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RobertWright_2009P-_同情心的进化论_
I'm going to talk about compassion and the golden rule from a secular perspective and even from a kind of scientific perspective. 我将要谈谈同情心和黄金法则 从一个非宗教的角度,更从一种科学的角度。
compassion:n.同情;怜悯; golden rule:n.成功之重要原则;指导原则; secular:adj.世俗的; n.修道院外的教士,(对宗教家而言的)俗人; perspective:n.观点;远景;透视图;adj.透视的; scientific:adj.科学的,系统的;
I'm going to try to give you a little bit of a natural history of compassion and the golden rule. 我将试图告诉你一点 同情心和黄金法则的自然历史。
a little bit of a:一点点了; natural history:n.自然史;
So, I'm going to be sometimes using kind of clinical language, and so it's not going to sound as warm and fuzzy maybe as your average compassion talk. 所以,我有的时候将会用比较客观的语言, 所以可能不会听起来温暖和模糊 就像你一般听到的有关同情心的演讲。
clinical:adj.临床的;诊所的; fuzzy:adj.模糊的;失真的;有绒毛的;
I want to warn you about that. 我想提醒你这点。
So, I do want to say, at the outset , that I think, you know, compassion's great. 所以,我确实想说,起初,我觉得,同情心很棒。
outset:n.开始;开端;
The golden rule is great. I'm a big supporter of both. 黄金法则很棒。我是它们俩的超级支持者。
supporter:n.支持者;拥护者;
And I think it's great that the religions of the world, the leaders of the religions of the world are affirming compassion and the golden rule as fundamental principles that are integral to their faiths. 而且我觉得世界上的宗教, 世界上的宗教领袖 断言同情心和黄金法则是 他们的信仰的基础原则也是件很棒的事。
affirming:v.肯定属实;申明;断言(affirm的现在分词) fundamental:n.基础; adj.十分重大的; principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数) integral:adj.积分的;完整的,整体的;必须的;n.积分;部分;完整;
At the same time , I think religions don't deserve all the credit. 同时,我想宗教并不是万能的。
At the same time:同时;另一方面;与此同时; deserve:vi.应受,应得;
I think nature kind of gave them a helping hand here. 我觉得在这方面自然帮了它们一把。
I'm going to argue tonight that compassion and the golden rule are, in a certain sense, built in to human nature . 今晚我要讨论的是同情和黄金法则 在一定程度上,是人性自然的一部分。
human nature:n.人性;
Okay. But I'm also going to argue that once you understand the sense in which they are built into human nature, then you realize that just affirming compassion, and affirming the golden rule, is really not enough. 好。但是我还觉得 一旦你理解了他们是人性自然的一部分的感觉后, 你将意识到只是确认同情心, 确认黄金法则,是远远不够的。
There's a lot of work to be done after that. Okay. 之后还有很多工作要做。好。
Okay. So, quick natural history, first, compassion. 好。所以,很快的过一下自然历史,首先,同情心。
In the beginning, there was compassion, and, I mean, not just when human beings first showed up, but actually even before that. 在最初,出现了同情心, 而且,我的意思是,不只是人类出现的时候, 而事实上是更早。
I think it's probably the case that, in the human evolutionary lineage , even before there were homo sapiens , feelings like compassion and love and sympathy had earned their way, kind of, into the gene pool , and biologists have a pretty clear idea of how this first happened. 我想这可能是这样,在人类的演化谱系, 甚至比智人出现的更早, 同情心、爱和怜悯的感觉 已经找到了进入基因库的方式, 并且生物学家对它最初的出现已经有了很清晰的想法。
evolutionary:adj.进化的;发展的;渐进的; lineage:n.血统;家系,[遗]世系; homo sapiens:n.智人(现代人类); sympathy:n.同情;慰问;赞同; gene pool:n.基因库(某物种的全部基因); biologists:n.生物学家(biologist的复数);
It happened through a principle known as kin selection . 它是通过亲缘选择的原则出现的。
kin:n.亲戚;家族;同族;adj.同类的;有亲属关系的;性质类似的; selection:n.选择;选拔;挑选;被挑选的人(或物);
And the basic idea of kin selection is that, if an animal feels compassion for a close relative , and this compassion leads the animal to help the relative , 亲缘选择的基本想法是, 如果一个动物对近亲有同情的感觉, 而且这种同情使这个动物去帮助这个亲戚,
relative:adj.相对的;有关系的;成比例的;n.亲戚;相关物;[语]关系词;亲缘植物;
