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RobertNeuwirth_2012G-_非正式经济体的力量_
In System D, this is a store, and what I mean by that is that this is a photograph 在D系统中,这是 我想说的是这是我在尼日利亚Lagos市
I took in Makoko, shantytown in Lagos, Nigeria. 的一个叫Makoko的贫民区拍的照片。
shantytown:n.以临时搭盖的陋屋为主的地区;
It's built over the lagoon , and there are no streets where there can be stores to shop, and so the store comes to you. 所以”商店“会主动来找你。
lagoon:n.[地理][水文]泻湖;环礁湖;咸水湖;
And in the same community , this is business synergy . 在这样一个社区里, 这就是商业协同效应。
community:n.社区;[生态]群落;共同体;团体; synergy:n.协同;协同作用;增效;
This is the boat that that lady was paddling around in, and this artisan makes the boat and the paddles and sells directly to the people who need the boat and the paddles. 而这位工匠制造船和桨 然后直接卖给
paddling:n.[皮革]划动;v.用桨划;在水中行进(paddle的现在分词); artisan:n.工匠,技工; paddles:n.船桨(paddle的复数);划浆;v.划桨(paddle的三单形式); directly:adv.直接地;立即;马上;正好地;坦率地;conj.一…就;
And this is a global business.
global:adj.全球的;总体的;球形的;
Ogandiro smokes fish in Makoko in Lagos, and I asked her, "Where does the fish come from?"
And I thought she'd say, "Oh, you know, up the lagoon somewhere, or maybe across Africa,"
but you'll be happy to know she said it came from here, it comes from the North Sea. 但有意思的是她说 就是这儿的,北海来的。
It's caught here, frozen, shipped down to Lagos, smoked, and sold for a tiny increment of profit on the streets of Lagos. 熏好后,再在Lagos的街道上 赚一点点钱。
increment:n.[数]增量;增加;增额;盈余; profit:n.利润;利益;v.获利;有益;
And this is a business incubator . 这算得上是一个商业培养基地了。
incubator:n.[禽]孵卵器;[儿科]保温箱;早产儿保育器;细菌培养器;
This is Olusosun dump , the largest garbage dump in Lagos, and 2,000 people work here, and I found this out from this fellow, Andrew Saboru. 这是Olusosun垃圾场,Lagos最大的垃圾场, Andrew Saboru了解到的。
dump:v.倾倒;抛售;抛弃;转存;n.垃圾场;转储;转存;废物堆; garbage:n.垃圾;废物;
Andrew spent 16 years scavenging materials on the dump, earned enough money to turn himself into a contract scaler , which meant he carried a scale and went around and 赚了足够多的钱,能够自己做合同商,
scavenging:v.(从废弃物中)觅食;捡破烂;拾荒;(scavenge的现在分词) scaler:n.攀登者;[电子]定标器;刮器;
weighed all the materials that people had scavenged from the dump. Now he's a scrap dealer . 去称量人们从垃圾堆中寻找到的各种材料
scavenged:vt.打扫;排除废气;以…为食;vi.清除污物;打扫; scrap:n.碎片;残余物;打架;少量;v.废弃;使解体;拆毁;adj.废弃的;零碎的; dealer:n.交易商;贸易商;贩毒者;毒品贩子;
That's his little depot behind him, and he earns twice the Nigerian minimum wage . 这后面是他的小仓库, 他的收入是尼日尼亚最低收入的两倍。
depot:n.仓库;停车场;航空站;vt.把…存放在储藏处;adj.药性持久的; minimum wage:n.(法定的)最低工资;
This is a shopping mall .
shopping mall:un.商业区林荫路;
This is Oshodi Market in Lagos.
Jorge Luis Borges had a story called "The Aleph ,"
Aleph:n.希伯来语的第一个字母;
and the Aleph is a point in the world where absolutely everything exists, and for me, this image is a point in the world where absolutely everything exists. 那里有世界上所有的事物, 对我来说,这幅图就是这么一个点 应有尽有。
absolutely:adv.绝对地;完全地;
So, what am I talking about when I talk about System D?
