that require treatment, and this has come at many costs, including excessive Cesarean deliveries , hysterectomies and prescribed hormone treatments that have harmed rather than enhanced women's health. 医界有着很长的历史将女性的生育过程 视为疾病、需要治疗的概念, 而这已造成许多花费,包括过多的剖腹产、 子宫切除术、及开出荷尔蒙治疗药, 而药物的伤害大于增进妇女健康。
conceptualizing:vt.使概念化;vi.概念化; processes:n.过程; v.处理(process的第三人称单数形式); excessive:adj.过多的,极度的;过分的; Cesarean:adj.剖腹产的;凯撒的;n.剖腹产(等于Caesarean); deliveries:n.[贸易]交货(delivery的复数);已交付; enhanced:adj.加强的;增大的;v.提高;加强(enhance的过去分词);
Second, the PMS myth also contributes to the stereotype of women as irrational and overemotional . 第二,经前症候群迷思也是造成女性 易怒及过度情绪化的刻板印象原因。
stereotype:vt.使用铅版;套用老套,使一成不变;n.陈腔滥调,老套;铅版; overemotional:过于情绪化;
When the menstrual cycle is described as a hormonal roller coaster that turns women into angry beasts, it becomes easy to question the competence of all women. 一旦月经周期被形容为荷尔蒙云霄飞车, 把女性变成气呼呼的野兽, 我们就很容易质疑女性的能力。
described:v.描述;形容;把…称为;做…运动;(describe的过去分词和过去式) competence:n.能力,胜任;权限;作证能力;足以过舒适生活的收入;
Women have made tremendous strides in the workforce , but still there's a minuscule number of women at the highest echelons of fields like government or business, 妇女在工作场合的地位已有极大的进步, 但是仍然只有极少数的女性 处在政府或企業的高层职位,
tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的; strides:n.大步;步幅(stride的复数形式);v.跨过;迈步(stride的第三人称单数形式); workforce:n.劳动大军;全体员工; minuscule:n.小写字;草写小字;adj.极小的;用草写小字写的; echelons:n.梯次编队;阶层(echelon的复数);v.使列成梯队(echelon的第三人称单数);
and when we think about who makes for a good CEO or senator , someone who has qualities like rationality, steadiness , competence come to mind, and in our culture, that sounds more like a man than a woman, and the PMS myth contributes to that. 而且每次我们考虑什么样的人可称为好的执行长或参议员, 具有理性、稳健、能力等条件的人 就会在脑中浮现, 在我们的文化,那些条件听起来更符合男人而非女人, 经前症候群迷思正是助长的原因。
senator:n.参议员; steadiness:n.稳定;稳健;不变;稳固;
Psychologists know that the moods of men and women are more similar than different. 心理学家知道男人与女人的情绪 更趋相似而非相异。
moods:n.情绪(mood的复数);
One study followed men and women for four to six months and found that the number of mood swings they experienced and the severity of those mood swings were no different. 一项研究追踪男人与女人四到六个月, 发现两性经历心情起伏的次数 及其严重性并没有不同。
And finally, the PMS myth keeps women from dealing with the actual issues causing them emotional upset . 最后,经前症候群迷思不让女性处理 造成他们心烦意乱的真正原因:
issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) upset:adj.沮丧; v.打乱; n.苦恼; (意外的)混乱;
Individual issues like quality of relationship or work conditions or societal issues like racism or sexism or the daily grind of poverty are all strongly related to daily mood. 个人因素如人际关系品质或工作环境, 或社会因素如种族歧视、性别歧视或贫穷的磨难, 都与每天的情绪有很大的关系。
Individual:n.个人;有个性的人;adj.单独的;个别的; societal:adj.社会的; racism:n.种族主义,种族歧视;人种偏见; sexism:n.(针对女性的)性别歧视;男性至上主义; grind:v.磨碎;磨快;n.磨;苦工作; poverty:n.贫困;困难;缺少;低劣;
Sweeping emotions under the rug of PMS keeps women from understanding the source of their negative emotions, but it also takes away the opportunity to take any action to change them. 以经前症候群当藉口逃避情绪问题, 只是让女人更难瞭解她们负面情绪的来源, 同时也拿走让她们以行动来改变情绪的机会。
Sweeping:n.扫除; adj.影响广泛的; v.打扫; (sweep的现在分词) rug:n.小地毯;垫子;(盖腿的)厚毯子;v.用厚毯包;
So the good news about PMS is that while some women get some symptoms because of the menstrual cycle, the great majority don't get a mental disorder. 所以经前症候群的好消息 是有些女人的确因月经周期而有某些症状, 但大部分的女人并不因此而得了神经病。
They go to work or school, take care of their families, and function at a normal level. 她们照常工作、上学、照顾家庭, 以正常的水准行使职责。
We know the emotions and moods of men and women are more similar than different, so let's walk away from the tired old PMS myth of women as witches and embrace the reality of high emotional and professional functioning the great majority of women live every day. 我们知道男人与女人的情绪及心情 更趋相似而非相异, 所以让我们从陈腐的经前症候群迷思中走出, 不再视女性为巫婆,而能接受绝大部分女性 每天都过着高情绪及高专業功能生活的事实。
witches:n.女巫(witch的复数);魔女;v.用魔法迷住(witch的第三人称单数); embrace:n.拥抱,怀抱;v.拥抱;乐意采纳(思想、建议等);信奉;包括;
Thank you. 谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声）