then in the end, the compassion actually winds up helping the genes underlying the compassion itself. 最终,这种同情心事实上帮助这个基因 隐含在这个同情心本身。
genes:n.基因;(gene的复数) underlying:adj.根本的; v.构成…的基础; (underlie的现在分词)
So, from a biologist's point of view , compassion is actually a gene's way of helping itself. Okay. 所以,从一个生物学家的角度看,同情心是事实上 一个基因帮助它自己的方式。好。
point of view:观点;见地;立场;
I warned you this was not going to be very warm and fuzzy. Okay. 我提醒过你这将不是那么温暖和模糊不清。好吧。
I'll get there. I hope to get a little fuzzier . 我继续。我希望说得有一点模糊。
fuzzier:模糊的;绒软的;头脑糊涂的(fuzzy的比较级);
To me this isn't -- this doesn't bother me so much, that the underlying Darwinian rationale of compassion is kind of self-serving at the genetic level. 对我来说这不是－－这并不让我觉得那么麻烦, 这隐含在达尔文原理的同情心 在基因的层面上是为自我服务的。
bother:v.烦扰,打扰;使…不安;操心,麻烦;n.麻烦;烦恼; Darwinian:adj.达尔文的;达尔文学说的;n.进化论者; rationale:n.基本原理;原理的阐述; self-serving:adj.自私自利的,自私的; genetic:adj.基因的;遗传学的;
Actually, I think what the bad news is about kin selection is just that it means that this kind of compassion is naturally deployed only within the family. 事实上,我觉得坏消息是关于亲缘选择 只是说明这种同情心 只是自然的在家庭里展开的。
naturally:adv.自然地;自然而然地;轻而易举;天生地;大方地; deployed:v.部署(deploy的过去式);展开;
That's the bad news. The good news is compassion is natural. 这是坏消息。好消息是同情心是自然的。
The bad news is that this kin selected compassion is naturally confined to the family. 坏消息是这种亲缘选择的同情心 是自然的被局限在家庭中。
confined:adj.狭窄的; v.限制(confine的过去式和过去分词);
Now, there's more good news that came along later in evolution, a second kind of evolutionary logic . 现在,在之后的进化中有了更多的好消息, 第二种进化的逻辑。
logic:n.逻辑;逻辑学;逻辑性;adj.逻辑的;
Biologists call that reciprocal altruism . Okay. 生物学家称那是互利主义。好的。
reciprocal:adj.互惠的;相互的;倒数的,彼此相反的;n.[数]倒数;互相起作用的事物; altruism:n.利他;利他主义;
And there, the basic idea is that compassion leads you to do good things for people who then will return the favor. 互利主义基本的观点是 同情心带领你去为那些能回报你的人做好事。
Again, you know, I know, this is not as inspiring a notion of compassion as you may have heard in the past, but from a biologist's point of view, this reciprocal altruism kind of compassion, it is ultimately self-serving too. 再一次,你知道,这不是像 你过去听到过的同情心的概念那样鼓舞人心, 但是从一个生物学家的角度看,这种互利主义的同情心, 最终还是为自我服务的。
inspiring:adj.鼓舞人心的;灌输的;v.鼓舞;激发;使感悟;(inspire的现在分词) notion:n.观念;信念;理解; ultimately:adv.最终;最后;归根结底;终究;
It's not that people think that when they feel the compassion. 那不是人在感觉到同情心的时候想的。
It's not consciously self-serving, but, to a biologist, that's the logic. 那不是有意识的为自我服务,但是,对于一个生物学家来说,那就是他的逻辑。
consciously:adv.自觉地;有意识地;
And so, you wind up most easily extending compassion to friends and allies . 所以,你会最容易对你的朋友和同盟者产生同情心。
extending:v.使伸长;扩大;扩展;延长;(extend的现在分词) allies:n.盟友,支持者:v.与…结盟(ally的第三人称单数和复数)
I'm sure a lot of you, if a close friend has something really terrible happen to them, you feel really bad. 我确信你们大多数人,当一个亲近的朋友身上发生了非常严重的事情时, 你会感觉很糟。
But if you read in the newspaper that something really horrible happened to somebody you've never heard of, you know, you can probably live with that. Okay. 但是如果你是在看报纸 上写有一些很可怕的事情发生在一些你从来不认识的人身上的时候, 你知道,你可以没什么事。好的。
horrible:可怕的,极讨厌的,
That's just human nature. 那只是人类的本性。
So, it's another good news bad news story. 所以,这是另一个好消息坏消息的故事。
It's good that compassion was extended beyond the family by this kind of evolutionary logic. 好消息是因为同情心在进化的逻辑中 超越了家庭的范畴。
extended:adj.延长了的;扩展了的;v.使伸长;扩大;扩展;(extend的过去式和过去分词)
The bad news is this doesn't bring us universal compassion by itself. Okay. 坏消息这没有给我们带来普遍存在的同情心。好的。
universal:adj.普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的;
