返回首页

RobinMurphy_2015W-_参与灾难救援的机器人_
Over a million people are killed each year in disasters . 每年超过100万人在灾难中丧生。
disasters:n.灾难(disaster的复数);
Two and a half million people will be permanently disabled or displaced , and the communities will take 20 to 30 years to recover and billions of economic losses. 250万人因意外而终生残疾或流离失所, 重建家园需要20到30年的时间, 花费高达数十亿。
permanently:adv.永久地,长期不变地; displaced:v.取代;替代;置换;迫使(某人)离开家园;转移;(displace的过去式和过去分词) communities:n.社区;社会;团体;共有(community的复数) economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的;
If you can reduce the initial response by one day, you can reduce the overall recovery by a thousand days, or three years. 如果最初的应急响应能提前一天, 灾后重建工作就能缩短 1000天,大约3年。
initial:adj.最初的; n.(名字的)首字母; v.用姓名的首字母作标记(或签名)于; response:n.响应;反应;回答; overall:v.全部; n.外套; adj.全面的; recovery:n.恢复,复原;痊愈;重获;
See how that works? 知道为什么吗？
If the initial responders can get in, save lives, mitigate whatever flooding danger there is, that means the other groups can get in to restore the water, the roads, the electricity , 如果应急响应小组能够（及时）行动,拯救遇难者, 缓解洪水或者其他灾害的影响, 其他团队就可以（尽快）开始 恢复供水,交通,电力,
responders:n.响应器;回答者;(responder的复数) mitigate:vt.使缓和,使减轻;vi.减轻,缓和下来; restore:v.恢复;修复;恢复(某种情况或感受);使复原; electricity:n.电力;电流;强烈的紧张情绪;
which means then the construction people, the insurance agents , all of them can get in to rebuild the houses, which then means you can restore the economy , and maybe even make it better and more resilient to the next disaster. 这样的话,施工人员,保险代理人, 所有人都可以（尽快）开始重建房屋, 经济就能（迅速）恢复, 甚至变得更好,提高今后对灾难的抗打击能力。
construction:n.建设;建筑物;解释;造句; insurance:n.保险;保险业;保险费;保费;adj.胜券在握的; agents:n.代理人,经纪人;原动力;(agent的复数) economy:n.经济;节约;理财; resilient:adj.弹回的,有弹力的;
A major insurance company told me that if they can get a homeowner's claim processed one day earlier, it'll make a difference of six months in that person getting their home repaired. 一家大型的保险公司曾告诉我 如果他们能够提早一天处理房主的理赔申请, 房主的房屋就可以 提前六个月修好。
claim:v.要求;声称;需要;认领;n.要求;声称;索赔;断言;值得; processed:v.加工,处理;审核;列队行进;(process的过去式和过去分词) make a difference:有影响,有关系;
And that's why I do disaster robotics -- because robots can make a disaster go away faster. 这就是为什么我研究救灾机器人—— 因为机器人能够更快地应对灾难。
robotics:n.机器人学;
Now, you've already seen a couple of these. 相信大家以前都见过无人机。
These are the UAVs. 这些是无人机
These are two types of UAVs: a rotorcraft , or hummingbird; a fixed-wing , a hawk . 这里有两种无人机: 一种是旋翼机,也叫“蜂鸟”; 另一种是固定翼的,也叫“雄鹰”。
rotorcraft:na.(航)旋翼飞机; fixed-wing:固定翼; hawk:v.兜售,沿街叫卖;捕捉;咳出;n.鹰;鹰派成员;掠夺他人的人;
And they're used extensively since 2005 -- 它们从2005年卡特里娜飓风起
extensively:adv.广阔地;广大地;
Hurricane Katrina. 就被广泛使用。
Hurricane:n.飓风,暴风;
Let me show you how this hummingbird , this rotorcraft, works. 我们来看看“蜂鸟”是如何工作的。
hummingbird:n.蜂鸟;
Fantastic for structural engineers. “蜂鸟”对结构工程师帮助巨大。
Fantastic:奇异的,空想的 structural:adj.结构的;建筑的;
Being able to see damage from angles you can't get from binoculars on the ground or from a satellite image, or anything flying at a higher angle. 能帮助你从不同角度观察受损情况,而这些角度无论是地面望远镜, 还是卫星图像, 或者其他任何高空飞行器都无法提供。
binoculars:n.双筒望远镜;
But it's not just structural engineers and insurance people who need this. （无人机）不光能帮助结构工程师和保险业者。
You've got things like this fixed-wing, this hawk. 比如这架“雄鹰”固定翼无人机,
Now, this hawk can be used for geospatial surveys . 可以用来做地理空间测绘。
geospatial:n.地理空间; surveys:n.调查(survey的复数);
That's where you're pulling imagery together and getting 3D reconstruction . 将它拍摄的图像拼在一起, 就能生成3D图像。