It's traditionally called the informal economy, the underground economy , the black market .
traditionally:adv.传统上;习惯上;传说上; informal:adj.非正式的;不拘礼节的;通俗的;日常使用的; underground economy:n.地下经济活动;黑市经济; black market:在黑市卖;做黑市交易;
I don't conceive of it that way.
conceive:v.想出;想象;构想;设想;怀孕;
I think it's really important to understand that something like this is totally open. It's right there for you to find.
All of this is happening openly, and aboveboard . 所有这一切都是公开进行的,在地面上。
aboveboard:adv.光明正大地;率直地;adj.光明正大的;直率的;
There's nothing underground about it.
It's our prejudgment that it's underground. 所谓地下,是我们的偏见。
I've pirated the term System D from the former French colonies.
pirated:adj.盗版的;v.盗印,翻印;掠夺(pirate的过去分词);
System D for the economy of self-reliance , or the DIY economy. 描述为独立的经济, 或者说DIY经济系统。
self-reliance:n.自力更生,依靠自己;自恃;
But governments hate the DIY economy, and that's why -- I took this picture in 2007, and this is the same market in 2009 -- and I think, when the organizers of this conference were talking about radical openness , they didn't mean that the streets should be open and the people should be gone. 不过政府讨厌DIY经济系统, 这就是原因 -- 我在2007年照的这张照片, 极度开放的时候, 他们没想着街道应该敞开 并且了无人迹。
organizers:n.主办单位,组织者(organizer的复数形式); conference:n.会议;研讨会;商讨会;体育协会(或联合会) radical:n.自由基;激进分子;游离基;adj.根本的;彻底的;完全的;全新的; openness:n.公开;宽阔;率真;
I think what we have is a pickle problem. 我觉得我们在这里有个酸黄瓜的问题。
pickle:n.泡菜;腌菜;菜酱;v.腌渍;
I had a friend who worked at a pickle factory, and the cucumbers would come flying down this conveyer belt , and his job was to pick off the ones that didn't look so good and throw them in the bin labeled " relish " where they'd be crushed and mixed with vinegar and used for other kinds of profit. 他的工作是挑出 然后拿出去卖了赚钱。
cucumbers:n.[园艺]黄瓜(cucumber的复数); conveyer:n.[机]输送机;运输器; belt:n.皮带;腰带;传动带;传送带;v.猛击;狠打;飞奔;飞驰; labeled:adj.有标签的; v.示踪; (label的过去分词和过去式) relish:n.滋味; vt.盼望; vi.有特定意味; crushed:v.压坏;压伤;挤压变形;(crush的过去分词和过去式) vinegar:n.醋;
This is the pickle economy.
We're all focusing on 〞 this is a statistic from earlier this month in the Financial Times 〞 we're all focusing on the luxury economy. 在金融时刊杂志上的一个数据 --
statistic:n.统计学;统计数字;统计资料;(一项)统计数据;adj.统计(上)的; Financial:adj.金融的;财政的,财务的; luxury:n.奢侈,奢华;奢侈品;享受;adj.奢侈的;
It's worth 1.5 trillion dollars every year, and that's a vast amount of money, right?
trillion:n.[数]万亿;adj.万亿的;num.[数]万亿;
That's three times the Gross Domestic Product of Switzerland.