So, there's still work to be done. 所以,还有要做的工作。
Now, there's one other result of this dynamic called reciprocal altruism, which I think is kind of good news, which is that the way that this is played out in the human species , okay, it has given people a kind of intuitive appreciation of the golden rule. Okay. 现在,这种互利主义带来了另外一种结果, 我觉得是个很好的消息, 那是以人类物种作为完结,好的, 那使人们对黄金法则有一种直觉的鉴赏。好的。
dynamic:n.动力; adj.充满活力的; played out:adj.失去影响(或作用); species:n.[生物]物种;种类; intuitive:adj.直觉的;凭直觉获知的; appreciation:n.升值;欣赏;感谢;增值;
I don't quite mean that the golden rule itself is written in our genes, but you can go to a hunter gatherer society that has had no exposure to any of the great religious traditions, no exposure to ethical philosophy , 我的意思不是说黄金法则是我们基因的一部分, 但是你可以去一个猎人聚集的, 没有任何宗教传统的社会, 没有伦理道德哲学的显现,
gatherer:n.采集者,收集器; exposure:n.暴露;显露;揭露;面临; religious:adj.宗教的;虔诚的;严谨的;修道的;n.修道士;尼姑; ethical:adj.伦理的;道德的;凭处方出售的;n.处方药; philosophy:n.哲学;哲理;人生观;
and you'll find, if you spend time with these people, that, basically , they believe that one good turn deserves another, and that bad deeds should be punished. 然后你会发现,如果你花时间和这些人在一起, 那么,基本上,他们做好事应该得到回报, 做坏事应该被惩罚。
basically:adv.主要地,基本上; deserves:v.值得;应得;应受;(deserve的第三人称单数) deeds:n.行为;行动;(尤指房产)契约,证书;(deed的复数)
And evolutionary psychologists think that these intuitions have a basis in the genes. 而且进化论的心理学家认为这些直觉在基因中是有基础的。
psychologists:n.[心理]心理学家(psychologist的复数形式); intuitions:n.直觉;直觉力;直觉的知识;
So, they do understand that if you want to be treated well, you treat other people well. 所以,他们明白如果你要被很好的对待, 你应该对很好的对待别人。
treated:v.以…态度对待;把…看作;(treat的过去分词和过去式)
And it's good to treat other people well. 而且对别人好是一件好事。
That's close to being a kind of built in intuition. 那差不多是在直觉中被建立的。
So, that's good news. Now, if you've been paying attention, you're probably anticipating that there's bad news here, okay, that we still aren't to universal love, 所以,那是好消息。现在,如果你注意听了, 你可能正在想坏消息是什么,好的, 那就是我们还没达到普遍存在的爱,
anticipating:v.预料;预期;预见;期盼;期望;(anticipate的现在分词)
and it's true because, although an appreciation of the golden rule is natural, it's also natural to kind of carve out exceptions to the golden rule. Okay. 而且那是真的,因为,虽然对黄金法则的理解是自然的, 但是这也很自然地雕刻出黄金法则的例外情况。
carve:vt.雕刻;切开;开创;vi.切开;做雕刻工作;
I mean, for example, none of us, probably, want to go to prison, but we all think that there are some people who should go to prison. Right? 我的意思是,例如,我们中间没有人,或许,想进监狱, 但是我们老是觉得有一些人应该被关在监狱里。对吧？
So, we think we should treat them differently than we would want to be treated. 所以,我们觉得我们应该对他们和他们对我们不一样。
Now, we have a rationale for that. 现在,我们对于这个有一个基本原理。
We say they did these bad things that make it just that they should go to prison. 我们说他们做了坏事所以他们就应该进监狱。
None of us really extends the golden rule in truly diffuse and universal fashion. 我们中间没有人真的将用真实的扩散的并且全面的方式将黄金法则扩大。
extends:v.使伸长;扩大;扩展;延长;使延期;(extend的第三人称单数) diffuse:adj.弥漫的;散开的;v.扩散;传播;漫射;
We have the capacity to carve out exceptions, put people in a special category . 我们有这个能力去雕刻出例外情况, 将人放在一个特殊的类别里。
capacity:n.能力;容量;资格,地位;生产力; category:n.种类,分类;[数]范畴;
And the problem is that, although in the case of sending people to prison, you have this impartial judiciary determining , you know, who gets excluded from the golden rule, 问题是,虽然是这种把人送进监狱的情况, 你有中立的法官 来决定,你知道,那是黄金法则之外的人,
impartial:adj.公平的,公正的;不偏不倚的; judiciary:n.司法部;法官;司法制度;adj.司法的;法官的;法院的; determining:v.查明;测定;准确算出;决定;支配;裁决;(determine的现在分词) excluded:v.排除;拒绝;把…除外;驱除;(excluded是exclude的过去分词)