imagery:n.像;意象;比喻;形象化; reconstruction:n.再建,重建;改造;复兴;
We used both of these at the Oso mudslides up in Washington State, because the big problem was geospatial and hydrological understanding of the disaster -- not the search and rescue . 我们在华盛顿州的奥索泥石流灾害中用到了这两种无人机, 因为难点在于 了解灾害的地理和水文性质, 而不是搜寻和救援。
mudslides:泥石流; hydrological:adj.水文学的; rescue:n.救援;抢救;营救;获救;v.抢救;营救;援救;
The search and rescue teams had it under control and knew what they were doing. 这是搜寻救援队的工作, 他们是专业的。
The bigger problem was that river and mudslide might wipe them out and flood the responders. 更严重的问题是河水和泥石流可能会把 救援队冲走。
wipe:v.擦;抹;拭;消除;n.擦;拭;揩;(湿)抹布;
And not only was it challenging to the responders and property damage, it's also putting at risk the future of salmon fishing along that part of Washington State. 这不仅会造成救援队人身和财产损失, 还会对未来华盛顿州地区的三文鱼捕捞 带来不利影响。
salmon:n.鲑鱼;大马哈鱼;鲑肉色;鲑鱼肉;橙红色,粉橙色;adj.浅澄色的;
So they needed to understand what was going on. 所以他们需要了解灾害情况。
In seven hours, going from Arlington , driving from the Incident Command Post to the site , flying the UAVs, processing the data, driving back to Arlington command post -- seven hours. 在7小时内,（我们）从阿灵顿的 灾难指挥所开车到事发现场,操控无人机, 处理得到的数据,开车回到阿灵顿指挥所, （总共）七个小时。
Arlington:n.阿林顿(美国马萨诸塞州一城市); site:n.地点;位置;场所;v.设置;为…选址; processing:v.加工;处理;审核;数据处理;v.列队行进;缓缓前进;(process的现在分词)
We gave them in seven hours data that they could take only two to three days to get any other way -- and at higher resolution . 我们在七个小时内提供给他们的数据, 如果用别的方式可能需要两三天。 而且（我们的数据）分辨率更高。
resolution:n.解决;分辨;解析;决议;
It's a game changer . 这是一个巨大的突破。
changer:n.转换开关装置;改变者(change的名词形式);
And don't just think about the UAVs. 但还有比它们更厉害的。
I mean, they are sexy -- but remember, 80 percent of the world's population lives by water, and that means our critical infrastructure is underwater -- the parts that we can't get to, like the bridges and things like that. 没错,无人机确实很神奇——但请记住, 世界上80%的人口都生活在水边, 这就意味着我们关键的基础设施都在水里—— 而我们无法到达,比如桥梁等设施。
critical:adj.鉴定的;[核]临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的; infrastructure:n.基础设施;公共建设;下部构造; underwater:adj.在水中的;水面下的;adv.在水下;n.水下;
And that's why we have unmanned marine vehicles , one type of which you've already met, which is SARbot, a square dolphin . 于是我们发明了水下无人机器人, 大家看到的这个是SARbot,又叫“方形海豚”。
unmanned:adj.无人的; v.使失去男子气质(unman的过去式和过去分词形式); marine:adj.海的;海产的;海生的;海船的;n.(尤指美国或英国皇家)海军陆战队士兵; vehicles:n.车辆;飞行器;运行工具;(vehicles是vehicle的复数) dolphin:n.海豚;
It goes underwater and uses sonar . 它能潜入水中并使用声纳。
sonar:n.声纳;声波定位仪(等于asdic);
Well, why are marine vehicles so important and why are they very, very important? 为什么水下机器人如此重要？ 原因是什么？
They get overlooked . （因为）它们常被人忽视。
overlooked:n.被忽视;v.忽视(overlook的过去式和过去分词形式);忽略;俯瞰;
Think about the Japanese tsunami -- 400 miles of coastland totally devastated , twice the amount of coastland devastated by Hurricane Katrina in the United States. 回顾一下日本海啸—— 总共400英里的海岸线被完全摧毁, 是美国卡特里娜飓风摧毁的海岸线长度的两倍。
tsunami:n.海啸; coastland:n.沿海地区; devastated:adj.不安的,混乱的,震惊的; v.彻底破坏; (devastate的过去分词和过去式)
You're talking about your bridges, your pipelines, your ports -- wiped out. 所有的桥梁,管道,港口都被完全摧毁。
And if you don't have a port, you don't have a way to get in enough relief supplies to support a population. 如果没有港口, 就无法运输足够的救灾物资 去支援受灾人群。
relief:n.救济;减轻,解除;安慰;浮雕;
That was a huge problem at the Haiti earthquake. 这在海地地震时就是一个巨大的难题。
Haiti:n.海地;
So we need marine vehicles. 所以,我们需要水下机器人。
Now, let's look at a viewpoint from the SARbot of what they were seeing. 现在,我们从SARbot的角度 看看它能看见什么。