Gross Domestic Product:na.国内生产总值;
So it's vast. But it should come with an asterisk , and the asterisk is that it excludes two thirds o f the wo rkers o f the wo rld. 确实是很庞大的数字。不过这数应该打个星号, 这个星号注明这其中排除了全世界 三分之二的工人。
asterisk:n.星号;vt.注上星号;用星号标出;
1.8 billion people around the world work in the economy that is unregulated and informal. 全世界18亿的人口工作于 这个未经管制的,非正式的经济系统。
unregulated:adj.未经调节的;[仪]未校准的;
That's a huge number, and what does that mean? 这也是一个庞大的数字,而这意味着什么呢？
Well, it means if it were united in a single political system, one country, call it "The United Street Sellers Republic," the U.S.S.R., or "Bazaaristan," “联合街道商家共和国”,简称U.S.S.R.（和前苏联同名）, 或者“Bazaaristan（荒诞里斯坦）”,
united:adj.联合的; v.联合,团结; (unite的过去分词和过去式)
it would be worth 10 trillion dollars every year, and that would make it the second largest economy in the world, after the United States. 这将变成全世界第二大的经济系统 仅次于美国。
And given that projections are that the bulk of economic growth over the next 15 years will come from emerging economies in the developing world, it could easily overtake the United States and become the largest economy in the world. 而根据预测 今后15年很大一部分的经济增长
projections:n.预测;设想;投影;投影图;(projection的复数) bulk:n.大部分;主体;(大)体积;大(量);v.扩展;增大;堆积起来;形成大块; economic:adj.经济的,经济上的;经济学的; emerging:adj.新兴的;v.出现,浮现,露出;暴露;(emerge的现在分词) economies:n.经济;经济结构;节约;(economy的复数) overtake:v.超过;赶上;(在数量或重要性方面)大于;(不愉快的事情)突然发生;
So the implications of that are vast, because it means that this is where employment is 〞 1.8 billion people 〞 and this is where we can create a more egalitarian world, （这个经济体）影响深远,因为它意味着 所有的就业都将会在这里 -- 18亿人口 -- 在这里我们可以创建一个更加平等的世界,
implications:n.蕴涵式;暗指,暗示;含蓄,含意;卷入(implication的复数); employment:n.使用;职业;雇用; egalitarian:adj.平等主义的;n.平等主义;平等主义者;
because people are actually able to earn money and live and thrive , as Andrew Saboru did. 并繁荣起来,就跟Andrew Saboru做的一样。
thrive:v.繁荣;茁壮成长;蓬勃发展;兴旺发达;
Big businesses have recognized this, and what's fascinating about this slide, it's not that the guys can carry boxes on their heads and run around without dropping them off. 这张幻灯片的有趣之处在于, 并且在行走中保持箱子不掉的人。
recognized:v.认识;认出;辨别出;承认;意识到;(recognize的过去分词和过去式) fascinating:adj.极有吸引力的;迷人的;v.深深吸引;迷住;(fascinate的现在分词) run around:n.遁词;借口;
it's that the Gala sausage roll is a product that's made by a global company called UAC foods that's active throughout Africa and the Middle East , but the Gala sausage roll is not sold in stores. 而是Gala香肠卷是由 一家叫做UAC foods的全球性公司生产的
Gala:n.盛会;庆典;演出;体育运动会;adj.节日的; sausage roll:n.香肠卷(用油酥面皮卷上香肠肉馅烤制而成); throughout:adv.自始至终,到处;全部;prep.贯穿,遍及; Middle East:n.中东(包括亚洲西南部和非洲东北部);
UAC foods has recognized that it won't sell if it's in stores.
It's only sold by a phalanx of street hawkers who run around the streets of Lagos at bus stations and in traffic jams and sell it as a snack , and it's been sold that way for 40 years. 它仅仅是由一群街头小贩贩卖的 他们在Lagos穿街走巷,在公车站
phalanx:n.趾骨,指骨;方阵;密集队形; hawkers:n.叫卖小贩;饲鹰者; snack:n.点心;小吃;快餐;易办到的事;v.吃点心(或快餐、小吃);
It's a business plan for a corporation .
corporation:n.法人;(大)公司;法人团体;市政委员会;
And it's not just in Africa.
Here's Mr. Clean looking amorously at all the other 这是“清洁大叔”谄媚地看着
amorously:adv.好色地;妖艳地;
Procter & Gamble products, and Procter & Gamble, you know, the statistic always cited is that > Wal -Mart is their largest customer, and it's true, as one store, 保洁,大家都知道, 一个总被引用的数据是说沃尔玛
Gamble:vi.赌博; vt.赌博; n.赌博;
Wal-Mart buys 15 percent, thus 15 percent of Procter & Gamble's business is with Wal-Mart, but their largest market segment is something that they call 单沃尔玛就购买了宝洁15%的产品 但他们最大的市场段是他们称之为
segment:n.段;部分;片;弓形;v.分割;划分;
'"high frequency stores," which is all these tiny kiosks and the lady in the canoe and all these other businesses that exist in System D, the informal economy, “高频商店”的,也就是这些小摊子
frequency:n.频率;发生率;重复率;频繁; kiosks:n.报摊,电话亭(kiosk的复数);店铺设计; canoe:n.独木舟;轻舟;vi.乘独木舟;vt.用独木舟运;
and Procter & Gamble makes 20 percent of its money from that market segment, and it's the only market segment that's growing. 宝洁20%的盈利 就是从这个市场段来的, 而且它还是唯一一个在成长的市场段。
So Procter & Gamble says, "We don't care whether a store is incorporated or registered or anything like that.