that in everyday life, the way we all make these decisions about who we're not going to extend the golden rule to, we use a much rougher and readier formula , 在每一天生活中,我们作出对于 谁将被排除在黄金法则之外的决定, 我们用一个更加粗糟和准备好的公式,
formula:n.公式; adj.(赛车)方程式的(指赛车要符合规定的体积,重量及汽缸容量等);
and basically it's just like, if you're my enemy, if you're my rival , okay, if you're not my friend, if you're not in my family, 并且基本上是,如果你是我的敌人,如果你是我的竞争对手,好的, 如果你不是我的朋友,如果你不是我的家庭成员,
rival:v.与…相匹敌;比得上;adj.竞争的;n.竞争对手;
I'm much less inclined to apply the golden rule to you. Okay. 我将更少的倾向于将你纳入黄金法则。好的。
inclined:adj.有…倾向; v.(使)倾向于,有…的趋势; (incline的过去分词和过去式) apply:v.申请;涂,敷;应用;适用;请求;
We all kind of do that, and you see it all over the world. 我们都差不多这样做, 而且你可以看到整个世界都是这样。
You know, you see it in the Middle East . 你知道,你看中东。
Middle East:n.中东(包括亚洲西南部和非洲东北部);
People who, from Gaza, are firing missiles at Israel . 从加沙来的人正在向以色列发射导弹。
missiles:n.导弹;发射物;投掷物;(missile的复数) Israel:n.以色列(亚洲国家);犹太人,以色列人;
They wouldn't want to have missiles fired at them, but they say, "Well, but the Israelis , or some of them have done things that put them in a special category." 他们不想向他们发射导弹,但是他们说, “那,但是以色列人,或者一些以色列人以前做过一些事情 可以使被放在一个特殊的类别里。”
Israelis:以色列人,以色列国民(Israeli的名词复数);
The Israelis would not want to have an economic blockade imposed on them, but they impose one on Gaza, and they say, "Well, the Palestinians, or some of them, have brought this on themselves." 以色列人不希望经济封锁强加在他们身上, 但是他们希望强加在加沙,而且他们说, “那,巴勒斯坦人,或者是一些巴勒斯坦人,他们自找的。“
economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; blockade:vt.封锁;n.阻塞; imposed:adj.强加的;施加的;应用的;v.欺骗(impose的过去分词);把…强加于;
So, it's these exclusions to the golden rule that amount to a lot of the world's trouble. 所以,正是这些黄金法则的例外情况给世界造成了很多麻烦。
exclusions:n.除外(exclusion的复数形式);排除给付;除外条款;
And it's natural to do that. 而且他们是很自然的这样做的。
So, the fact that the golden rule is in some sense built in to us is not, by itself, going to bring us universal love. 所以,在某种程度上黄金发则是我们一部分的这个事实, 靠它自己不能给我们带来普遍性的爱。
It's not going to save the world. 它拯救不了世界。
Now, there's one piece of good news I have that may save the world. Okay. 现在,我有一个能拯救世界的好消息。好。
Are you on the edges of your seats here? 你现在紧张吗？
Good, because before I tell you about that good news, 好,因为在我告诉你这个好消息之前,
I'm going to have to take a little excursion through some academic terrain . 我将不得不涉猎一下学术的领域。
excursion:n.偏移;远足;短程旅行;离题;游览,游览团; academic:adj.学术的;理论的;学院的;n.大学生,大学教师;学者; terrain:n.[地理]地形,地势;领域;地带;
So, I hope I've got your attention with this promise of good news that may save the world. 所以,我希望我已经得到了你对于 这个能拯救世界的好消息的关注。
It's this non-zero sumness stuff you just heard a little bit about. 它是你们刚听到一点的总和非零。
non-zero:adj.非零; stuff:n.东西:物品:基本特征:v.填满:装满:标本:
It's just quick introduction to game theory . 这只是对游戏理论的一个很快的介绍。
game theory:n.博弈论;对策论;
This won't hurt. Okay. 不会让人很难受。好。
It's about zero sum and non-zero-sum games. 这是有关“零和”与“非零和”的游戏。
If you ask what kind of a situation is conducive to people becoming friends and allies, the technical answer is a non-zero sum situation. 如果你问什么样的情况 有利于人们成为朋友和盟友, 技术的回答是非零总和的情况。
conducive:adj.有益的;有助于…的; technical:adj.工艺的,科技的;技术上的;专门的;
And if you ask what kind of situation is conducive to people defining people as enemies, it's kind of a zero sum situation. Okay. 如果你问什么样的情况 是有利于人们定义敌人的概念, 那是零和的情况。好。
defining:v.解释(词语)的含义;给(词语)下定义;阐明;界定;(define的现在分词)
So, what do those terms mean? 那么,这些词汇的意思是什么？
Basically, a zero sum game, is the kind you're used to in sports, where there's a winner and a loser. 基本上,一个零和的游戏,是你习惯在运动会中遇到的, 其中有优胜者和失败者。