viewpoint:n.观点;角度;看法;
We were working on a fishing port. 我们曾帮助过一个渔港。
We were able to reopen that fishing port, using her sonar, in four hours. 在（SARbot的）声纳帮助下,我们在四个小时内就让渔港恢复了工作。
reopen:v.重新开业;重新处理;恢复;
That fishing port was told it was going to be six months before they could get a manual team of divers in, and it was going to take the divers two weeks. 渔港原本被告知,潜水员 要六个月之后才能开始工作, 工作时间还需要两个星期。
manual:n.说明书;指南;使用手册;adj.用手的;手工的;体力的;手动的; divers:adj.不同种类的,各式各样的;
They were going to miss the fall fishing season, which was the major economy for that part, which is kind of like their Cape Cod. 这样一来他们会错过秋季渔汛, 那是当地的主要经济来源,有点像咱们的鲟鱼角。
Cape:n.披肩;披风;短斗篷;地角;
UMVs, very important. 水下机器人,非常重要。
But you know, all the robots I've shown you have been small, and that's because robots don't do things that people do. 我给大家展示的机器人都很小, 因为它们需要做的,是人类做不了的事。
They go places people can't go. 需要前往的,是人类去不了的地方。
And a great example of that is Bujold. 其中具有代表性的机器人是布约德。
Unmanned ground vehicles are particularly small, so Bujold -- 陆地无人机都特别小, 布约德
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地;
(Laughter) （笑声）
Say hello to Bujold. 向布约德问好。
(Laughter) （笑声）
Bujold was used extensively at the World Trade Center to go through Towers 1, 2 and 4. 布约德在世贸中心救援中被广泛使用, 它可以穿过一、二和三号大楼,
You're climbing into the rubble , rappelling down, going deep in spaces. 从上方钻入废墟,一路向下,进到很深的地方。
rubble:n.碎石,碎砖;粗石堆; rappelling:n.绳索下降;vi.用绳索下降(rappel的现在分词);
And just to see the World Trade Center from Bujold's viewpoint, look at this. 这是从布约德的角度来看世界贸易中心。
You're talking about a disaster where you can't fit a person or a dog -- and it's on fire. 在这场灾难中,你无法派人或狗进入现场, 而且到处都是大火。
The only hope of getting to a survivor way in the basement, you have to go through things that are on fire. 想要救出被困在地下室的幸存者, 只能通过熊熊燃烧的火场。
It was so hot, on one of the robots, the tracks began to melt and come off. 现场温度很高,其中一个机器人的履带都融化脱落了。
tracks:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪;(track的第三人称单数和复数) melt:v.融化;(使)软化;
Robots don't replace people or dogs, or hummingbirds or hawks or dolphins. 机器人并不能取代人或者狗, 也不能取代蜂鸟,老鹰或海豚。
hummingbirds:n.[鸟]蜂鸟(hummingbird的复数形式);
They do things new. 它们能够做与众不同的事。
They assist the responders, the experts, in new and innovative ways. 它们用创新的方式协助救援队和专家。
innovative:adj.革新的,创新的;
The biggest problem is not making the robots smaller, though. 现在最大的挑战并不是把机器人变得更小。
It's not making them more heat-resistant . 也不是让它们更加耐热。
heat-resistant:adj.抗热的;
It's not making more sensors . 也不是安装更多的传感器。
sensors:n.[自]传感器,感应器;感测器(sensor的复数);
The biggest problem is the data, the informatics , because these people need to get the right data at the right time . 最大的难题是（处理）数据和信息, 因为人们需要在正确的时间得到准确的信息。
informatics:n.[图情][计]信息学;情报学(复数用作单数); at the right time:在适当时候;
So wouldn't it be great if we could have experts immediately access the robots without having to waste any time of driving to the site, so whoever's there, use their robots over the Internet. 如果专家们能实时获取机器人取得的数据, 不需要等机器人回到指挥所, 可以直接在线使用机器人,那该有多棒。
Well, let's think about that. 让我们想象一下。
Let's think about a chemical train derailment in a rural county . 如果一列装载化学品的列车在偏远地区脱轨,
chemical:n.化学制品,化学药品;adj.化学的; derailment:n.出轨; rural:adj.农村的,乡下的;田园的,有乡村风味的; county:n.郡,县;
What are the odds that the experts, your chemical engineer, your railroad transportation engineers, have been trained on whatever UAV that particular county happens to have? 专家们,比如化学工程师, 铁道运输工程师, 有多大的几率当地正好有他们会使用的无人机呢？