incorporated:adj.合并的; v.合并; registered:adj.登记过的;记名的;挂号的;v.登记;注册;(register的过去式和过去分词)
We want our products in that store."
And then there's mobile phones.
mobile:n.手机;汽车;移动电话;adj.活跃的;可动的;
This is an ad for MTN, which is a South African multinational active in about 25 countries, and when they came into Nigeria 〞 这是一个广告,给MTN做的 覆盖范围约有25个国家, 当他们进驻尼日利亚时 --
multinational:adj.跨国公司的;多国的;n.跨国公司;
Nigeria is the big dog in Africa. 尼日利亚在非洲是举足轻重的。
One in seven Africans is a Nigerian, and so everyone wants in to the mobile phone market in Nigeria. And when MTN came in, they wanted to sell the mobile service like I get in the United States 当MTN进入的时候, 他们想要像在美国一样销售移动业务
mobile phone:移动电话
or like people get here in the U.K. or in Europe -- expensive monthly plans, you get a phone, you pay overages , you're killed with fees -- and their plan crashed and burned. 或者像是在英国,欧洲一样 --
monthly:n.月刊:adv.每个月:每月一次:adj.每月的: overages:n.过于老化;商品过剩;人工时效过度;adj.超龄的;过老的;
And they went back to the drawing board , and they retooled , and they came up with another plan: 然后他们回到画板上,重新规划 之后得出这么一个计划:
back to the drawing board:重新开始;失败后另起炉灶;重来一次; retooled:vt.重组;重新装备;vi.更换工具;重新装备;更换机械设备;
We don't sell you the phone, we don't sell you the monthly plan. 我们不卖给你手机, 我们也不卖给你月租套餐。
We only sell you airtime . 我们只卖通话时间。
airtime:n.电影或电视节目开始的时间;
And where's the airtime sold?
It's sold at umbrella stands all over the streets, where people are unregistered , unlicensed , but MTN makes most of its profits , perhaps 90 percent of its profits , from selling through System D, the informal economy. 他们就在街上那些伞搁架上卖, 尽管人们都是没有登记,没有执照的 但MTN确实赚了一笔, 就仅从这个D系统,这个非正式经济中得到盈利。
unregistered:adj.[法]未注册的;未登记的; unlicensed:adj.没有执照的;未经当局许可的;无节制的; profits:n.利润; v.获益; (profit的第三人称单数和复数)
And where do the phones come from? 那么那些手机是从哪儿来的呢？
Well, they come from here. This is in Guangzhou, China, and if you go upstairs in this rather sleepy looking electronics mall, you find the Guangzhou Dashatou second-hand trade center, 其实,他们是从这里来的。这里是中国的广州 电子商城,你就到了广州的大沙头 二手交易中心,
sleepy:adj.困倦的;瞌睡的;安静的; electronics:n.电子学;电子工业; second-hand:adj.旧的,二手的;adv.间接地,第二手地;
and if you go in there, you follow the guys with the muscles who are carrying the boxes, and where are they going? 那些扛着箱子的,他们要去哪儿呢？
muscles:n.肌肉(muscle的复数);
They're going to Eddy in Lagos. 他们要去Lago的Eddy。
Eddy:n.涡流;漩涡;逆流;vi.旋转;起漩涡;vt.使…起漩涡;
Now, most of the phones there are not second-hand at all.