So, their fortunes add up to zero. Okay. 所以,他们的情况加起来是零。
fortunes:n.命运,机遇(fortune复数形式); v.给…以大宗财富(fortune的第三人称单数形式);
So, in tennis, every point is either good for you and bad for the other person, or good for them, bad for you. 那么,在网球比赛中,每一分都是对于你是好的,对于另外那个人是坏的, 或者是对于另外那些人是好的,对于你是坏的。
Either way, your fortunes add up to zero.That's a zero sum game. 不管怎么看,你们的情况加起来都是零。这就是零和游戏。
Now, if you're playing doubles, then the person on your side of the net is in a non-zero sum relationship with you, because every point is either good for both of you, positive , win win, or bad for both of you, it's lose lose. Okay. 现在,如果你玩双打, 那么在你网子这边的人 与你就是非零和的关系。 因为每一分不是对你们俩同时都是好的,积极的,双赢, 就是对你们两个同时都是坏的,双输。好。
positive:adj.积极的;[数]正的,[医][化学]阳性的;确定的;n.正数;[摄]正片;
That's a non-zero sum game. 那个是非零和的游戏。
And in real life, there are lots of non-zero sum games. 那么在现实生活中,有很多非零和的游戏。
In the realm of economics, say, if you buy something, that means you'd rather have the merchandise than the money, but the merchant would rather have the money than the merchandise. 在经济领域中,比方说,如果你买东西, 那意味着你宁愿要商品也不要钱, 但是商人是宁愿要钱也不要商品。
realm:n.领域,范围;王国; merchandise:n.商品;货品;相关商品;v.推销;(运用广告等)销售; merchant:n.商人;批发商;(尤指)进出口批发商;(某活动的)爱好者;adj.海上货运的; would rather:宁愿,宁可;
You both feel you won. Okay. 你们两个都感觉你们赢了。好。
In a war, two allies are playing a non-zero sum game. 在战争中,两个同盟正在玩非零和的游戏。
It's going to either be win-win or lose-lose for them. 那对于他们将是双赢或者双输。
win-win:adj.双赢的;互利互惠的; lose-lose:adj.对双方都不利的;双输的;
So, there are lots of non-zero sum games in real life. 这样,在现实生活中有很多的非零和的游戏。
And you could basically reformulate what I said earlier, about how compassion is deployed and the golden rule is deployed, by just saying, well, compassion most naturally flows along non-zero sum channels 那么你基本上可以再用形式表示我刚才说的, 关于同情心和黄金法则是怎么被调用的话, 只是说的话,那么,同情心最自然地在非零和的渠道中流淌,
reformulate:vt.再用形式表示;
where people perceive themselves as being in potentially a win-win situation with some of their friends or allies. 那样人们把他们自己看成与他们的 朋友或者同盟是潜在的双赢关系。
perceive:v.注意到;意识到;将…理解为;认为; potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地;
The deployment of the golden rule most naturally happens along these non-zero sum channels. 黄金法则的调用 最自然的发生在这些非零和的遇到中。
deployment:n.调度,部署;
So, kind of webs of non-zero sumness, are where you would expect compassion and the golden rule to kind of work their magic. 所以,非零和的网, 是你可以期待同情心和黄金法则 发挥他们神奇力量的地方。
With zero sum channels you would expect something else. 零和的渠道,你只能期待别的了。
Okay. So, now you're ready for the good news that I said might save the world. 好。那么,现在你已经准备好来听我刚才说可能拯救世界的那个好消息了。
And now I can admit that it might not too, now that I've held your attention for three minutes of technical stuff. 那现在我可以承认那也不一定能拯救世界, 现在我已经让你注意了三分钟的技术的东西。
But it may. And the good news is that history has naturally expanded these webs of non-zero sumness, okay, these webs that can be these channels for compassion. 但是它是有可能的。而且好消息是历史 已经自然地将非零和的网扩展, 这些网可以是同情心的渠道。
expanded:adj.扩充的;展开的;vt.扩大(expand的过去式);
You can go back all the way to the stone age , and, I think, from technological evolution, roads, the wheel , writing, a lot of transportation and communication technologies have just inexorably made it so that more people can be in more non-zero sum relationships with more and more people at greater and greater distances. Okay. 你可以一直回到石器时代, 而且,我想,从技术革命,公路,轮胎,写字, 很多交通和交流技术 正是无情的使更多的人 能够和 更多的人在更远的距离中拥有跟多的非零和的关系。