odds:n.几率;胜算;不平等;差别; transportation:n.运输;运输系统;运输工具;流放;
Probably, like, none. 也许完全没有。
So we're using these kinds of interfaces to allow people to use the robots without knowing what robot they're using, or even if they're using a robot or not. 所以我们开发了一种（通用）界面, 人们即使对自己使用的机器人不熟悉,也能（正常）操纵它们, 甚至都不需要知道他们在操纵机器人。
interfaces:n.分界面; v.把界面缝合; (interface的复数)
What the robots give you, what they give the experts, is data. 机器人提供给我们的,给专家的,是数据。
The problem becomes: who gets what data when? 接下来的问题是:（如何决定）谁在什么时候得到何种数据？
One thing to do is to ship all the information to everybody and let them sort it out. 一种办法是把所有的信息给所有的人 让他们自己筛选。
Well, the problem with that is it overwhelms the networks, and worse yet, it overwhelms the cognitive abilities of each of the people trying to get that one nugget of information they need to make the decision that's going to make the difference. 但这样做可能会导致（传输数据的）网络超载。 更糟的是,它可能超越了人类认知能力（的极限）, 因为每个人都需要从（海量）数据中筛选出自己所需要的那一小部分, 来作决定,而这决定可能关乎生死。
overwhelms:vt.压倒;淹没;受打击; cognitive:adj.认知的,认识的; nugget:n.天然金块,矿块;珍闻,珍品;
So we need to think about those kinds of challenges. 所以我们要再三斟酌。
So it's the data. 这是关于数据的难题。
Going back to the World Trade Center, we tried to solve that problem by just recording the data from Bujold only when she was deep in the rubble, because that's what the USAR team said they wanted. 再来看世贸中心救援, 我们是在布约德进入废墟深处后 才开始记录数据的, 因为这是坍塌搜救专队的要求。
What we didn't know at the time was that the civil engineers would have loved, needed the data as we recorded the box beams , the serial numbers, the locations , as we went into the rubble. 而有一件事我们当时不知道, 就是土木工程师十分需要了解 箱型梁的编号和位置,而这些数据在机器人刚进入废墟时, 就应该开始记录。
civil:adj.公民的;民间的;文职的;有礼貌的;根据民法的; beams:[建]梁; serial:adj.顺序排列的; n.电视连续剧; locations:n.地方;地点;位置;定位(location的复数)
We lost valuable data. 我们失去了重要的数据。
valuable:adj.有价值的;贵重的;可估价的;n.贵重物品;
So the challenge is getting all the data and getting it to the right people. 所以难题就在于收集所有的数据 并交给需要的人。
Now, here's another reason. 还有另一个原因。
We've learned that some buildings -- things like schools, hospitals, city halls -- get inspected four times by different agencies throughout the response phases . 我们得知一些建筑物—— 比如学校、医院、市政府—— 在应急响应过程中被不同的机构 检查了四次。
inspected:v.检查;查看;审视;视察;(inspect的过去式和过去分词) agencies:n.代理;代理处(agency的复数); throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; phases:n.阶段,时期(phase的复数形式);v.逐步实行(phase的三单形式);
Now, we're looking, if we can get the data from the robots to share, not only can we do things like compress that sequence of phases to shorten the response time , but now we can begin to do the response in parallel . 如果我们能够分享机器人收集的数据, 我们不仅能简化响应程序, 缩短响应时间, 我们还可以同时开展多项工作。
compress:vi.受压缩小;vt.压缩,压紧;精简; sequence:n.顺序; v.按顺序排列; shorten:vt.缩短;减少;变短;vi.缩短;变短; response time:n.反应时间;回应时间; parallel:adj.平行的; v.与…相似; n.极其相似的人(或情况、事件等);
Everybody can see the data. （因为）数据是共享的,
We can shorten it that way. 我们可以节约时间。
So really, "disaster robotics" is a misnomer . 其实,“灾难机器人”这个描述不是很贴切。
misnomer:n.用词不当;误称;写错姓名;
It's not about the robots. 因为关键不在于机器人,
It's about the data. 而是数据。
(Applause) （掌声）
So my challenge to you: the next time you hear about a disaster, look for the robots. 交给大家一项任务: 如果之后听到关于灾难的报道, 多关注一下机器人。
They may be underground, they may be underwater, they may be in the sky, but they should be there. 它们可能在地下,可能在水底, 也可能在空中, 但是它们肯定在现场。
Look for the robots, because robots are coming to the rescue. 去找一找机器人的身影, 因为机器人来救援了。
(Applause) （掌声）