The name is a misnomer .
misnomer:n.用词不当;误称;写错姓名;
Most of them are pirated. They have the name brand on them, but they're not manufactured by the name brand.
brand:v.铭刻于,铭记;打烙印于;印…商标于;n.商标,牌子;烙印; manufactured:adj.制造的,已制成的;v.制造,加工(manufacture的过去式);
Now, are there downsides to that?
downsides:下降趋势;消极面,缺点(downside的复数);
Well, I guess. You know, China has no 〞 啊,我觉得。你懂的,中国没有 --
(Laughter) 〞 no intellectual property , right?
intellectual property:知识产权;
Versace without the vowels .
Versace:n.范思哲(世界著名品牌,及其创始人); vowels:n.[语]元音,母音(vowel的复数形式);
Zhuomani instead of Armani . Zhuomani,而不是 Armani
Armani:n.阿玛尼(奢侈品品牌);
S. Guuuci, and -- (Laughter) (Applause)
All around the world this is how products are being distributed , so, for instance , in one street market on Rua 25 de Mar?o in S?o Paulo, Brazil , you can buy fake designer glasses. 在世界的各个地方,产品就是这样被 投入市场的,比如 在Rua 25 de Marco商业区的街上 在圣保罗,巴西, 你可以买到冒牌的名牌眼镜。
distributed:adj.分布的;分散的;v.分发;分配;使分布(distribute的过去分词和过去式) instance:n.实例;情况;建议;v.举...为例; Brazil:n.巴西(拉丁美洲国家); fake:n.假货;骗子;假动作;v.捏造;假装…的样子;adj.伪造的;
You can buy cloned cologne .
cloned:v.以无性繁殖技术复制;克隆;非法复制;(clone的过去分词和过去式) cologne:n.古龙香水;
You can buy pirated DVDs, of course.
You can buy New York Yankees caps in all sorts of unauthorized patterns. 还可以买到纽约洋基棒球队的棒球帽
Yankees:扬基债; unauthorized:adj.非法的;未被授权的;独断的;
You can buy cuecas baratas, designer underwear that isn't really manufactured by a designer, and even pirated evangelical mixtapes. (Laughter) 但不是名牌制造商生产的,
evangelical:adj.福音的;福音派教会的;新教会的;n.福音派信徒;
Now, businesses tend to complain about this, and their, they, I don't want to take away from their entire validity of complaining about it, but I did ask a major sneaker manufacturer earlier this year what they thought about piracy , 他们的,我不想掩盖他们 抱怨的合理性, 但我今年曾问过一个大型帆布鞋生产商 他们是怎么看待盗版的,
validity:n.[计]有效性;正确;正确性; complaining:adj.抱怨的;v.抱怨;控诉;(complain的现在分词) sneaker:n.运动鞋;卑鄙者;鬼鬼祟祟做事的人; manufacturer:n.生产商;生产者;制造者; piracy:n.海盗行为;剽窃;著作权侵害;非法翻印;
and they told me, "Well, you can't quote me on this, because if you quote me on this, I have to kill you," 如果你说了的话,我就得灭了你,”
quote:v.引用;报价;举例说明;开价;为(企业的股份)上市;n.引用;
but they use piracy as market research .
market research:n.市场调研;市场调查;
The sneaker manufacturer told me that if they find that Pumas are being pirated, or Adidas are being pirated and their sneakers aren't being pirated, they know they've done something wrong. (Laughter) 帆布鞋生产商告诉过我 如果他们发现Pumas被盗版了,或者Adidas 被盗版了,而他们自己的牌子却没被盗版 他们便知道他们肯定出问题了（笑声）
Pumas:n.美洲豹(puma的复数); Adidas:n.阿迪达斯(体育用品公司,主要生产运动服等); sneakers:n.胶底运动鞋(sneaker的复数形式);
So it's very important to them to track piracy exactly because of this, and the people who are buying, the pirates, are not their customers anyway, because their customers want the real deal. 所以对于他们而言关注盗版很重要 正因为如此,还有那些购买者 那些盗版商,根本不是他们的消费群体, 因为他们的消费者要的是真材实料。
track:n.小道;足迹;车辙;轨道;v.追踪;跟踪;
Now, there's another problem.
This is a real street sign in Lagos, Nigeria. 在尼日利亚Lagos市的街头巷尾都有这一现象
All of System D really doesn't pay taxes, right?