stone age:n.石器时代; technological:adj.技术[工程](上)的;因工艺技术高度发展而引起的; wheel:车轮,转动 transportation:n.运输;运输系统;运输工具;流放; technologies:n.技术;科技(technology的复数); inexorably:adj.不可逆转的,不可阻挡的;adj.无情地;冷酷地;
That's kind of the story of civilization . 那也差不多使人类文明的故事。
civilization:n.文明;文明社会;文明世界;(特定时期和地区的)社会文明;
It's why social organization has grown from the hunter gatherer village to the ancient state, the empire, now here we are in a globalized world. 这是为什么社会组织已经从猎采的村子 发展成古代的国家,王国,和现在我们在的全球的世界。
organization:n.组织;机构;体制;团体; globalized:vt.使全球化;
And the story of globalization is largely a story of non-zero sumness. 全球化的故事是一个很大的非零和的故事。
globalization:n.全球化; largely:adv.主要地;大部分;大量地;
Okay.You've probably heard the term interdependence applied to the modern world. Well, that's just another term for non-zero sum. 你可能已经听说了互相依赖这个词 应用于当今世界。那,这只是非零和的另一个说法。
interdependence:n.互相依赖; applied:adj.应用的;实用的;v.应用;使用;申请,请求;(apply的过去分词和过去式)
If your fortunes are interdependent with somebody, then you live in a non-zero sum relationship with them. 如果你的命运和另一个人的命运相互依赖, 那么你和那些人的关系就是非零和的关系。
interdependent:adj.相互依赖的;互助的;
And you see this all the time in the modern world. 而且在你总是可以在当今的世界看到这种关系。
You saw it with the recent economic crash, where bad things happen in the economy , bad for everybody, for much of the world. 你可以看到在近期的金融危机, 经济发生了很多不好的事, 对每个人都不好,对世界都不好。
economy:n.经济;节约;理财;
Good things happen, it's good for much of the world. 好事发生了,这对世界都好。
And, you know, I'm happy to say, I think there's really evidence that this non-zero sum kind of connection can expand the moral compass. 而且,你知道,我很高兴可以说,我想确实有证据 证明这种非零和的联系 可以扩大道德的范畴。
evidence:n.证据,证明;迹象;明显;v.证明; moral:n.寓意;品行;教益;adj.道德的;道义上的;道德上的;品行端正的;
I mean, if you look at the American attitudes toward Japanese, during World War II, look at the depictions of Japanese, in the American media , as just about subhuman , and look at the fact that we dropped atomic bombs, really without giving it much of a thought. 我的意思是,如果你看美国 对日本的态度,在二战期间, 看对日本人的描写, 在美国的媒体中,就是不是人, 而且看我们扔了原子弹的事实, 真是没有考虑很多。
attitudes:n.态度,看法(attitude复数); depictions:n.描绘;描画;描写;(depiction的复数) media:n.媒体;媒质(medium的复数);血管中层;浊塞音;中脉; subhuman:adj.类人的;近似人类的;低于人类的; atomic:adj.原子的,原子能的;微粒子的;
And you compare that to the attitude now, 但是你对比现在对日本的态度,
compare:v.比较;对比;n.比较;
I think part of that is due to a kind of economic interdependence. 我觉得那部分是根据一种经济互相依赖的关系。
Any form of interdependence, non-zero sum relationship forces you to acknowledge the humanity of people. 任何形式的互相依赖,非零和的关系 迫使你了解人们的人性。
humanity:n.人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科;
So, I think that's good. 所以,我想那很好。
And the world is full of non-zero sum dynamics . 而且世界上充满了非零和的动态。
dynamics:n.动力学,力学;
Environmental problems, in many ways, put us all in the same boat . 环境问题,在很多角度,把我们所有人放在同一个船上。
in the same boat:处境相同;面临同样的危险;
And there are non-zero sum relationships that maybe people aren't aware of. 而且还有一些人们可能还没注意到的非零和的关系。
Okay, so, for example, probably a lot of American Christians don't think of themselves as being in a non-zero sum relationship with Muslims half way around the world, 好,所以,举个例子,可能很多的美国基督徒 并不认为他们和 世界另一头的穆斯林是非零和的关系,
but they really are because if these Muslims become happier and happier with their place in the world and feel that they have a place in it, that's good for Americans because there will be fewer terrorists to threaten American security. 但是他们确实是,因为如果穆斯林 在他们的地方变得越来越高兴,而且觉得他们在世界上拥有一个地方, 那对美国人来说是好事,因为那样汇减少威胁 美国安全的恐怖分子。
If they get less and less happy, that will be bad for Americans. Okay. 如果穆斯林们越来越不快乐,那对美国人来说是坏事儿。好。
So, there's plenty of non-zero sumness. 所以,有很多非零和的存在。
And so, the question is: If there's so much non-zero sumness, why has the world not yet been suffused in love, peace, and understanding? 那所以,问题是:如果有这么多的非零和存在, 那为什么这个世界现在还没有充满爱,和平与理解呢？
suffused:vt.充满;弥漫;
The answer's complicated . It's the occasion for a whole other talk maybe, but certainly a couple of things are that, first of all , there are a lot of zero sum situations in the world. 这个答案很复杂。它可能可以促成整个另外一个演讲。 但是当然有一些事情是那样, 首先,世界上有很多零和的情况。
complicated:adj.复杂的;难懂的;v.使复杂化;(complicate的过去分词和过去式) first of all:adv.首先;
And also, you know, sometimes, again, people don't recognize the non-zero sum dynamics in the world. 而且,你知道,有时候,一次一次地,人们不能识别出 世界上的非零和的动态情况
recognize:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;
And I think, in both of these areas, 而且我想,在这两个领域,
I think politicians can play a role. 我想政治家都可以扮演一个角色。
politicians:n.政治家;(蔑)政客;(美)政治贩;(politician的复数)
This isn't only about religion. 这并不只是关于宗教。
I think politicians can help foster non-zero sum relationships, you know, economic engagement is generally better than blockades and so on, 我认为政治家可以帮助建立非零和的关系, 订立经济合约比经济封锁好,
foster:vt.培养;养育,抚育;抱(希望等);adj.收养的,养育的; engagement:n.婚约;约会;交战;诺言;n.参与度; generally:adv.通常;普遍地,一般地; blockades:vt.封锁;n.阻塞;
I think, in this regard. 我认为至少就这反面来说是这样。
And politicians can be aware, and should be aware, that when people around the world are looking at them, are looking at their nation, okay, and picking up their cues 政治家需要注意, 当世界各地的人们都注视着他们时, 他们其实是在注视他们所代表的国家, 人们在他们身上寻找线索,
cues:n.开端,线索;提示,关键;球杆;诱因(cue的复数形式);
for whether they are in a zero sum or a non-zero sum relationship with a nation like, say, America, or any other nation, human psychology is such that they use cues like: 他们与其他国家是零和或者非零和的关系, 例如,与美国,或者其他什么国家, 人们通常的心理就是利用线索:
psychology:n.心理学;心理状态;
Do we feel we're being respected? 我们是否得到了应有的尊重？
Because, you know, historically , if you're not being respected, you're probably not going to wind up in a non-zero sum, mutually profitable relationship with people. 因为,他人不尊重你, 从历史上来看,那双方很那逃出零和的结局, 或者建立其他互惠的关系。
historically:adv.历史上地;从历史观点上说; mutually:adv.互相地;互助; profitable:adj.有利可图的;赚钱的;有益的;
So, we need to be aware of what kind of signals we're sending out. 所以,我们必须注意我们在发出什么样的信号。
And some of this, again, is in the realm of, kind of, political work. 其中有些信号是类似于政治领域的工作。
If there's one thing I can encourage everyone to do, politicians, religious leaders, and us, it would be what I call expanding the moral imagination . Okay. 让我鼓励大家去做什么的话, 无论是政治家、宗教领袖或者我们自己, 我唯一鼓励的是扩展我们的道德想象力。
expanding:v.扩大,增加,增强细谈;详述;(expand的现在分词) imagination:n.想象;想象力;创造力;想象的事物;
That is to say that your ability to put yourself in the shoes of people in very different circumstances . 也就是你理解 处于各种不同情况下人们的能力。
That is to say:就是;即;换言之; circumstances:n.情况;环境;情形;(circumstance的复数)
This is not the same as compassion, but it's conducive to compassion. It opens the channels for compassion. 这与同情不同, 但是对施加同情有利。因为它开辟了同情的渠道。
And I'm afraid, here, we have another good news bad news story, which is that the moral imagination is part of human nature. 我们还有一个喜忧参半的故事, 那就是:到的想象力是人类本性的一部分。
That's good, but again we tend to deploy it selectively . Okay. 这是个好消息。但是,我们通常有选择性低在利用这一本性。
selectively:adv.有选择地;
Once we define somebody as an enemy, we have trouble putting ourselves in their shoes, just naturally. 一旦我们将某人划为敌人, 就很自然地无法理解他们的感受。