And when I think about that, first of all I think that government is a social contract between the people and the government, and if the government isn't transparent , 政府是一个人与人之间的社会契约
first of all:adv.首先; social contract:n.社会契约; transparent:adj.透明的;显然的;坦率的;易懂的;
then the people aren't going to be transparent either, but also that we're blaming the little guy who doesn't pay his taxes, and we're not recognizing that everyone's fudging things all over the world, including some extremely respected businesses, and I'll give you one example. 但我们通常会指责那些 不管在世界的哪个地方,总有人在搪塞过关, 我来举个例子,
recognizing:v.认识;认出;承认;接受,赞成(recognize的现在分词) fudging:v.含糊其辞;回避;(fudge的现在分词) extremely:adv.非常,极其;极端地;
There was one company that paid 4,000 bribes in the first decade of this millennium , and a million dollars in bribes every business day, right? 有一个公司行贿了4000次
bribes:n.贿赂;v.向(某人)行贿;贿赂(bribe的第三人称单数和复数) millennium:n.千年期,千禧年;一千年,千年纪念;太平盛世,黄金时代;
All over the world. And that company was the big German electronics giant Siemens . 正是德国的电子巨头西门子。
giant:n.巨人;伟人;巨兽;adj.巨大的;特大的 Siemens:n.[电]西门子(财富500强公司之一,总部所在地德国,主要经营电子电气);
So this goes on in the formal economy as well as the informal economy, so it's wrong of us to blame 〞 and I'm not singling out 在非正规的经济体系里亦然,
as well as:也;和…一样;不但…而且;
Siemens, I'm saying everyone does it. Okay? 把西门子拎出来,我是说每个企业都这样。
I just want to end by saying that if Adam Smith had framed out a theory of the flea market instead of the free market , what would be sum of the principles ? 准则是什么？
framed:v.给…做框;给…镶边;制订;拟订;(frame的过去分词和过去式) flea market:跳蚤市场;廉价市场; free market:自由市场; principles:n.原则;主义;本质;政策;(principle的复数)
First, it would be to understand that it could be considered a cooperative , and this is a thought from the Brazilian legal scholar Roberto Mangabeira Unger. 首先要明白的一点是 巴西法律学者Roberto Mangabeira Unger的一个观点。
cooperative:adj.合作的;协作的;同心协力的;协助的;n.合作企业;合作社组织; legal:adj.法律的;合法的;法定的; scholar:n.学者;奖学金获得者;聪颖勤奋的学生;
Cooperative development is a way forward. 合作式的发展将是今后前进的方向。
Secondly, from the [Austrian] anarchist philosopher Paul Feyerabend, facts are relative , and what is a massive right of self-reliance to a Nigerian businessperson 其次,引用[奥地利]无政府主义哲学家Paul Feyerabend的观点, 事实是相对的,对于一个尼日利亚商人来说 是一个绝对正确的自我独立,
anarchist:n.无政府主义者;无政府主义的; philosopher:n.哲学家;深思的人;善于思考的人; relative:adj.相对的;有关系的;成比例的;n.亲戚;相关物;[语]关系词;亲缘植物; massive:adj.大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的; businessperson:商人;
is considered unauthorized and horrible to other people, and we have to recognize that there are differences in how people define things and what their facts are. 对他人来讲也许是不合法,甚至是骇人听闻的,
horrible:可怕的,极讨厌的, define:v.定义;使明确;规定;
And third is, and I'm taking this from the great American beat poet Allen Ginsberg, that alternate economies barter and different kinds of currency , alternate currencies are also very important, and he talked about buying what he needed just with his good looks. 再者,借用 伟大的美国潦倒诗人Allen Ginsberg的想法, 也很重要,他谈过
alternate:vi.交替;轮流;vt.使交替;使轮流;adj.交替的;轮流的;n.替换物; barter:vi.进行易货贸易; vt.以…作为交换; n.易货贸易; currency:n.货币;通货; currencies:n.货币;货币流通(currency的复数);
And so I just want to leave you there, and say that this economy is a tremendous force for global development and we need to think about it that way.
tremendous:adj.极大的,巨大的;惊人的;极好的;
Thank you very much. (Applause)
(Applause) （掌声）