define:v.定义;使明确;规定;
So, if you want to take a particularly hard case, say for an American, somebody in Iran, who's burning an American flag say, and you see them on TV. 典型的例子就是美国, 那些你从电视上看到的烧美国国旗的伊朗人。
particularly:adv.特别地,独特地;详细地,具体地;明确地,细致地;
Well, the average American is going to resist the moral exercise of putting themselves in that person's head and is going to resist the idea that they have much in common with that person. 普通美国人都会 抵制站在对方的角度上思考问题这样的道德实践 也会抵制这样的想法,即他们与伊朗人在大多数方面具有相同点。
resist:v.抵制;阻挡;反抗;回击;抵抗;忍住;n.防染剂;防蚀用涂料;防腐剂; in common with:与…一样;
And if you tell them, well, they think America disrespects them and even wants to dominate them, and they hate America. 如果你告诉美国人,伊朗人是因为感觉美国人不尊重他们 甚至是妄图统治他们,所以他们憎恨美国人。
disrespects:n.无礼,失礼,不敬; dominate:vt.控制;支配;占优势;在…中占主要地位;vi.占优势;处于支配地位;
Has there ever been somebody who disrespected you so much that you kind of hated them briefly ? 有没有什么人不尊重你 使得你就因此很憎恨他们呢？
disrespected:v.不尊敬;(disrespect的过去式和过去分词) briefly:adv.简要地;简短地;暂时地;
You know, they'll resist that comparison and that's natural, that's human. 他们会自发地抵制同情心,并且这种做法也是自然的,符合人性的。
comparison:n.比较;对比;相比;
And, similarly , the person in Iran, when you try to humanize somebody in America who said that Islam is evil , they'll have trouble with that. Okay. 与之类似,伊朗人, 当他们试图教化那些说穆斯林是魔鬼的美国人时, 他们也感到了困难。
similarly:adv.同样地;类似于; humanize:vt.教化;赋予人性;使通人情;vi.变为有人性;有教化; evil:adj.邪恶的;不幸的;有害的;讨厌的;n.罪恶,邪恶;不幸;
So, it's a very difficult thing to get people to expand the moral imagination to a place it doesn't naturally go. 所以很难扩大人民的道德想象力 在那些不符合人类天性的领域。
I think it's worth the trouble because, again, it just helps us to understand, if you want to reduce the number of people who are burning flags, it helps to understand what makes them do it. 但是我认为即使困难也是值得的,因为 这帮助我们理解, 如果你想减少烧国旗的人数, 那么去了解他们为什么会那么做就很重要。
And I think it's good moral exercise. 并且我认为这是好的道德练习。
I would say here again is where religious leaders come in, because religious leaders are good at reframing issues for people, you know, harnessing the emotional centers of the brain to get people to alter their awareness and just reframe the way they think, you know. 我再次强调宗教领袖就是这么来的, 因为宗教领袖善于把事情重述给人们, 同时控制大脑中情绪的强度 使得人们改变他们的仪式,改变思考的方式。
reframing:n.重新构造;v.再构造;给…装上新框架(reframe的ing形式); issues:n.重要议题;争论的问题;v.宣布;公布;发出;(issue的第三人称单数和复数) harnessing:v.给(马等)装上挽具(harness的现在分词);治理,利用; emotional:adj.情绪的;易激动的;感动人的; alter:v.更改;修改(衣服使更合身); awareness:n.意识,认识;明白,知道; reframe:v.再构造,再组织;重新制订;给…装上新框架;
I mean religious leaders are kind of in the inspiration business. 我的意思是宗教领袖是与灵魂打交道的。
It's their great calling right now, to get people all around the world better at expanding their moral imaginations , appreciating that in so many ways they're in the same boat. 这就是当前来自上帝的、对他们的召唤 让全世界的人们有更强的道德想象力, 认识到所有的人在很多方面是相同的。
imaginations:n.[心理]想象力;空想;幻想物; appreciating:v.欣赏;感激;感谢;理解(appreciate的现在分词)
I would just sum up the way things look, at least from this secular perspective, as far as compassion and the golden rule go, by saying that it's good news that compassion and the golden rule are in some sense built in to human nature. 我想总结一下事情的表象,从现实的角度, 就同情和黄金法则来说, 黄金法则和同情 都是人本性的一部分,这是一个好消息。
as far as:至于…;
It's unfortunate that they tend to be selectively deployed. 不幸的是,对它们的开发是选择性地。
And it's going to take real work to change that. 需要我们付出努力来改变这种现状。
But, nobody ever said that doing God's work was going to be easy. Thanks. 当然这很难,但是就像上帝的工作一样伟大,值得我们去做。谢谢。
(Applause) （掌声响起）